An XMM-Newton survey of broad iron lines in Seyfert galaxies

Abstract

We present an analysis of the X-ray spectra of a sample of 37 observations of 26 Seyfert galaxies observed by XMM-Newton in order to characterize their iron K emission. All objects show evidence for iron line emission in the 6-7 keV band. A narrow core at 6.4 keV is seen almost universally in the spectra, and we model this using a neutral Compton reflection component, assumed to be associated with distant, optically thick material such as the molecular torus. Once this, and absorption by a zone of ionized gas in the line-of-sight is accounted for, less than half of the sample observations show an acceptable fit. Approximately 2/3 of the sample shows evidence for further, broadened emission in the iron K-band. When modeled with a Gaussian, the inferred energy is close to that expected for neutral iron, with a slight redshift, with an average velocity width of ~0.1c. The mean parameters are consistent with previous ASCA results and support the idea that the broad components can be associated with the accretion disk. Before proceeding to that conclusion, we test an alternative model comprising a blend of 3-4 narrow, unshifted emission lines (including the 6.4 keV core), together with 1-2 zones of highly ionized gas in the line-of-sight. Around 1/3 of the objects are not adequately fit by this model, and in general better fits are obtained with a relativistic disk line model, which has fewer free parameters. Nonetheless we find that absorption by ionized gas affects the spectrum above 2.5 keV in approximately half the sample. There is evidence for multiple ionized zones in at least 3 objects, but in all those cases a blurred reflector is required in addition to the complex absorption. (truncated)

arXiv comment36 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• NuSTAR Observations of AGN with Low Observed X-ray to [OIII] Luminosity Ratios: Heavily Obscured AGN or Turned-Off AGN?
• Multi-epoch analysis of the X-ray spectrum of the active galactic nucleus in NGC 5506
• Gravitational Redshift of Emission Lines in the AGN Spectra
• NuSTAR hard X-ray spectra of radio galaxies
• New Insights in the Spectral Variability and Physical Conditions of the X-ray Absorbers in NGC 4151
• On the X-ray Baldwin Effect in Active Galactic Nuclei Observed by the Chandra High Energy Grating
• A long hard look at the minimum state of PG 2112+059 with XMM-Newton
• The X-ray spectrum of the cooling-flow quasar H1821+643 : A massive black hole feeding off the intracluster medium
• NGC 2992 in an X-ray high state observed by XMM: Response of the Relativistic Fe K$\alpha$ Line to the Continuum
• Modelling Continuum Reverberation in AGN: A Spectral-Timing Analysis of the UV Variability Through X-ray Reverberation in Fairall 9
• The X-ray spectral signatures from the complex circumnuclear regions in the Compton thick AGN NGC 424
• X-ray redshifts for obscured AGN: a case study in the J1030 deep field
• Application of Clumpy Torus Model to Broadband X-ray Spectra of Two Seyfert 1 Galaxies: IC 4329A and NGC 7469
• Nustar Measurement Of Coronal Temperature In Two Luminous, High Redshift Qsos
• Suzaku Discovery of a Hard Component Varying Independently of the Power-Law Emission in MCG-6-30-15
• NuSTAR observations of Mrk 766: distinguishing reflection from absorption
• An X-ray view of central engines of low luminosity quasars (LLQSO) in the local Universe
• Impact of the disk thickness on X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements
• Constraining the X-ray reflection in low accretion rate AGN using XMM-Newton, NuSTAR and Swift
• Discarding the disc in a changing state AGN: the UV/X-ray relation in NGC 4151
• Nature of Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in "Non-merging'' Luminous Infrared Galaxies UGC 2608 and NGC 5135 Revealed with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• Suzaku observations of the type 2 QSO in the central galaxy of the Phoenix cluster
• Black hole accretion rings revealed by future X-ray spectroscopy
• Modeling uncertainties in X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements I: Impact of higher order disk images
• Suzaku reveals X-ray continuum piercing the nuclear absorber in Markarian 231
• Suzaku View of the Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei. V. Torus Structure of Two Luminous Radio-loud AGNs (3C 206 and PKS 0707-35)
• The disk evaporation model for the spectral features of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
• Accretion History of AGN II: Constraints on AGN Spectral Parameters using the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Relativistic Fe K$\alpha$ Line Revealed in the Composite X-ray Spectrum of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies --- do their black holes have averagely low or intermediate spins?
• Star formation in AGNs at the hundred parsec scale using MIR high resolution images
• An outburst scenario for the X-ray spectral variability in 3C 111
• XMM-Newton unveils the complex iron K alpha region of Mrk 279
• Evidence for a clumpy disc-wind in the star forming Seyfert\,2 galaxy MCG--03--58--007
• The XMM-Newton view of the radio loud narrow line Seyfert1 galaxy PMN J0948+0022
• Yet another UFO in the X-ray spectrum of a high-z lensed QSO
• Correlation between relativistic reflection fraction and photon index in NuSTAR sample of Seyfert 1 AGN
• Does the X-ray emission of the luminous quasar RBS 1124 originate in a mildly relativistic outflowing corona?
• Narrow Fe-K$\alpha$ Reverberation Mapping Unveils the Deactivated Broad-Line Region in a Changing-Look Active Galactic Nucleus
• A Dissection of Spatially Resolved AGN Feedback across the Electromagnetic Spectrum
• On the Prospect of Constraining Black-Hole Spin Through X-ray Spectroscopy of Hotspots
• Groups of Galaxies in AEGIS: The 200 ksec Chandra Extended X-ray Source catalogue
• Extreme Relativistic Reflection in the Active Galaxy ESO 033-G002
• Investigating the reflection contribution to the X-ray emission of Ton S180
• Velocity-resolved Reverberation Mapping of Changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4151 during Outburst Stage. II. Four Season Observation Results
• Broad Iron Emission from Gravitationally Lensed Quasars Observed by Chandra
• No Signatures of Black-Hole Spin in the X-ray Spectrum of the Seyfert 1 Galaxy Fairall 9
• The XMM Deep survey in the CDFS V. Iron K lines from active galactic nuclei in the distant Universe
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Double-Nucleus Luminous Infrared Galaxy Mrk 463
• Impact of the reflection model on the estimate of the properties of accreting black holes
• The various accretion modes of AM Herculis: Clues from multi-wavelength observations in high accretion states
• Coronae above accretion disks around black holes: The effect of Compton cooling
• The absence of a thin disc in M81
• Relativistic accretion disk reflection in AGN X-ray spectra at z=0.5--4: a study of four \textit{Chandra} deep fields
• An X-ray variable absorber within the Broad Line Region in Fairall 51
• The Hard X-Ray View of Reflection, Absorption, and the Disk-Jet Connection in the Radio-Loud AGN 3C 33
• A hard look at NGC 5347: revealing a nearby Compton-thick AGN
• An upper limit on nickel overabundance in the supercritical accretion disk wind of SS 433 from X-ray spectroscopy
• Multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 509: Reverberation of the Fe Kalpha line
• Nature of the Warm Absorber Outflow in NGC 4051
• Testing relativistic reflection models with GRMHD simulations of accreting black holes
• The X-ray spectral and variability properties of typical radio-loud quasars
• The Inner Accretion Flow in the Resurgent Seyfert-1.2 AGN Mrk 817
• X-ray polarimetry as a new tool to discriminate reflection from absorption scenarios -- Predictions for MCG-6-30-15
• Observational hints on the torus obscuring gas behaviour through X-rays with NuSTAR data
• Suzaku observation of IRAS 00521-7054, a peculiar type-II AGN with a very broad feature at 6 keV
• A Seyfert-2-like Spectrum in the High-Mass X-ray Binary Microquasar V4641 Sgr
• On the driver of relativistic effects strength in Seyfert galaxies
• The complex circumnuclear environment of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3 revealed by Chandra HETG
• Broad iron lines in neutrons stars: dynamical broadening or wind scattering?
• Suzaku Discovery of a Slowly Varying Hard X-ray Continuum from the Type I Seyfert Galaxy NGC 3516
• On the presence of ultra-fast outflows in the WAX sample of Seyfert galaxies
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): Tracing the circumnuclear star formation in the super-Eddington NLS1 Mrk 1044
• Relativistic reflection in the average X-ray spectrum of AGN in the Véron-Cetty & Véron catalogue
• Detection of blueshifted emission and absorption and a relativistic Iron line in the X-ray spectrum of ESO 323-G077
• Multiple Flares in the Changing-Look AGN NGC 5273
• The origin of the soft X-ray excess in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy SBS 1353+564
• The final verdict by XMM-Newton: the X-ray obscured Seyfert galaxy NGC5506 has a broad Fe K-alpha line
• X-ray dips in the Seyfert Galaxy Fairall 9: Compton-thick "comets" or a failed radio galaxy?
• Ratio of black hole to galaxy mass of an extremely red dust-obscured galaxy at z = 2.52
• Feeding and feedback in the powerful radio galaxy 3C 120
• Composite profile of the Fe K$\alpha$ spectral line emitted from a binary system of supermassive black holes
• The inner view of NGC 1052 using multiple X-ray observations
• The AT20G view of Swift/BAT selected AGN: high-frequency radio waves meet hard X-rays
• Exploring the spectral variability of the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy Markarian 530 with Suzaku
• Spatially Resolved [FeII] 1.64 μm Emission in NGC 5135. Clues for Understanding the Origin of the Hard X-rays in Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• New Constraints on the Geometry and Kinematics of Matter Surrounding the Accretion Flow in X-ray Binaries from $Chandra$ HETG X-ray Spectroscopy
• A comprehensive approach to analyzing the XMM-Newton data of Seyfert 1 galaxies
• A NICER Look at Strong X-ray Obscuration in the Seyfert-2 Galaxy NGC 4388
• Towards more accurate synthetic reflection spectra: improving the calculations of returning radiation
• Testing The Lamp-Post and Wind Reverberation Models with XMM-Newton Observations of NGC 5506
• X-ray variability analysis of a large series of XMM-Newton + NuSTAR observations of NGC 3227
• Young Star Clusters In The Circumnuclear Region Of NGC 2110
• Testing the Weak Equivalence Principle near black holes
• Interaction of the accretion flows in corona and disk near the black hole in AGN
• A Chandra-HETG VIEW OF MCG +8-11-11
• Constraining X-ray reflection in the low-luminosity AGN NGC 3718 using NuSTAR and XMM--Newton
• X-ray time delays from the Seyfert 2 galaxy IRAS 18325-5926
• The nature of the broadband X-ray variability in the dwarf Seyfert galaxy NGC 4395
• Three AGN Close To The Effective Eddington Limit
• Nuclear X-ray properties of the peculiar radio-loud hidden AGN 4C+29.30
• Absorption at the dust sublimation radius and the dichotomy between X-ray and optical classification in the Seyfert galaxy H0557-385
• Megamaser detection and nuclear obscuration in Seyfert galaxies
• XMM-Newton and Broad Iron Lines
• AstroSat/UVIT observations of IC4329A: Constraining the accretion disc inner radius
• The Large Amplitude X-ray Variability in NGC 7589: Possible Evidence for Accretion Mode Transition
• IRAS F13308+5946: A Possible Transition Phase From Type I ULIRG To Optical Quasar
• The very faint hard state of the persistent neutron star X-ray binary SLX 1737-282 near the Galactic centre
• The XMM-Newton spectrum of a candidate recoiling supermassive black hole: an elusive inverted P-Cygni profile
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Dual AGN System Mrk 739
• Chandra Imaging of the Outer Accretion Flow onto the Black Hole at the Center of the Perseus Cluster
• Hard X-ray View of HCG 16 (Arp 318)
• Isolated AGNs NGC 5347, ESO 438-009, MCG-02-04-090, and J11366-6002: Swift and NuSTAR joined view
• Testing the Keplerian disk hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy
• Dependence of the broad Fe K$\alpha$ line on the physical parameters of AGN
• Detection of Iron Kα Emission from a Complete Sample of Submillimeter Galaxies
• Multi-wavelength Campaign on the Super-Eddington NLS1 RX J0134.2-4258 -- I. Peculiar X-ray Spectra and Variability
• XMM-Newton reveals a Seyfert-like X-ray spectrum in the z=3.6 QSO B1422+231
• The NuSTAR view of the true Type 2 Seyfert NGC3147
• The stratified disk wind of MCG-03-58-007
• Accretion and jets in a low luminosity AGN: the nucleus of NGC 1052
• Rms variability properties of the iron K alpha line in Seyfert galaxies
• Coronal properties of the luminous radio-quiet quasar QSO B2202$-$209
• Uncovering the primary X-ray emission and possible starburst component in the polarized NLS1 Mrk 1239
• The Distribution and Cosmic Density of Relativistic Iron Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The XMM-Newton Bright Survey sample of absorbed quasars: X-ray and accretion properties
• Revealing Thermal Comptonization of accretion-disk photons in IC4329A with AstroSat
• On the peculiar properties of the narrow-line quasar PG 1543+489
• The broad-band X-ray spectrum of the Seyfert 1 galaxy, MCG+8-11-11
• X-ray view of a merging supermassive black hole binary candidate SDSSJ1430+2303: Results from the first ~200 days of observations
• The Iron K Line Profile of IRAS 18325-5926
• The ionised X-ray outflowing torus in ESO 323-G77: low-ionisation clumps confined by homogeneous warm absorbers
• Q2237+0305 in X-rays: spectra and variability with XMM-Newton
• The nature of X-ray spectral variability in MCG-6-30-15
• The XMM deep survey in the CDF-S VIII. X-ray properties of the two brightest sources
• Origin of the complex iron line structure and spectral variation in Mrk 766
• Detection of a hot intergalactic medium in the spiral-only compact group SCG0018-4854
• NuSTAR spectral analysis of three Seyfert galaxies: NGC 3227, NGC 5548 and MR 2251$-$178
• Exploring the physics of the accretion and jet in nearby narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- I. The Conditional Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The variable ionized absorber in the Seyfert 2 Mrk 348
• On the origin of the featureless soft X-ray excess emission from the Seyfert 1 galaxy ESO~198--G24
• Variable oxygen emission from the accretion disk of Mrk 110
• High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of the Seyfert 1, Mrk 1040. Revealing the Failed Nuclear Wind with Chandra
• Relativistic iron K alpha line detection in the Suzaku spectra of IC 4329A
• Influence of gravitational microlensing on broad absorption lines of QSOs: The case of the Fe K$\alpha$ line
• The flare model for X-ray variability of NGC 4258
• The broad-band spectrum of the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 NGC 4748: from UV to hard X-ray
• X-ray monitoring of gravitationally lensed radio-loud quasars with Chandra
• Testing the $\delta$-Kerr metric with black hole X-ray data
• Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with eXTP
• Effects of the refractive index of the X-ray corona on the emission lines in AGN
• Hot Gas Outflow Properties of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 4945
• Are Compton-thin AGNs Globally Compton Thin?
• XMM-Newton and NuSTAR joint observations of Mrk 915: a deep look into the X-ray properties
• Investigating the complex X-ray spectrum of a broad-line 2MASS red quasar: XMM-Newton observation of FTM 0830+3759
• Phase-resolved X-ray spectroscopy and spectral energy distribution of the X-ray soft polar RS Caeli
• AGN feedback in action: a new powerful wind in 1SXPSJ050819.8+172149?
• Probing the origin of the iron K_alpha line around stellar and supermassive black holes using X-ray polarimetry
• The obscured active nucleus of NGC 7172 as seen by NuSTAR
• Prospects for the polarimetric mapping of the Sgr A molecular cloud complex with IXPE
• Prospects for IXPE and eXTP polarimetric archaeology of the reflection nebulae in the Galactic center
• The peculiar optical-UV X-ray spectra of the X-ray weak quasar PG 0043+039
• X-ray polarization fluctuations induced by cloud eclipses in active galactic nuclei
• On the apparent absence of broad iron lines in Seyfert galaxies
• NuSTAR observations of a heavily X-ray obscured AGN in the dwarf galaxy J144013+024744
• X-ray selected broad absorption line quasars in SDSS-V: BALs and non-BALs span the same range of X-ray properties
• Active galaxy 4U 1344-60: did the relativistic line disappear?
• Disc wind or disc line? The extraordinary Fe-K feature of Mrk 1513
• X-ray spectral and temporal analysis of Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxy Was 61
• The nuclear environment of NGC 2442: a Compton-thick low-luminosity AGN
• Detection of the Fe K lines from the binary AGN in 4C+37.11
• XMM-Newton discovery of very high obscuration in the candidate Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient AX J1714.1-3912
• XMM-Newton --NuSTAR monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A
• About the accuracy of the relxill/relxill_nk models in view of the next generation of X-ray missions
• A Systematic Study of the Short-Term X-ray Variability of Seyfert Galaxies I. Diversity of the X-ray Rms Spectra
• Relativistic Reflection Modeling in AGN and Related Variability from PCA: A Brief Review
• The Integrated Relativistic Iron Line from Active Galactic Nuclei: Chasing the Spin Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• Modelling the selection of galaxy groups with end to end simulations
• The NuSTAR view of the Seyfert Galaxy HE 0436-4717
• Hard X-Ray broadband spectroscopy of Mrk 876: characterizing its spectrum
• A Suzaku sample of unabsorbed narrow-line and broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies: II. Iron emission and absorption
• Universality of coronal properties in accreting black holes across mass and accretion rate
• Broad Band X-ray Constraints on the Accreting Black Hole in Quasar 4C 74.26
• Multiwavelength Analysis of a Nearby Heavily Obscured AGN in NGC 449
• X-ray analysis of the accreting supermassive black hole in the radio galaxy PKS 2251+11
• FERO (Finding Extreme Relativistic Objects): statistics of relativistic broad Fe K alpha lines in AGN
• Line shifts in accretion disks - the case of Fe K$\alpha$
• Probing General Relativity with Accreting Black Holes
• On joint analysing XMM-NuSTAR spectra of active galactic nuclei
• Detection of Asymmetry in the Narrow Fe K$\alpha$ Emission Line in MCG-5-23-16 with Chandra
• Measuring black hole spins with x-ray reflection spectroscopy: A GRMHD outlook
• Impact of the returning radiation on X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements: the case of Galactic black holes
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their demography through cosmic time
• The Profiles of Fe Kα Line From the Inhomogeneous Accretion Flow
• Simple interpretation of the seemingly complicated X-ray spectral variation of NGC 5548
• NuSTAR view of heavily absorbed AGN: The $R-N_{\text{H}}$ correlation
• X-ray Spectral Variability as Probe of Multimessenger Emission in Blazar 5BZB J0630-24064
• Association of Optical, Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray excess Emissions in AGNs
• Dramatic X-ray spectral variability of a Compton-thick type-1 QSO at $z\sim 1$
• Flares in the Changing Look AGN Mrk 590. II: Deep X-ray observations reveal a Comptonizing inner accretion flow
• Modeling reflection spectra of super-Eddington X-ray sources
• Constraining black hole spin in PG 1535+547 amidst complex multi-layered absorption
• Reconstructing AGN X-ray spectral parameter distributions with Bayesian methods I: Spectral analysis
• Magnetic Reconnection as a Potential Driver of X-ray Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The shape of Fe K$\alpha$ line emitted from relativistic accretion disc around AGN black holes
• Iron Line Tomography of General Relativistic Hydrodynamic Accretion around Kerr Black Holes
• X-Ray bright optically faint active galactic nuclei in the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam wide survey
• XMM-Newton spectrum of the radio-loud quasar 3C 215: slim accretion disk or SMBH binary?
• Extreme X-ray Reflection in the Nucleus of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 5033
• Hard X-ray view of two $\gamma$-ray detected low-luminosity active galactic nuclei: NGC 315 and NGC 4261
• Black Holes at Work
• Untangling the Complex Nature of AGN Variability with Fairall 9
• On the Relation between the Inclination Angle of the Accretion Disk and the Broad-line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Peculiar X-ray Transient Swift J0840.7-3516: an Unusual Low Mass X-ray Binary or a Tidal Disruption Event?
• Accretion Geometry of Black Hole X-ray Binaries: Insights from X-ray Observations
• Compton thick absorber in type 1 quasar 3C 345 revealed by Suzaku and Swift/BAT
• AstroSat/UVIT far and near UV deep field around IC 4329A
• Chandra Follow-up Observations of Swift-BAT-selected AGNs II
• Assessing systematic uncertainties from spectral re-analysis of Cyg X-1 with different coronal geometries
• The nature of X-ray spectral variability in SWIFT J2127.4+5654
• An XMM-Newton Analysis of the Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidate MCG+11--11--032
• Unveiling BLR Structure in AGN with High Resolution X-Ray Spectra: An Analytic Approach to Wind Emission Line Profiles
• Multiwavelength analysis as a probe of accretion and radiative processes in LINERs
• AGN-host interaction in IC 5063. I. Large-scale X-ray morphology and spectral analysis