Systematic Study of AGN Clumpy Tori with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy: Updated Unified Picture of AGN Structure

Abstract

We present the results of a systematic, broadband X-ray spectral analysis of nearby active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with the X-ray clumpy torus model (XCLUMPY; Tanimoto et al. 2019). By adding 16 AGNs newly analyzed in this paper, we study total 28 AGNs including unabsorbed and absorbed AGNs taken from Ichikawa et al. (2015) and García-Bernete et al. (2019). This is the largest sample whose X-ray and infrared spectra are analyzed by the clumpy torus models XCLUMPY and CLUMPY (Nenkova et al. 2008), respectively. The relation between the Eddington ratio and the torus covering factor determined from the X-ray torus parameters of each object follows the trend found by Ricci et al. (2017) based on a statistical analysis. We confirm the results by Tanimoto et al. (2020) that (1) the torus angular widths determined by the infrared data are larger than those by the X-ray data and that (2) the ratios of the hydrogen column density to V-band extinction ($N_{\mathrm{H}}/A_{\mathrm{V}}$) along the line of sight in obscured AGNs are similar to the Galactic value on average. Unobscured AGNs show apparently smaller line-of-sight $N_{\mathrm{H}}/A_{\mathrm{V}}$ ratios than the Galactic one. Our findings can be well explained by an updated unified picture of AGN structure including a dusty torus, dusty polar outflows, and dust-free gas, where the inclination determines the X-ray and optical classifications and observed torus properties in the X-ray and infrared bands.

arXiv comment24 pages, 6 figures, and 5 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (57)

• Interstellar Dust Grains
• The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Mission
• AGN Black Hole Masses and Bolometric Luminosities
• AGN Dusty Tori: II. Observational Implications of Clumpiness
• Calibration of X-ray absorption in our Galaxy
• Improved Reflection Models of Black-Hole Accretion Disks: Treating the Angular Distribution of X-rays
• AGN Dusty Tori: I. Handling of Clumpy Media
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - V. X-ray properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN catalog
• X-ray reflected spectra from accretion disk models. III. A complete grid of ionized reflection calculations
• An X-ray Spectral Model for Compton-Thick Toroidal Reprocessors
• Monte-Carlo Simulator and Ancillary Response Generator of Suzaku XRT/XIS System for Spatially Extended Source Analysis
• Dust in active nuclei. I. Evidence for "anomalous" properties
• Irradiation of an Accretion Disc by a Jet: General Properties and Implications for Spin Measurements of Black Holes
• The role of the reflection fraction in constraining black hole spin
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey I: Spectral Measurements, Derived Quantities, and AGN Demographics
• Suzaku observations of 'bare' active galactic nuclei
• Torus and AGN properties of nearby Seyfert galaxies: Results from fitting IR spectral energy distributions and spectroscopy
• New Spectral Model for Constraining Torus Covering Factors from Broadband X-ray Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Dust in the polar region as a major contributor to the IR emission of AGN
• The dusty torus in the Circinus galaxy: a dense disk and the torus funnel
• Dust in active nuclei. II. Powder or gravel?
• Parsec-scale dust emission from the polar region in the type 2 nucleus of NGC 424
• The distance to the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 5128
• Seyfert galaxies in the local Universe (z$\le$ 0.1): the average X-ray spectrum as seen by $BeppoSAX$
• The power output of local obscured and unobscured AGN: crossing the absorption barrier with Swift/BAT and IRAS
• Mid-infrared interferometry of 23 AGN tori: On the significance of polar-elongated emission
• A Suzaku survey of Fe K lines in Seyfert 1 AGN
• Exploring the complex X-ray spectrum of NGC 4051
• The broad band spectral variability of MCG-6-30-15 observed by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton
• On the difference of torus geometry between hidden and non-hidden broad line active galactic nuclei
• X-Ray Spectral Model from Clumpy Torus and Its Application to Circinus Galaxy
• X-ray spectral and eclipsing model of the clumpy obscurer in active galactic nuclei
• X-ray spectral evolution of GS 2023+338 (V404 Cyg) during decline after outburst
• Polar Dust, Nuclear Obscuration and IR SED Diversity in Type-1 AGNs
• NuSTAR observations of water megamaser AGN
• New evidence for the dusty wind model: Polar dust and a hot core in the type-1 Seyfert ESO323-G77
• A New Method for Measuring Extragalactic Distances
• Torus model properties of an ultra-hard X-ray selected sample of Seyfert galaxies
• Suzaku Observations of Moderately Obscured (Compton-thin) Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by Swift/BAT Hard X-ray Survey
• NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Observations of the Hard X-Ray Spectrum of Centaurus A
• A Long Look At MCG-5-23-16 With NuSTAR: I- Relativistic Reflection And Coronal Properties
• The variable and non-variable X-ray absorbers in Compton-thin type-II Active Galactic Nuclei
• The narrow Fe K$\alpha$ line and the molecular torus in active galactic nuclei - an IR/X-ray view
• Photoionized emission and absorption features in the high-resolution X-ray spectra of NGC 3783
• Investigating the sensitivity of observed spectral energy distributions to clumpy torus properties in Seyfert galaxies
• Hard X-ray Lags in Active Galactic Nuclei: Testing the Distant Reverberation Hypothesis with NGC 6814
• A Variable Partial Covering Model for the Seyfert 1 Galaxy MCG-6-30-15
• Sensitivity of the Fe K-alpha Compton shoulder to the geometry and variability of the X-ray illumination of cosmic objects
• A Low-Mass Black Hole in the Nearby Seyfert Galaxy UGC 06728
• Application of X-Ray Clumpy Torus Model (XCLUMPY) to 10 Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with Suzaku and NuSTAR
• Reflection geometries in absorbed and unabsorbed AGN
• Application of Clumpy Torus Model to Broadband X-ray Spectra of Two Seyfert 1 Galaxies: IC 4329A and NGC 7469
• Nature of Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in "Non-merging'' Luminous Infrared Galaxies UGC 2608 and NGC 5135 Revealed with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• Origin of the Broad Iron Line Feature and the Soft X-ray Variation in Seyfert Galaxies
• X-ray signatures of the polar dusty gas in AGN
• Torus Constraints in ANEPD-CXO245: A Compton-thick AGN with Double-Peaked Narrow Lines

Cited by in corpus (24)

• The Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) I. ALMA images of dusty molecular tori in Seyfert galaxies
• BASS XXIV: The BASS DR2 Spectroscopic Line Measurements and AGN Demographics
• Comprehensive Broadband X-ray and Multiwavelength Study of Active Galactic Nuclei in Local 57 Ultra/luminous Infrared Galaxies Observed with NuSTAR and/or Swift/BAT
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS): II. Torus and polar dust emission in nearby Seyfert galaxies
• BASS XXXVII: The role of radiative feedback in the growth and obscuration properties of nearby supermassive black holes
• Galaxy properties of type 1 and 2 X-ray selected AGN and comparison among different classification criteria
• NuSTAR Observations of 52 Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by the Swift/BAT All-sky Hard X-Ray Survey
• The dust-gas AGN torus as constrained from X-ray and mid-infrared observations
• The role of AGN and its obscuration on the position of the host galaxy relative to Main Sequence
• Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in GOALS Sample with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component
• X-ray Constraint on Location of AGN Torus in Circinus Galaxy
• The post-Herschel view of intrinsic AGN emission: constructing templates for galaxy and AGN emission at IR wavelengths
• Properties of the Obscuring Torus in NGC 1052 from Multi-epoch Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• Warm Absorbers in the Radiation-driven Fountain Model of Low-mass Active Galactic Nuclei
• Viewing angle observations and effects of evolution with redshift, black hole mass, and Eddington ratio in quasar based cosmology
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Dual AGN System Mrk 739
• Hard X-ray Irradiation Potentially Drives Negative AGN Feedback by Altering Molecular Gas Properties
• Probing the roles of orientation and multi-scale gas distributions in shaping the obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei through cosmic time
• Updated Picture of the Active Galactic Nuclei with Dusty/Dust-free Gas Structures and Effects of the Radiation Pressure
• Accretion environments of active galactic nuclei
• Multi-epoch X-ray spectral analysis of Centaurus A: revealing new constraints on iron emission line origins
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Study of Nuclear Structure in Local Obscured Radio Galaxies
• The viewing angle in AGN SED models, a data-driven analysis
• The properties of the obscuring material of an AGNs sample from mid-IR and X-ray simultaneous fitting