AGN wind scaling relations and the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies

Abstract

Feedback from accreting SMBHs is often identified as the main mechanism responsible for regulating star-formation in AGN host galaxies. However, the relationships between AGN activity, radiation, winds, and star-formation are complex and still far from being understood. We study scaling relations between AGN properties, host galaxy properties and AGN winds. We then evaluate the wind mean impact on the global star-formation history, taking into account the short AGN duty cycle with respect to that of star-formation. We first collect AGN wind observations for 94 AGN with detected massive winds at sub-pc to kpc spatial scales. We then fold AGN wind scaling relations with AGN luminosity functions, to evaluate the average AGN wind mass-loading factor as a function of cosmic time. We find strong correlations between the AGN molecular and ionised wind mass outflow rates and the AGN bolometric luminosity. The power law scaling is steeper for ionised winds (slope 1.29+/-0.38) than for molecular winds (0.76+/-0.06), meaning that the two rates converge at high bolometric luminosities. The molecular gas depletion timescale and the molecular gas fraction of galaxies hosting powerful AGN winds are 3-10 times shorter and smaller than those of main-sequence galaxies with similar SFR, stellar mass and redshift. These findings suggest that, at high AGN bolometric luminosity, the reduced molecular gas fraction may be due to the destruction of molecules by the wind, leading to a larger fraction of gas in the atomic ionised phase. The AGN wind mass-loading factor $\eta ={\dot{M}}_{OF}/SFR$ is systematically higher than that of starburst driven winds. Our analysis shows that AGN winds are, on average, powerful enough to clean galaxies from their molecular gas only in massive systems at z<=2, i.e. a strong form of co-evolution between SMBHs and galaxies appears to break down for the least massive galaxies.

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• Evidence for extended gaseous reservoirs around AGN at cosmic noon from ALMA CO(3-2) observations
• Unravelling the physics of multiphase AGN winds through emission line tracers
• A titanic interstellar medium ejection from a massive starburst galaxy at redshift 1.4
• Dramatic changes in the observed velocity of the accretion disk wind in MCG-03-58-007 are revealed by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• Powerful ionized gas outflows in the interacting radio galaxy 4C +29.30
• Investigating the impact of quasar-driven outflows on galaxies at redshift 0.3-0.4
• AGN must be very efficient at powering outflows
• A deep, multi-epoch Chandra HETG study of the ionized outflow from NGC 4051
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): The first archetypal Quasar in the feedback phase discovered by eROSITA
• The impact of AGN outflows on the surface habitability of terrestrial planets in the Milky Way
• Dusty plasma in active galactic nuclei
• Unveiling the warm molecular outflow component of type-2 quasars with SINFONI
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS. II. HST UV spectroscopy of winds at intermediate redshifts
• GA-NIFS: The highly overdense system BR1202-0725 at z $\sim$ 4.7. A double AGN with fast outflows plus eight companion galaxies
• Physical properties of hyperluminous, dust-obscured quasars at $z\sim 3$: multiwavelength Spectral Energy Distribution analysis and cold gas content revealed by ALMA
• Molecular gas and dust properties in $z>7$ quasar hosts
• JWST/NIRSpec insights into the circumnuclear region of Arp 220: A detailed kinematic study
• Radiation pattern and outflow geometry: a new probe of black hole spin?
• [OIII] emission in z=2 quasars with and without Broad Absorption Lines
• Detection of an ionized gas outflow in the extreme UV-luminous star-forming galaxy BOSS-EUVLG1 at z=2.47
• Connecting Galactic and extragalactic outflows: From the Cygnus-X cluster to active galaxies
• On the multiplicity of ALMA Compact Array counterparts of far-infrared bright quasars
• Discovery of a strong ionized-gas outflow in an AKARI-selected Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxy at z = 0.5
• Galaxy Pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey XV: Properties of Ionised Outflows
• Life after AGN switchoff: evolution and properties of fossil galactic outflows
• Star formation efficiency and AGN feedback in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with fast X-ray nuclear winds
• Cosmic evolution of radio-excess AGNs in quiescent and star-forming galaxies across $0<z<4$
• Molecular gas excitation and outflow properties of obscured quasars at z$\sim$0.1
• Feedback and dynamical masses in high-$z$ galaxies: the advent of high-resolution NIRSpec spectroscopy
• JWST/NIRSpec and MIRI observations of an expanding, jet-driven bubble of warm H${}_2$ in the radio galaxy 3C 326 N
• MUSE view of PDS 456: kpc-scale wind, extended ionized gas and close environment
• Probing supermassive black hole growth and its dependence on stellar mass and star-formation rate in low-redshift galaxies
• The lively accretion disc in NGC 2992. III. Tentative evidence of rapid Ultra Fast Outflow variability
• Dust Dynamics in AGN Winds: A New Mechanism For Multiwavelength AGN Variability
• Concordance between observations and simulations in the evolution of the mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• X-ray obscuration from a variable ionized absorber in PG 1114+445
• Tracing the co-evolution path of super massive black holes and spheroids with AKARI-selected ultra-luminous IR galaxies at intermediate redshifts
• The molecular gas in the central region of NGC 7213
• The $M-\sigma$ relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Variable broad lines and outflow in the weak blazar PBC J2333.9-2343
• Exploring Spatially-Resolved Metallicities, Dynamics and Outflows in Low-Mass Galaxies at $z\sim 7.6$
• Lack of Correlations between Cold Molecular Gas and AGN Properties in Type 1 AGNs at $z\lesssim 0.5$
• The interaction of the active nucleus with the host galaxy interstellar medium
• Variations on a theme of AGN-driven outflows: luminosity evolution and ambient density distribution
• The interplay between radio AGN activity and their host galaxies
• Galaxy Spectra neural Network (GaSNet). II. Using Deep Learning for Spectral Classification and Redshift Predictions
• AGN outflows as neutrino sources: an observational test
• GA-NIFS: Mapping $z\simeq 3.5$ AGN-driven ionized outflows in the COSMOS field
• Outflows in the Gaseous Discs of Active Galaxies and their impact on Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Optical IFU Observations of GOALS Sample with KOOLS-IFU on Seimei Telescope: Initial results of 9 U/LIRGs at $z<$ 0.04
• Spatially resolved dust properties over 50 kpc in a hyperluminous galaxy merger at $z=4.6$
• Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from ultra-fast outflows of active galactic nuclei
• Mapping AGN winds: a connection between radio-mode AGN and the AGN feedback cycle
• The ubiquity of AGN winds in Seyfert 1 galaxies at low redshift
• Quantifying the AGN-driven outflows in ULIRGs (QUADROS) IV: HST/STIS spectroscopy of the sub-kpc warm outflow in F14394+5332
• The stratified disk wind of MCG-03-58-007
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). A parsec scale multi-phase outflow in the super-Eddington NLS1 Mrk 1044
• LBT/ARGOS adaptive optics observations of z$\sim 2$ lensed galaxies
• On The Fine Tuning and Physical Origin of Line-Locked Absorption Systems in Active Galaxies
• What powers galactic outflows: nuclear starbursts or AGN?
• The WISSH quasars project VII. Outflows and metals in the circumgalactic medium around the hyper-luminous z~3.6 quasar J1538+08
• The JWST/NIRSpec view of the nuclear region in the prototypical merging galaxy NGC 6240
• X-raying winds in distant quasars: the first high-redshift wind duty cycle
• MIRACLE I.: Unveiling the Multi-Phase, Multi-Scale physical properties of the Active Galaxy NGC 424 with MIRI, MUSE, and ALMA
• The impact of low luminosity AGN on their host galaxies: A radio and optical investigation of the kpc-scale outflow in MaNGA 1-166919
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- II. AGN outflows in dwarf galaxies
• A young and obscured AGN embedded in the giant radio galaxy Mrk 1498
• Chemical evolution of elliptical galaxies I: supernovae and AGN feedback
• A broadband X-ray view of the NLSy1 1E 0754.6+392.8
• Diverse dark matter profiles in FIRE dwarfs: black holes, cosmic rays and the cusp-core enigma
• Dynamics of Molecular Gas in the Central Region of the Quasar IZwicky1
• Mid-IR cosmological spectrophotometric surveys from space: Measuring AGN and star formation at the Cosmic Noon with a SPICA-like mission
• HYPERION: broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of Quasars in the first billion years of the Universe
• HYPERION. Shedding light on the first luminous quasars: A correlation between UV disc winds and X-ray continuum
• Redshift identification of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei in the J1030 field: searching for large-scale structures and high-redshift sources
• The XMM-Newton and NuSTAR view of IRASF11119+3257. I Detection of multiple UFO components and a very cold corona
• Cosmological Simulation of Galaxy Groups and Clusters-II: Studying Different Modes of Feedback through X-ray Observations
• Coordinated X-ray and UV absorption within the accretion disk wind of the active galactic nucleus PG 1126-041
• The WISSH quasars project VII. The impact of extreme radiative field in the accretion disk and X-ray corona interplay
• Does Feedback from Supermassive Blackhole Co-evolve With Host In Type 2 Quasars?
• A New Mid-Infrared and X-ray Machine Learning Algorithm to Discover Compton-thick AGN
• Unveiling the monster heart: unbeamed properties of blazar 4C 71.07
• Spectroscopic study of the [OIII]$\lambda$5007 profile in Seyfert 1 galaxies
• Exploring the links between quasar winds and radio emission along the Main Sequence at high redshift
• IFU observations of the inner 200 pc of NGC 4546: gas rotation, non-circular motions and ionised outflows
• Outflows in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC5643 traced by the [SIII] emission
• AGN anisotropic radiative feedback set by black hole spin
• The environments of the radio galaxy population in SIMBA
• Black hole-galaxy co-evolution and the role of feedback
• Ghost in the Shell: Evidence for Past AGN Activities in NGC 5195 from a Newly Discovered large-scale Ionized Structure
• Investigation of Stellar Kinematics and Ionized gas Outflows in Local (U)LIRGs
• The [OIII] profiles of far-infrared active and non-active optically-selected green valley galaxies
• Jet-mode feedback in NGC 5972: insights from resolved MUSE, GMRT and VLA observations
• The feedback of quasars on their galactic environment
• LeMMINGs. VI. Connecting nuclear activity to bulge properties of active and inactive galaxies: radio scaling relations and galaxy environment
• Winds of change: the nuclear and galaxy-scale outflows and the X-ray variability of 2MASS 0918+2117
• Properties of cold molecular gas in four type-1 active galaxies hosting outflows
• QSO MUSEUM III: the circumgalactic medium in Ly$\alpha$ emission around 120 $z\sim 3$ quasars covering the SDSS parameter space. Witnessing the instantaneous AGN feedback on halo scales
• AGN radiative feedback in the early growth of massive black holes
• Multiple-scale gas infall through gravity torques on Milky Way twins
• Poynting-Robertson effect on black-hole-driven winds
• Ionised AGN outflows in the Goldfish galaxy -- The illuminating and interacting red quasar eFEDSJ091157.4+014327 at z $\sim$ 0.6
• HARMONI view of the host galaxies of active galactic nuclei around cosmic noon: Resolved stellar morpho-kinematics and the M${}_{BH}$-${\sigma }_{\star }$ relation
• AGN cool feedback and analogy with X-ray binaries: from radiation pressure to cosmic ray driven outflows
• Host galaxy and nuclear properties of IR-selected AGNs with and without outflow signatures
• AGN feeding along a one-armed spiral in NGC 4593: A study using ALMA CO(2-1) observations
• Euclid preparation: TBD. Cosmic Dawn Survey: evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function across 0.2<z<6.5 measured over 10 square degrees
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• DESI survey of S IV absorption outflows in quasars: Contribution to AGN feedback and comparison with [O III] emission outflows
• MIRACLE II: Unveiling the multi-phase gas interplay in the circumnuclear region of NGC 1365 via multi-cloud modeling
• ALMA survey of a massive node of the Cosmic Web at $z\sim 3$. II. A dynamically cold and massive disk galaxy in the proximity of a hyperluminous quasar
• MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z$\sim$2
• The magnetic fields of the dusty nuclei and molecular outflows of Arp 220
• Magnetic Reconnection as a Potential Driver of X-ray Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei
• ALMA uncovers optically thin and multi-component CO gas in the outflowing circumnuclear disk of NGC1068
• Multi-phase investigation of outflows in the circumgalactic and interstellar media of luminous quasars at z~5
• Investigating the origin of radio emission in candidate super-Eddington accreting black holes
• Radio Galaxies in SIMBA: A MIGHTEE Comparison
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS): N. Unveiling physical processes in local active galaxies. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of JWST MIRI/MRS observations
• A stellar dynamical mass measurement of an inactive black hole at redshift 2
• PHIBSS: Searching for Molecular Gas Outflows in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=$ 0.5-2.6
• SUNRISE-3D: Sharp UNveiling of AGN feedback Regulation and its Impact on Star-formation at the cosmic noon Epoch
• Mapping feedback signatures in 3C 297: A quasar-host merger at Cosmic Noon
• Ionized Gas Outflows and Shock-Heated Emission in the Highly Inclined Active Galaxy CGCG 012-070
• Cosmological simulations predict that AGN preferentially live in gas-rich, star-forming galaxies despite effective feedback
• High resolution mapping of molecular tori with ALMA
• Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) X: Molecular gas clumpiness under the influence of AGN
• Termination Shocks and the Extended X-ray Emission in MRK 78
• Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. IV. The Effects of Different Density Estimates on the Ionized Gas Masses and Outflow Rates
• Warm absorber outflows in radio-loud active galactic nucleus 3C~59
• Challenges and Techniques for Simulating Line Emission
• Implication of a galaxy-scale negative feedback by one of the most powerful multi-phase outflows in a hyper-luminous infrared galaxy at the intermediate redshift
• Capturing dual AGN activity and kiloparsec-scale outflows in IRAS 20210+1121
• X-HESS: a large sample of highly accreting serendipitous AGN under the XMM-Newton microscope
• AGN-host interaction in IC 5063. I. Large-scale X-ray morphology and spectral analysis
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS
• Unveiling BLR Structure in AGN with High Resolution X-Ray Spectra: An Analytic Approach to Wind Emission Line Profiles
• The imprint of AGN-driven outflows on the CGM: the case of Lyα nebulae around high-z quasars
• QSOFEED: Investigating warm molecular, low- and high-ionization atomic gas in six type-2 quasars with GTC/EMIR
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS IV. Tracing Radio Emission and Unveiling the Role of Winds
• Quokka-based understanding of outflows (QED) -- IV. Limitations of H$\alpha$ as an outflow diagnostic
• Vigorous turbulence driven by quasar-mode feedback in a cluster core
• Massive black holes and their galaxies
• Chandra X-ray Observatory study of the X-ray emission of PKS 0023-26 and comparison with recent ALMA results