An X-ray Spectral Model for Compton-Thick Toroidal Reprocessors

Abstract

The central engines of both type 1 and type 2 AGNs are thought to harbor a toroidal structure that absorbs and reprocesses high-energy photons from the central X-ray source. If the reprocessor is Compton-thick, the calculation of emission-line and continuum spectra that are suitable for direct fitting to X-ray data is challenging because the reprocessed emission depends on the spectral shape of the incident continuum, which may not be directly observable. We present new Monte-Carlo calculations of Green's functions for a toroidal reprocessor that provide significant improvements over currently available models. The Green's function approach enables the construction of X-ray spectral fitting models that allow arbitrary incident spectra as part of the fitting process. The calculations are fully relativistic and have been performed for column densities that cover the Compton-thin to Compton-thick regime, for incident photon energies up to 500 keV. The reprocessed continuum and fluorescent line emission due to Fe Ka, Fe Kb, and Ni Ka are treated self-consistently, eliminating the need for ad hoc modeling that is currently common practice. We find that the spectral shape of the Compton-thick reflection spectrum in both the soft and hard X-ray bands in our toroidal geometry is different compared to that obtained from disk models. A key result of our study is that a Compton-thick toroidal structure that subtends the same solid angle at the X-ray source as a disk can produce a reflection spectrum that is ~6 times weaker than that from a disk. This highlights the widespread and erroneous interpretation of the so-called "reflection-fraction" as a solid angle, obtained from fitting disk-reflection models to Compton-thick sources without regard for proper consideration of geometry. (Abridged)

19 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Are Compton-thin AGNs Globally Compton Thin?
• A comprehensive X-ray view of the active nucleus in NGC 4258
• Active galaxy 4U 1344-60: did the relativistic line disappear?
• The Complex X-ray Obscuration Environment in the Radio Loud Type 2 Quasar 3C 223
• The Broadband X-ray Spectrum of the X-ray Obscured Type 1 AGN 2MASX J193013.80+341049.5
• The obscured active nucleus of NGC 7172 as seen by NuSTAR
• XMM-Newton --NuSTAR monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A
• X-ray Redshifts for Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei with AXIS Deep and Intermediate Surveys
• Absorption Variability of the Highly Obscured Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4507
• Large-scale clustering of buried X-ray AGN: Trends in AGN obscuration and redshift evolution
• A new distant Giant Radio Galaxy in the Boötes field serendipitously detected by Chandra
• A Highly Accreting Low-Mass Black Hole Hidden in the Dust: Suzaku and NuSTAR observations of the NLS1 Mrk 1239
• Broad Band X-ray Constraints on the Accreting Black Hole in Quasar 4C 74.26
• Viewing angle effects in quasar application to cosmology
• X-ray view of four high-luminosity Swift/BAT AGN: Unveiling obscuration and reflection with Suzaku
• The Compton-thick AGN luminosity function in the local Universe: A robust estimate combining BAT detections and NuSTAR spectra
• A Suzaku sample of unabsorbed narrow-line and broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies: II. Iron emission and absorption
• NuSTAR view of heavily absorbed AGN: The $R-N_{\text{H}}$ correlation
• XMM-Newton observations of SDSS J143030.22$-$001115.1: an unusually flat spectrum AGN
• A Multi-Wavelength Characterization of the Obscuring Medium at the Center of NGC 6300
• Elucidating the global distribution of reprocessing gas in NGC 1194
• Chandra Follow-up Observations of Swift-BAT-selected AGNs III
• Detection of Asymmetry in the Narrow Fe K$\alpha$ Emission Line in MCG-5-23-16 with Chandra
• Multiwavelength Analysis of a Nearby Heavily Obscured AGN in NGC 449
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Study of Nuclear Structure in Local Obscured Radio Galaxies
• The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey: Hard X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• NuSTAR reveals that the heavily obscured nucleus of NGC 2785 was the contaminant of IRAS 09104+4109 in the BeppoSAX/PDS hard X-rays
• X-ray selection of Compton Thick AGN at high redshift
• Magnetic Reconnection as a Potential Driver of X-ray Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei
• BASS XLV: Quantifying AGN Selection Effects in the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy Survey with BASS
• XMM-Newton spectrum of the radio-loud quasar 3C 215: slim accretion disk or SMBH binary?
• Hard X-ray view of two $\gamma$-ray detected low-luminosity active galactic nuclei: NGC 315 and NGC 4261
• The FeK$\alpha$ Compton shoulder in accreting Supermassive Black Holes
• The highly obscured Seyfert 2 nucleus in NGC 1448 observed with MUSE
• Compton thick absorber in type 1 quasar 3C 345 revealed by Suzaku and Swift/BAT
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• Molecular lines as tracers of Compton-thick AGN ?
• Intervening nuclear obscuration changing the X-ray look of the $z\approx 6$ QSO CFHQS J164121+375520
• Suzaku Confirms NGC~3660 is an Unabsorbed Seyfert 2
• Shape and ionization of equatorial matter near compact objects from X-ray polarization reflection signatures
• Evidence of Heavy Obscuration in the Low-Luminosity AGN NGC 4941
• Unveiling BLR Structure in AGN with High Resolution X-Ray Spectra: An Analytic Approach to Wind Emission Line Profiles
• The study of the circumnuclear environment of accreting supermassive black holes with realistic X-ray spectral models
• A broadband X-ray study of a sample of AGNs with [OIII] measured inclinations
• Selection of Compton-thick AGN from a hard photometric sample using XMM-Newton observations
• Chandra Follow-up Observations of Swift-BAT-selected AGNs II