Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications

Abstract

Neutral-atomic and molecular outflows are a common occurrence in galaxies, near and far. They operate over the full extent of their galaxy hosts, from the innermost regions of galactic nuclei to the outermost reaches of galaxy halos. They carry a substantial amount of material that would otherwise have been used to form new stars. These cool outflows may have a profound impact on the evolution of their host galaxies and environments. This article provides an overview of the basic physics of cool outflows, a comprehensive assessment of the observational techniques and diagnostic tools used to characterize them, a detailed description of the best-studied cases, and a more general discussion of the statistical properties of these outflows in the local and distant universe. The remaining outstanding issues that have not yet been resolved are summarized at the end of the review to inspire new research directions.

Review accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Reviews, 168 pages, 34 figures; slightly revised version with updated text and figure captions. Now electronically published as https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-019-0121-9

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• GOALS-JWST: Resolving the Circumnuclear Gas Dynamics in NGC 7469 in the Mid-Infrared
• Simulations of AGN Driven Galactic Outflow Morphology and Content
• A sensitive APEX and ALMA CO(1-0), CO(2-1), CO(3-2), and [CI](1-0) spectral survey of 40 local (U)LIRGs
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Rapid Evolution of Star Formation in the Central Molecular Gas Ring of NGC1365
• Multi-phase outflows in post starburst E+A galaxies -- I. General sample properties and the prevalence of obscured starbursts
• GATOS: missing molecular gas in the outflow of NGC5728 revealed by JWST
• Cosmic-Ray Transport in Varying Galactic Environments
• Multi-phase outflows in post starburst E+A galaxies -- II. A direct connection between the neutral and ionized outflow phases
• Frequency and nature of central molecular outflows in nearby star-forming disk galaxies
• Taking snapshots of the jet-ISM interplay: The case of PKS0023-26
• The Launching of Cold Clouds by Galaxy Outflows. IV. Cosmic-Ray-Driven Acceleration
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). (IV): Exploring Ionized Gas Outflows in Central Kiloparsec Regions of GATOS Seyferts
• The DUVET Survey: Resolved Maps of Star Formation Driven Outflows in a Compact, Starbursting Disk Galaxy
• Gemini NIFS survey of feeding and feedback in nearby Active Galaxies -- V. Molecular and Ionised Gas Kinematics
• SUPER. VI. A giant molecular halo around a z~2 quasar
• A Global Inventory of Feedback
• Evidence for quasar fast outflows being accelerated at the scale of tens of parsecs
• X-ray Properties of NGC 253's Starburst-Driven Outflow
• Mapping Outflowing Gas in the Fermi Bubbles: a UV Absorption Survey of the Galactic Nuclear Wind
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): Locating the [O III] wing component in luminous local Type 1 AGN
• Physics of ULIRGs with MUSE and ALMA: The PUMA project I. Properties of the survey and first MUSE data results
• Deciphering the imprint of AGN feedback in Seyfert galaxies: Nuclear-scale molecular gas deficits
• Near-Infrared Coronal Line Observations of Dwarf Galaxies hosting AGN-driven Outflows
• Star Formation Suppresion by Tidal Removal of Cold Molecular Gas from an Intermediate-Redshift Massive Post-Starburst Galaxy
• The radio continuum perspective on cosmic-ray transport in external galaxies
• Do AGN triggering mechanisms vary with radio power? II. The importance of mergers as a function of radio power and optical luminosity
• Jets in radio galaxies and quasars: an observational perspective
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) V. The dust/metallicity-anisotropy of the Circum-Galactic Medium
• ALMA resolves the remarkable molecular jet and rotating wind in the extremely radio-quiet galaxy NGC 1377
• The correlation of outflow kinematics with star formation rate -- Gas outflows in AGNs. VI
• The in situ formation of molecular and warm ionised gas triggered by hot outflows
• Ionised gas outflows over the radio AGN life cycle
• A New Model For Including Galactic Winds in Simulations of Galaxy Formation I: Introducing the Physically Evolved Winds (PhEW) Model
• The Circumgalactic Medium of Extreme Emission Line Galaxies at z ~ 2: Resolved Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer Modeling of Spatially Extended Lyman-alpha Emission in the KBSS-KCWI Survey
• X-ray metal line emission from the hot circumgalactic medium: probing the effects of supermassive black hole feedback
• The impact of ionised outflows from z$\sim$2.5 quasars is not through instantaneous in-situ quenching: the evidence from ALMA and VLT/SINFONI
• The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN
• Gas outflows in two recently quenched galaxies at z = 4 and 7
• A biconical ionised gas outflow and evidence for positive feedback in NGC 7172 uncovered by MIRI/JWST
• Exploring the nature of dark matter with the extreme galaxy AGC 114905
• Supermassive black hole feeding and feedback observed on sub-parsec scales
• Nuclear high-ionisation outflow in the Compton-thick AGN NGC6552 as seen by the JWST mid-infrared instrument
• Boosting galactic outflows with enhanced resolution
• Fuelling the nuclear ring of NGC 1097
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Gas, dust, and stars in star-forming galaxies when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old I. Survey overview and case studies
• The Kiloparsec-scale Neutral Atomic Carbon Outflow in the Nearby Type-2 Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068: Evidence for Negative AGN Feedback
• Black hole feeding and star formation in NGC 1808
• Ionized Outflows in Nearby Quasars are Poorly Coupled to their Host Galaxies
• Compact Starburst Galaxies with Fast Outflows: Central Escape Velocities and Stellar Mass Surface Densities from Multi-band Hubble Space Telescope Imaging
• ALMA Imaging of a Galactic Molecular Outflow in NGC4945
• The WISSH quasars project X. Discovery of a multi-component and highly-variable UV ultra-fast outflow in a z=3.6 quasar
• High resolution modeling of [CII], [CI], [OIII] and CO line emission from the ISM and CGM of a star forming galaxy at z ~ 6.5
• Cool outflows in MaNGA: a systematic study and comparison to the warm phase
• NOEMA High Fidelity Imaging of the Molecular Gas in and around M82
• Physical Properties of Massive Compact Starburst Galaxies with Extreme Outflows
• Detection of the diffuse HI emission in the Circumgalactic Medium of NGC 891 and NGC 4565
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Spatial extent of [CII] line emission in star-forming galaxies at $z=4-6$
• Better Together: The Complex Interplay Between Radiative Cooling and Magnetic Draping
• Unexplored outflows in nearby low luminosity AGNs: the case of NGC 1052
• Dynamical thermal instability in highly supersonic outflows
• The parsec-scale HI outflows in powerful radio galaxies
• NGC 2992: The interplay between the multiphase disk, wind and radio bubbles
• Investigating the Narrow Line Region Dynamics in Nearby Active Galaxies
• Evidence for the Accretion of Gas in Star-Forming Galaxies: High N/O Abundances in Regions of Anomalously-Low Metallicity
• The interplay between feedback, accretion, transport and winds in setting gas-phase metal distribution in galaxies
• The GECKOS Survey: Identifying kinematic sub-structures in edge-on galaxies
• Nearby galaxies in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey II. The magnetic field-gas relation
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey. Discovery of a 15 kpc-long gas plume in a $z=4.54$ Lyman-$\alpha$ blob
• On the Kinematics of Cold, Metal-enriched Galactic Fountain Flows in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies
• MOKA3D: An innovative approach to 3D gas kinematic modelling. I. Application to AGN ionized outflows
• Radio Morphology of Red Geysers
• Kinematics, Structure, and Mass Outflow Rates of Extreme Starburst Galactic Outflows
• The Launching of Cosmic Ray Driven Outflows
• The Dynamics and Energetics of Remnant and Restarting RLAGN
• AGN-driven Cold Gas Outflow of NGC 1068 Characterized by Dissociation-Sensitive Molecules
• Exploring the Dust Content of Galactic Halos with Herschel III. NGC 891
• The observable properties of cool winds from galaxies, AGN, and star clusters -- II. 3D models for the multiphase wind of M82
• The spatially-resolved gas and dust connection in neutral inflows and outflows in nearby AGN
• The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies
• Direct observations of the atomic-molecular phase transition in the Milky Way's nuclear wind
• Unveiling the Fast Acceleration of AGN-Driven Winds at Kiloparsec Scales
• Properties of the interstellar medium in star-forming galaxies at redshifts 2 < z < 5 from the VANDELS survey
• The IBISCO survey: I. Multiphase discs and winds in the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 509
• The Anatomy of a Turbulent Radiative Mixing Layer: Insights from an Analytic Model with Turbulent Conduction and Viscosity
• Extreme Variation in Star Formation Efficiency Across a Compact, Starbursting Disk Galaxy
• The MEGARA view of outflows in LINERs
• Signatures of inflowing gas in red geyser galaxies hosting radio-AGN
• Molecular Flows in Contemporary Active Galaxies and the Efficacy of Radio-Mechanical Feedback
• The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective
• Molecular Gas Outflow in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1482
• DUVET: Spatially Resolved Observations of Star Formation Regulation via Galactic Outflows in a Starbursting Disk Galaxy
• Molecular Outflows in z > 6 QSO Hosts Driven by Star Formation
• Connecting Galactic Outflows and Star Formation: Inferences from H-alpha Maps and Absorption Line Spectroscopy at 1 < z < 1.5
• The complex multi-component outflow of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7130
• Radio jet-ISM interaction and positive radio-mechanical feedback in Abell 1795
• Radiative Turbulent Mixing Layers and the Survival of Magellanic Debris
• AGN-driven galactic outflows: comparing models to observations
• A $\sim$15 kpc outflow cone piercing through the halo of the blue compact metal-poor galaxy SBS0335-052
• Catastrophic Cooling in Superwinds. III. Non-equilibrium Photoionization
• A search for ionised gas outflows in an Halpha imaging atlas of nearby LINERs
• Molecular gas kinematics in the nuclear region of nearby Seyfert galaxies with ALMA
• Warm Absorbers in the Radiation-driven Fountain Model of Low-mass Active Galactic Nuclei
• JWST MIRI and NIRCam observations of NGC 891 and its circumgalactic medium
• Excitation and acceleration of molecular outflows in LIRGs: The extended ESO 320-G030 outflow on 200-pc scales
• Discovery of High-Velocity H$\alpha$ Emission in the Direction of the Fermi Bubble
• Where infall meets outflows: turbulent dissipation probed by CH${}^{+}$ and Ly$\alpha$ in the starburst/AGN galaxy group SMM J02399$-$0136 at z$\sim$2.8
• Galactic Winds across the Gas-Rich Merger Sequence: I. Highly Ionized N V and O VI Outflows in the QUEST Quasars
• The Ionization and Dynamics of the Makani Galactic Wind
• Unravelling the physics of multiphase AGN winds through emission line tracers
• High-velocity outflows persist up to 1 Gyr after a starburst in recently-quenched galaxies at z > 1
• Dust Survival in Galactic Winds
• Dramatic changes in the observed velocity of the accretion disk wind in MCG-03-58-007 are revealed by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR
• Cosmic Ray-Driven Galactic Winds with Resolved ISM and Ion-Neutral Damping
• A systematic study of galactic outflows via fluorescence emission: implications for their size and structure
• The magnetic fields of starburst galaxies. I. Identification and characterization of the thermal polarization in the galactic disk and outflow
• A search for candidate strongly-lensed dusty galaxies in the Planck satellite catalogues
• Galaxy Pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey XV: Properties of Ionised Outflows
• A Semi-Analytical Line Transfer (SALT) Model III: Galactic Inflows
• Detection of an ionized gas outflow in the extreme UV-luminous star-forming galaxy BOSS-EUVLG1 at z=2.47
• Unveiling the warm molecular outflow component of type-2 quasars with SINFONI
• Diffusion of cosmic-ray electrons in M 51 observed with LOFAR at 54 MHz
• Molecular gas excitation and outflow properties of obscured quasars at z$\sim$0.1
• Feedback and dynamical masses in high-$z$ galaxies: the advent of high-resolution NIRSpec spectroscopy
• MOSEL Survey: Extremely weak outflows in EoR analogues at z=3-4
• Cold molecular gas outflow encasing the ionised one in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3281
• A Comparison of Outflow Properties in AGN Dwarfs vs. Star Forming Dwarfs
• The multi-epoch X-ray tale of I Zwicky 1 outflows
• Exploring the Dust Content of Galactic Halos with Herschel. IV. NGC 3079
• GA-NIFS: Mapping $z\simeq 3.5$ AGN-driven ionized outflows in the COSMOS field
• Lack of Correlations between Cold Molecular Gas and AGN Properties in Type 1 AGNs at $z\lesssim 0.5$
• Dissecting the active galactic nucleus in Circinus IV. MUSE NFM observations unveil a tuning-fork ionised gas morphology
• Jet-Feedback on kpc scales: a review
• Comparing the Locations of Supernovae to CO (2-1) Emission in their Host Galaxies
• Cosmic Ray Ionization of Low-Excitation Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei and Starburst Galaxies
• Gamma-ray Emission from Galaxies Hosting Molecular Outflows
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• The Baltimore Oriole's Nest: Cool Winds from the Inner and Outer Parts of a Star-Forming Galaxy at z=1.3
• Does a radio jet drive the massive multi-phase outflow in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy IRAS 10565+2448?
• Testing SALT Approximations with Numerical Radiation Transfer Code Part 1: Validity and Applicability
• Using KCWI to Explore the Chemical Inhomogeneities and Evolution of J1044+0353
• The impact of magnetic fields on momentum transport and saturation of shear-flow instability by stable modes
• Dust in Clusters of Galaxies
• On the connection between AGN radiative feedback and massive black hole spin
• Another X-ray UFO without a momentum-boosted molecular outflow. ALMA CO(1-0) observations of the galaxy pair IRAS 05054+1718
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). A parsec scale multi-phase outflow in the super-Eddington NLS1 Mrk 1044
• Disentangling the co-evolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes with PRIMA
• Strength in numbers: A multiphase wind model with multiple cloud populations
• Discovery of a spatially and kinematically resolved 55~kpc-scale superbubble inflated by an intermediate redshift non-BAL quasar
• What powers galactic outflows: nuclear starbursts or AGN?
• Observational Constraints on Cool Gas Clouds in M82's Starburst-Driven Outflow
• From haloes to galaxies. III. The gas cycle of local galaxy populations
• Braving the Storm: Quantifying Disk-wide Ionized Outflows in the Large Magellanic Cloud with ULLYSES
• CHANG-ES XXXIV: a 20 kpc radio bubble in the halo of the star-forming galaxy NGC 4217
• Physical Origins of Outflowing Cold Clouds in Local Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies
• CO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
• APEX and NOEMA observations of H${}_2$S in nearby luminous galaxies and the ULIRG Mrk~231 -- Is there a relation between dense gas properties and molecular outflows?
• Dynamics of hot galactic winds launched from spherically-stratified starburst cores
• When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66
• CHANG-ES XXXIV: Magnetic Field Structure in Edge-On Galaxies Characterising large-scale magnetic fields in galactic halos
• Cold molecular gas in the hot nuclear wind of the Milky Way
• Evolution of Gas Flows along the Starburst to Post-Starburst to Quiescent Galaxy Sequence
• Spatially Resolved Circumgalactic Medium around a Star-Forming Galaxy Driving a Galactic Outflow at $z\approx 0.8$
• A spectroscopic investigation of thermal instability for cylindrical equilibria with background flow
• The XMM-Newton and NuSTAR view of IRASF11119+3257. I Detection of multiple UFO components and a very cold corona
• Galactic Winds across the Gas-Rich Merger Sequence II. Lyman Alpha Emission and Highly Ionized O VI and N V Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Hot Gas Outflow Properties of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 4945
• An Escaping Outflow in a Galaxy with an Intermediate-mass Black Hole
• JWST Observations of Starbursts: PAHs Closely Trace the Cool Phase of M82's Galactic Wind
• JWST Discovery of a Very Fast Biconical Outflow of Warm Molecular Gas in the Nearby Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxy F08572+3915 NW
• Galaxy Spectra neural Networks (GaSNets). I. Searching for strong lens candidates in eBOSS spectra using Deep Learning
• Impact of AGN and nuclear star formation on the ISM turbulence of galaxies: Insights from JWST/MIRI spectroscopy
• A spectacular galactic scale magnetohydrodynamic powered wind in ESO 320-G030
• Molecular Shattering
• Massive Galaxies Impede Massive Outflows
• Black hole-galaxy co-evolution and the role of feedback
• Investigating starburst-driven neutrino emission from galaxies in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey
• The [OIII] profiles of far-infrared active and non-active optically-selected green valley galaxies
• Feeding the Dead: Neutral Gas Inflow in a Long-Quenched Ancient Massive Galaxy at $z\sim 2.7$ Observed with JWST/NIRSpec
• CRexit: how different cosmic ray transport modes affect thermal instability in the circumgalactic medium
• Physical Conditions of the Ionized Superwind in NGC 253 with VLT/MUSE
• Spatial variations of magnetic field along active galactic nuclei jets on sub-pc to Mpc scales
• Spectropolarimetry of NGC3783 and Mrk509: Evidence for powerful nuclear winds in Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Kinematics of MgII Absorbers from the Redshift-space Distortion Around Massive Quiescent Galaxies
• Spitzer/IRS full spectral modeling to characterize mineralogical properties of silicate dust in heavily obscured AGNs
• A possible relation between global CO excitation and massive molecular outflows in local ULIRGs
• Probing neutral outflows in z ~ 2 galaxies using JWST observations of Ca II H and K absorption lines
• Outflowing shocked gas dominates the NIR H${}_2$ emission from the dual AGN NGC6240
• Revisiting the Galactic Winds in M82 II: Development of Multiphase Outflows in Simulations
• SDSS J1059+4251, a highly magnified z ~ 2.8 star-forming galaxy: ESI observations of the rest-frame UV spectrum
• Properties of cold molecular gas in four type-1 active galaxies hosting outflows
• Fading in the Flow: Suppression of cold gas growth in expanding galactic outflows
• NGC 6860, Mrk 915, and MCG -01-24-012. II. Inflowing and outflowing cold molecular gas and the connection with ionized gas in Seyfert galaxies
• On the Evidence for Molecular Outflows in High-redshift Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
• Host galaxy and nuclear properties of IR-selected AGNs with and without outflow signatures
• The imprint of magnetic fields on absorption spectra from circumgalactic wind-cloud systems
• Absorption spectra from galactic wind models: a framework to link PLUTO simulations to TRIDENT
• AGN feeding along a one-armed spiral in NGC 4593: A study using ALMA CO(2-1) observations
• Cosmic-ray impact on optical and mid-infrared emission line diagnostics in NGC 5728
• The GECKOS Survey: Resolved, multiphase observations of mass-loading and gas density in the galactic wind of NGC 4666
• Molecular gas and star formation in central rings across nearby galaxies
• Fast Outflowing Warm Absorbers in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy PG 1001+054 Revealed by HST/COS Spectra
• Discovery of the Asymmetric Effect in the Response of Photoionization Gas
• JWST Observations of Starbursts: Dust Processing in the M82 Superwind
• DESI Mg II Absorbers: Extinction Characteristics & Quasar Redshift Accuracy
• A search for cold molecular outflows in cosmic noon galaxies
• PHIBSS: Searching for Molecular Gas Outflows in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=$ 0.5-2.6
• The origin of double-peaked narrow emission-line galaxies in MaNGA Survey
• Radial Transport in High-Redshift Disk Galaxies Dominated by Inflowing Streams
• The Lockman-SpReSO project. Galactic flows in a sample of far-infrared galaxies
• Effect of optically thin cooling curves on condensation formation: Case study using thermal instability
• Resolved Neutral Outflow from a Lensed Dusty Star Forming Galaxy at z=2.09
• Multi-cloud crushing -- the collective survival of cold clouds in galactic outflows
• Cosmological simulations predict that AGN preferentially live in gas-rich, star-forming galaxies despite effective feedback
• High resolution ALMA observations of H${}_2$S in LIRGS (Dense gas and shocks in outflows and CNDs)
• Modeling Multiphase Galactic Outflows: A Multifluid Moving Mesh Approach
• Spectrally resolved cosmic rays: II -- Momentum-dependent cosmic ray diffusion drives powerful galactic winds
• Clustered Star Formation in the center of NGC 253 Contributes to Driving the Ionized Nuclear Wind
• Constraining the geometry of the gas surrounding a typical galaxy at $z=3.4$ with Ly$\alpha$ polarization
• The AGN fuelling/feedback cycle in nearby radio galaxies -- IV. Molecular gas conditions and jet-ISM interaction in NGC3100
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. IV. The Effects of Different Density Estimates on the Ionized Gas Masses and Outflow Rates
• Quokka-based understanding of outflows (QED) -- IV. Limitations of H$\alpha$ as an outflow diagnostic
• Implication of a galaxy-scale negative feedback by one of the most powerful multi-phase outflows in a hyper-luminous infrared galaxy at the intermediate redshift
• Modelling the non-equilibrium chemistry of the Milky Way's cold nuclear wind
• A z$\sim$1 galactic-scale outflow transversally mapped to $\sim$50 kpc through gravitational-arc tomography
• How is Cold Gas Loaded into Galactic Nuclear Outflows?