SUPER VIII. Fast and Furious at $z\sim 2$: obscured type-2 active nuclei host faster ionised winds than type-1 systems

Abstract

We present spatially resolved VLT/SINFONI spectroscopy with adaptive optics of type-2 active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the SINFONI Survey for Unveiling the Physics and Effect of Radiative feedback (SUPER), which targeted X-ray bright ($L_{2-10keV}\gtrsim 10^{42}$ erg s${}^{-1}$) AGN at Cosmic Noon ($z\sim 2$). Our analysis of the rest-frame optical spectra unveils ionised outflows in all seven examined targets, as traced via [OIII]$\lambda$5007 line emission, moving at $v\gtrsim 600$ km s${}^{-1}$. In six objects these outflows are clearly spatially resolved and extend on 2-4 kpc scales, whereas marginally resolved in the remaining one. Interestingly, these SUPER type-2 AGN are all heavily obscured sources ($N_H\gtrsim 10^{23}$ cm${}^{-2}$) and host faster ionised outflows than their type-1 counterparts within the same range of bolometric luminosity ($L_{bol}\sim 10^{44.8-46.5}$ erg s${}^{-1}$). SUPER has hence provided observational evidence that the type-1/type-2 dichotomy at $z\sim 2$ might not be driven simply by projection effects, but might reflect two distinct obscuring life stages of active galaxies, as predicted by evolutionary models. Within this picture, SUPER type-2 AGN might be undergoing the 'blow-out' phase, where the large amount of obscuring material efficiently accelerates large-scale outflows via radiation pressure on dust, eventually unveiling the central active nucleus and signal the start of the bright, unobscured type-1 AGN phase. Moreover, the overall population of ionised outflows detected in SUPER has velocities comparable with the escape speed of their dark matter halos, and in general high enough to reach 30-50 kpc distances from the centre. These outflows are hence likely to sweep away the gas (at least) out of the baryonic disk and/or to heat the host gas reservoir, thus reducing and possibly quenching star formation.

21 pages, 13 figures. Key figure is 8. Accepted for publication in A&A

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• GA-NIFS: Mapping $z\simeq 3.5$ AGN-driven ionized outflows in the COSMOS field
• The JWST/NIRSpec view of the nuclear region in the prototypical merging galaxy NGC 6240
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• The imprint of AGN-driven outflows on the CGM: the case of Lyα nebulae around high-z quasars
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS