Comprehensive Broadband X-ray and Multiwavelength Study of Active Galactic Nuclei in Local 57 Ultra/luminous Infrared Galaxies Observed with NuSTAR and/or Swift/BAT

Abstract

We perform a systematic X-ray spectroscopic analysis of 57 local ultra/luminous infrared galaxy systems (containing 84 individual galaxies) observed with Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array and/or Swift/BAT. Combining soft X-ray data obtained with Chandra, XMM-Newton, Suzaku and/or Swift/XRT, we identify 40 hard ($>$10 keV) X-ray detected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and constrain their torus parameters with the X-ray clumpy torus model XCLUMPY (Tanimoto et al. 2019). Among the AGNs at $z<0.03$, for which sample biases are minimized, the fraction of Compton-thick ($N_{\mathrm{H}}\ge 10^{24}$ cm${}^{-2}$) AGNs reaches 64${}_{-15}^{+14}$% (6/9 sources) in late mergers, while 24${}_{-10}^{+12}$% (3/14 sources) in early mergers, consistent with the tendency reported by Ricci et al. (2017). We find that the bolometric AGN luminosities derived from the infrared data increase, but the X-ray to bolometric luminosity ratios decrease, with merger stage. The X-ray weak AGNs in late mergers ubiquitously show massive outflows at sub-pc to kpc scales. Among them, the most luminous AGNs ($L_{\mathrm{bol},\mathrm{AGN}}\sim 10^{46}$ erg s${}^{-1}$) have relatively small column densities of $\lesssim$10${}^{23}$ cm${}^{-2}$ and almost super-Eddington ratios (${\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}\sim$ 1.0). Their torus covering factors ($C_{\mathrm{T}}^{(22)}\sim 0.6$) are larger than those of Swift/BAT selected AGNs with similarly high Eddington ratios. These results suggest a scenario that, in the final stage of mergers, multiphase strong outflows are produced due to chaotic quasi-spherical inflows and the AGN becomes extremely X-ray weak and deeply buried due to obscuration by inflowing and/or outflowing material.

85 pages, 88 figures, accepted in ApJS

References in corpus (104)

• The Host Galaxies and Classification of Active Galactic Nuclei
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• Some Aspects of Measurement Error in Linear Regression of Astronomical Data
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• AGN Dusty Tori: I. Handling of Clumpy Media
• Massive molecular outflows and negative feedback in ULIRGs observed by Herschel-PACS
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - V. X-ray properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN catalog
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• Mid-IR Galaxy Classification Based on Silicate Obscuration and PAH Equivalent Width
• Wind from the black-hole accretion disk driving a molecular outflow in an active galaxy
• The AGN Black Hole Mass Database
• The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field: I. Survey description
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• Spitzer Quasar and ULIRG Evolution Study (QUEST): II. The Spectral Energy Distributions of Palomar-Green Quasars
• Black Holes on FIRE: Stellar Feedback Limits Early Feeding of Galactic Nuclei
• Galaxy pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey - IX: Merger-induced AGN activity as traced by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
• Spitzer Quasar and ULIRG evolution study (QUEST): I. The origin of the far infrared continuum of QSOs
• Growing supermassive black holes in the late stages of galaxy mergers are heavily obscured
• Suzaku Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in the Swift/BAT Survey: Discovery of "New Type" of Buried Supermassive Black Holes
• The effect of radiation pressure on dusty absorbing gas around AGN
• The destruction and recreation of the X-ray corona in a changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus
• Molecular outflows in local ULIRGs: energetics from multi-transition OH analysis
• Star formation in the hosts of high-z QSOs: Evidence from Spitzer PAH detections
• Molecular outflows in local galaxies: Method comparison and a role of intermittent AGN driving
• Seyfert galaxies in the local Universe (z$\le$ 0.1): the average X-ray spectrum as seen by $BeppoSAX$
• Vibrationally Excited HCN in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4418
• Dynamical properties of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies. II. Traces of dynamical evolution and end products of local ultraluminous mergers
• AGN dust tori at low and high luminosities
• Black hole in the West Nucleus of Arp 220
• Are Optically-Selected Quasars Universally X-Ray Luminous? X-Ray/UV Relations in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasars
• Rapid N_H changes in NGC 4151
• IACHEC Cross-Calibration of Chandra, NuSTAR, Swift, Suzaku, and XMM-Newton with 3C 273 and PKS 2155-304
• On the Detectability of Lyman-alpha Emission in Star-forming Galaxies: The Role of Dust
• ALMA Imaging of HCN, CS and dust in Arp 220 and NGC 6240
• Unveiling the nature of INTEGRAL objects through optical spectroscopy. VI. A multi-observatory identification campaign
• NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Observations of NGC 1365: Extreme Absorption Variability and a Constant Inner Accretion Disk
• Radiation pressure and absorption in AGN: results from a complete unbiased sample from Swift
• The WISSH Quasars Project III. X-ray properties of hyper-luminous quasars
• Mid-Infrared Colors of Dwarf Galaxies: Young Starbursts Mimicking Active Galactic Nuclei
• Dust-Deficient Palomar-Green Quasars and the Diversity of AGN Intrinsic IR Emission
• Weak Hard X-ray Emission from Broad Absorption Line Quasars: Evidence for Intrinsic X-ray Weakness
• A hard X-ray view of Luminous and Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS: I - AGN obscuration along the merger sequence
• The Sudden Death of the Nearest Quasar
• Failed radiatively Accelerated Dusty Outflow model of the Broad Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Analytical solution
• VLT-VIMOS integral field spectroscopy of luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies. I. The sample and first results
• NuSTAR observations of WISE J1036+0449, a Galaxy at z$\sim 1$ obscured by hot dust
• A Hard X-ray Test of HCN Enhancements as a Tracer of Embedded Black Hole Growth
• Integral field spectroscopy of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy Arp299 (IC694+NGC3690)
• Line-driven disk wind model for ultra-fast outflows in active galactic nuclei -- Scaling with luminosity
• CON-quest: Searching for the most obscured galaxy nuclei
• Heavy X-ray obscuration in the most-luminous galaxies discovered by WISE
• An X-ray spectral model for clumpy tori in active galactic nuclei
• The 450 days X-ray monitoring of the changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654
• High-ionization Fe K emission from luminous infrared galaxies
• NGC6240: A triple nucleus system in the advanced or final state of merging
• Far-Ultraviolet & X-ray Observations of VV 114: Feedback in a Local Analog to Lyman Break Galaxies
• The hidden heart of the luminous infrared galaxy IC 860 I. A molecular inflow feeding opaque, extreme nuclear activity
• The NuSTAR Serendipitous Survey: Hunting for The Most Extreme Obscured AGN at >10 keV
• NuSTAR Resolves the First Dual AGN above 10 keV in SWIFT J2028.5+2543
• Unveiling the nature of INTEGRAL objects through optical spectroscopy. IV. A study of six new hard X-ray sources
• The Multi-Layer Variable Absorbers in NGC 1365 Revealed by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• Systematic Study of AGN Clumpy Tori with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy: Updated Unified Picture of AGN Structure
• How does the Polar Dust affect the Correlation between Dust Covering Factor and Eddington Ratio in Type 1 Quasars Selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16?
• Ionized gas outflows in infrared-bright dust-obscured galaxies selected with WISE and SDSS
• ALMA Twenty-six arcmin${}^2$ Survey of GOODS-S at One-millimeter (ASAGAO): X-ray AGN Properties of Millimeter-Selected Galaxies
• The variable and non-variable X-ray absorbers in Compton-thin type-II Active Galactic Nuclei
• Does the mid-infrared-hard X-ray luminosity relation for active galactic nuclei depend on Eddington ratio?
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in Circinus Galaxy I: Non-LTE calculations of CO lines
• Shedding Light on the Compton-thick Active Galactic Nucleus in the Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxy UGC 5101 with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey XXVII: Scattered X-Ray Radiation in Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Star-formation histories of local luminous infrared galaxies
• Cold molecular gas and PAH emission in Seyfert galaxies
• Discovery of an X-ray Quasar Wind Driving the Cold Gas Outflow in the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS F05189-2524
• CO excitation in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 34: stars, shock or AGN driven?
• Herschel observations of Hickson compact groups of galaxies: Unveiling the properties of cold dust
• A Focused, Hard X-ray Look at Arp 299 with NuSTAR
• Radio continuum properties of luminous infrared galaxies. Identifying the presence of an AGN in the radio
• Application of X-Ray Clumpy Torus Model (XCLUMPY) to 10 Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with Suzaku and NuSTAR
• X-ray emission from the nuclear region of Arp 220
• X-ray Constraint on Location of AGN Torus in Circinus Galaxy
• CO excitation in the Seyfert galaxy NGC7130
• NuSTAR Discovery of a Compton-thick Dust-obscured Galaxy WISE J0825+3002
• Kinetic energy transfer from X-ray ultrafast outflows to mm/sub-mm cold molecular outflows in Seyfert galaxies
• Evidence for Relativistic Disk Reflection in the Seyfert 1h Galaxy/ULIRG IRAS 05189-2524 Observed by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton
• Application of Clumpy Torus Model to Broadband X-ray Spectra of Two Seyfert 1 Galaxies: IC 4329A and NGC 7469
• Nature of Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in "Non-merging'' Luminous Infrared Galaxies UGC 2608 and NGC 5135 Revealed with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• ALMA Multiple-Transition Molecular Line Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 20551-4250: Different HCN, HCO+, HNC Excitation and Implications for Infrared Radiative Pumping
• Nuclear absorption and emission in the AGN merger NGC 6240: the hard X-ray view
• Deep Chandra Observations of HCG 16 - I. Active Nuclei, Star formation and Galactic Winds
• No sign of strong molecular gas outflow in an infrared-bright dust-obscured galaxy with strong ionized-gas outflow
• Mass accretion toward black holes in the final phase of galaxy mergers
• Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution in Moderately Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei at z~1.4 in SXDF
• Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation
• Morphological evidence for a past minor merger in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068
• A Compton-thick nucleus in the dual AGN of Mrk 266
• Luminosity Ratio between [O IV] 25.89 um Line and Nuclear Continuum 12 um as Diagnostic for "Buried" AGN
• The spatially resolved stellar population and ionized gas properties in the merger LIRG NGC 2623
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): An X-ray bright, extremely luminous infrared galaxy at z = 1.87
• VV 655 and NGC 4418: Implications of an interaction for the evolution of a LIRG
• NuSTAR hard X-ray data and Gemini 3D spectra reveal powerful AGN and outflow histories in two low-redshift Lyman-$\alpha$ blobs
• NuSTAR Non-detection of a Faint Active Galactic Nucleus in an Ultraluminous IR Galaxy with Kpc-scale Fast Wind
• X-ray narrow emission lines from the nuclear region of NGC 1365
• The Curious Case of NGC6908
• A broadband X-ray study of a sample of AGNs with [OIII] measured inclinations

Cited by in corpus (36)

• RUBIES: JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of an Infrared-luminous, Broad-line Little Red Dot with an Ionized Outflow
• BASS XXXVII: The role of radiative feedback in the growth and obscuration properties of nearby supermassive black holes
• BASS XXXII: Studying the Nuclear Mm-wave Continuum Emission of AGNs with ALMA at Scales $\lesssim$ 100-200 pc
• Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution and Variability of Active Galactic Nuclei: Clues to the Structure of Circumnuclear Material
• NuSTAR Observations of 52 Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by the Swift/BAT All-sky Hard X-Ray Survey
• X-ray radiative transfer in full 3D with SKIRT
• A new look at local ultraluminous infrared galaxies: the atlas and radiative transfer models of their complex physics
• Stellar and black hole assembly in z<0.3 infrared-luminous mergers: intermittent starbursts vs. super-Eddington accretion
• Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in GOALS Sample with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component
• Probing the Structure and Evolution of BASS AGN through Eddington Ratios
• Origin and evolution of dust-obscured galaxies in galaxy mergers
• Ray-tracing simulations and spectral models of X-ray radiation in dusty media
• The Obscured Fraction of Quasars at Cosmic Noon
• Accretion properties of X-ray AGN: Evidence for radiation-regulated obscuration with redshift-dependent host galaxy contribution
• Compton-thick AGN in the NuSTAR Era. IX. A Joint NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Analysis of Four Local AGN
• The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Dual AGN System Mrk 739
• BASS XLVII: 22 GHz Radio Atlas of Swift-BAT Selected AGN
• Towards a complete census of luminous Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in the local Universe
• A nearly constant CN/HCN line ratio in nearby galaxies: CN as a new tracer of dense gas
• Optical IFU Observations of GOALS Sample with KOOLS-IFU on Seimei Telescope: Initial results of 9 U/LIRGs at $z<$ 0.04
• Warm Molecular Gas in the Central Parsecs of the Buried Nucleus of NGC 4418 Traced with the Fundamental CO Ro-vibrational Absorptions
• The JWST/NIRSpec view of the nuclear region in the prototypical merging galaxy NGC 6240
• Probing the roles of orientation and multi-scale gas distributions in shaping the obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei through cosmic time
• ALMA Sub-arcsec-resolution 183 GHz H2O and Dense Molecular Line Observations of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Update of the INTEGRAL/IBIS AGN catalogue: deeper on the Galactic plane and wider beyond
• Ray-tracing simulations of the Soft X-ray Scattered Emission in obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Compton-thick AGN luminosity function in the local Universe: A robust estimate combining BAT detections and NuSTAR spectra
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Properties of Millimeter Galaxies Hosting X-ray Detected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Study of Nuclear Structure in Local Obscured Radio Galaxies
• A Systematic Search for X-ray Eclipse Events in Active Galactic Nuclei Observed by Swift
• Systematic Study of the Inner Structure of Molecular Tori in Nearby U/LIRGs using Velocity Decomposition of CO Rovibrational Absorption Lines
• Source identification for the Swift-BAT 150-month hard X-ray catalog using soft X-ray observations
• AstroSat observations of interacting galaxies NGC 7469 and IC 5283
• Probing Heavily Obscured AGN in Major Galaxy Mergers Using the mm-X-ray Correlation
• The X-ray statistical properties of dust-obscured galaxies detected by eROSITA