High resolution modeling of [CII], [CI], [OIII] and CO line emission from the ISM and CGM of a star forming galaxy at z ~ 6.5

Abstract

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) is a crucial component of galaxy evolution, but thus far its physical properties are highly unconstrained. As of yet, no cosmological simulation has reached convergence when it comes to constraining the cold and dense gas fraction of the CGM. Such components are also challenging to observe, and require sub-millimeter instruments with a high sensitivity to extended, diffuse emission, like the proposed Atacama Large Aperture Sub-millimetre telescope (AtLAST). We present a state-of-the-art theoretical effort at modeling the [CII], [CI](1-0), [CI](2-1), CO(3-2), and [OIII] line emissions of galaxies. We use the high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulation Ponos, representing a star forming galaxy system at z = 6.5 ($M_{\ast }=2\times 10^9{M}_{\odot }$), undergoing a major merger. We adopt different modeling approaches based on the photoionisation code Cloudy. Our fiducial model uses radiative transfer post-processing with RamsesRT and Krome to create realistic FUV radiation fields, which we compare to sub-grid modeling approaches adopted in the literature. We find significant differences in the luminosity and in the contribution of different gas phases and galaxy components between the different modeling approaches. [CII] is the least model-dependant gas tracer, while [CI](1-0) and CO(3-2) are very model-sensitive. In all models, we find a significant contribution to the emission of [CII] (up to $\sim$10%) and [OIII] (up to $\sim$20%) from the CGM. [CII] and [OIII] trace different regions of the CGM: [CII] arises from an accreting filament and from tidal tails, while [OIII] traces a puffy halo surrounding the main disc, probably linked to SN feedback. We discuss our results in the context of current and future sub-mm observations with ALMA and AtLAST.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication to A&A. 25 pages, 19 figures. Significant changes since version 1. Abstract summarised for arXiv submission

References in corpus (151)

• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Adaptive Mesh Refinement: a new high resolution code called RAMSES
• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• Radiative transfer in a clumpy universe: IV. New synthesis models of the cosmic UV/X-ray background
• A Cosmology Calculator for the World Wide Web
• The Circumgalactic Medium
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• The Molecular Interstellar Medium in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• The Galactic disk mass function: reconciliation of the HST and nearby determinations
• Characterizing interstellar filaments with Herschel in IC5146
• Star Formation and Feedback in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic Simulations--I. Isolated Galaxies
• Gasoline: An adaptable implementation of TreeSPH
• Fundamental differences between SPH and grid methods
• Quasar feedback revealed by giant molecular outflows
• The COS-Halos Survey: Physical Conditions and Baryonic Mass in the Low-Redshift Circumgalactic Medium
• Massive molecular outflows and negative feedback in ULIRGs observed by Herschel-PACS
• Forming Realistic Late-Type Spirals in a LCDM Universe: The Eris Simulation
• A survey of molecular gas in luminous sub-millimetre galaxies
• The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies Seen A Billion Years After The Big Bang
• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• The applicability of FIR fine-structure lines as Star Formation Rate tracers over wide ranges of metallicities and galaxy types
• Evidence of strong quasar feedback in the early Universe
• The Star Formation Law in Atomic and Molecular Gas
• The Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium with Adiabatic Feedback I: Metal Cooling and Metal Diffusion
• On the effect of the Cosmic Microwave Background in high-redshift (sub-)millimeter observations
• RAMSES-RT: Radiation hydrodynamics in the cosmological context
• MUFASA: Galaxy Formation Simulations With Meshless Hydrodynamics
• Herschel PACS Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Local ULIRGs: Conditions and Kinematics in Mrk 231
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• A Herschel/PACS Far Infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• The AGORA High-Resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project
• Gasoline2: A Modern SPH Code
• A Characteristic Scale for Cold Gas
• KROME - a package to embed chemistry in astrophysical simulations
• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy
• The assembly of "normal" galaxies at z=7 probed by ALMA
• Detection of an oxygen emission line from a high redshift galaxy in the reionization epoch
• Cosmological simulations of the circumgalactic medium with 1 kpc resolution: enhanced HI column densities
• The Launching of Cold Clouds by Galaxy Outflows I: Hydrodynamic Interactions with Radiative Cooling
• Rapidly star-forming galaxies adjacent to quasars at redshifts exceeding 6
• Very extended cold gas, star formation and outflows in the halo of a bright QSO at z>6
• The Impact of Enhanced Halo Resolution on the Simulated Circumgalactic Medium
• The [CII] 158 micron line emission in high-redshift galaxies
• [CII] 158 $\mu$m Emission as a Star Formation Tracer
• On the [CII]-SFR relation in high redshift galaxies
• An Intensely Star-Forming Galaxy at z~7 with Low Dust and Metal Content Revealed by Deep ALMA and HST Observations
• Large Population of ALMA Galaxies at z>6 with Very High [OIII]88um to [CII]158um Flux Ratios: Evidence of Extremely High Ionization Parameter or PDR Deficit?
• Collisional Excitation of the [CII] Fine Structure Transition in Interstellar Clouds
• Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array: I. Survey Overview and the Central Gas to Dust Ratio
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• An empirical model for protostellar collapse
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey. Little to no evolution in the [CII]-SFR relation over the last 13 Gyr
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe
• Resolving nearby dust clouds
• Tracing the reionization epoch with ALMA: [CII] emission in z~7 galaxies
• The Baryon Cycle of Dwarf Galaxies: Dark, Bursty, Gas-Rich Polluters
• Star formation and the interstellar medium in z>6 UV-luminous Lyman-break galaxies
• Kiloparsec-scale gaseous clumps and star formation at $z=5-7$
• ISM properties of a Massive Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy discovered at z ~ 7
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Size of Individual Star-Forming Galaxies at z=4-6 and their Extended Halo Structure
• Hydrodynamical Coupling of Mass and Momentum in Multiphase Galactic Winds
• First Identification of 10-kpc Scale [CII] 158um Halos around Star-Forming Galaxies at z=5-7
• Deep into the structure of the first galaxies: SERRA views
• The impact of chemistry on the structure of high-z galaxies
• [CII] emission in z ~ 6 strongly lensed, star-forming galaxies
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• Zooming in on accretion - II. Cold Circumgalactic Gas Simulated with a super-Lagrangian Refinement Scheme
• Evidence for a Massive, Extended Circumgalactic Medium Around the Andromeda Galaxy
• Quasars Probing Quasars VII. The Pinnacle of the Cool Circumgalactic Medium Surrounds Massive z~2 Galaxies
• Widespread QSO-driven outflows in the early Universe
• Low-J CO Line Ratios From Single Dish CO Mapping Surveys and PHANGS-ALMA
• Missing [CII] emission from early galaxies
• ALMA Observation of 158 micron [CII] Line and Dust Continuum of a z=7 Normally Star-forming Galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Multi-band constraints on line luminosity functions and the cosmic density of molecular gas
• Molecular Gas in the Halo Fuels the Growth of a Massive Cluster Galaxy at High Redshift
• SIGAME simulations of the [CII], [OI] and [OIII] line emission from star forming galaxies at z ~ 6
• The physics of multiphase gas flows: fragmentation of a radiatively cooling gas cloud in a hot wind
• MUSE Analysis of Gas around Galaxies (MAGG) -- II: Metal-enriched halo gas around z~1 galaxies
• Probing Cosmic Dawn with Emission Lines: Predicting Infrared and Nebular Line Emission for ALMA and JWST
• A merger in the dusty, $z=7.5$ galaxy A1689-zD1?
• ALMA [CII] detection of a redshift 7 lensed galaxy behind RXJ1347.1-1145
• On the Three-Dimensional Structure of Local Molecular Clouds
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• Dual constraints with ALMA: new [O III] 88 $\mu$m and dust-continuum observations reveal the ISM conditions of luminous LBGs at $z\sim 7$
• Metallicity Diagnostics with Infrared Fine-Structure Lines
• A kiloparsec view of a typical star-forming galaxy when the Universe was ~1 Gyr old. Part I. Outflow, halo, and interstellar medium properties
• New constraints on dust emission and UV attenuation of z=6.5-7.5 galaxies from millimeter observations
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIII. Large-scale Feedback and Star Formation in a Low-Luminosity Quasar at z = 7.07 on the Local Black Hole to Host Mass Relation
• Dust, CO and [CI]: Cross-calibration of molecular gas mass tracers in metal-rich galaxies across cosmic time
• Vortex buoyancy in superfluid and superconducting neutron stars
• Far-infrared metallicity diagnostics: Application to local ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• The art of modeling CO, [CI], and [CII] in cosmological galaxy formation models
• CO line emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• SILCC-Zoom: H${}_2$ and CO-dark gas in molecular clouds -- The impact of feedback and magnetic fields
• Cold Filamentary Accretion and the Formation of Metal Poor Globular Clusters and Halo Stars
• Starbursting [O III] emitters and quiescent [C II] emitters in the reionization era
• First Detection of the [OIII] 88 micron Line at High Redshifts: Characterizing the Starburst and Narrow Line Regions in Extreme Luminosity Systems
• Molecular gas on large circumgalactic scales at z=3.47
• Heavy Element Absorption Systems at $5.0<z<6.8$: Metal-Poor Neutral Gas and a Diminishing Signature of Highly Ionized Circumgalactic Matter
• Outflows and extended [CII] halos in high redshift galaxies
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Bright [CII] 158 $\mu$m Lines from a Multiply Imaged Sub-$L^{\star }$ Galaxy at $z=6.0719$
• New places and phases of CO-poor/CI-rich molecular gas in the Universe
• The Nature of High ${[\mathrm{OIII}]}_{88\mu \mathrm{m}}$/${[\mathrm{CII}]}_{158\mu \mathrm{m}}$ Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization: Low Carbon Abundance and a Top-Heavy IMF?
• Predicting FIR lines from simulated galaxies
• Physical constraints on the extended interstellar medium of the z=6.42 quasar J1148+5251: [CII] 158um, [NII] 205um and [OI] 146um observations
• The Structure of the Circumgalactic Medium of Galaxies: Cool Accretion Inflow Around NGC 1097
• Plateau de Bure High-z Blue-Sequence Survey 2 (PHIBSS2): Search for Secondary Sources, CO Luminosity Functions in the Field, and the Evolution of Molecular Gas Density through Cosmic Time
• A search for CII-158$\mu$m line emission in HCM\,6A, a Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter at $z=6.56$
• On the far-infrared metallicity diagnostics: applications to high-redshift galaxies
• Logotropic distributions
• Detection of magnetic fields in the circumgalactic medium of nearby galaxies using Faraday rotation
• Photoevaporation of Jeans-unstable molecular clumps
• The cold circumgalactic medium in emission: MgII halos in TNG50
• High [OIII]/[CII] surface brightness ratios trace early starburst galaxies
• Young and turbulent: the early life of massive galaxy progenitors
• Search for [CII] emission in z=6.5-11 star-forming galaxies
• SUPER IV. CO(J=3-2) properties of active galactic nucleus hosts at cosmic noon revealed by ALMA
• A sensitive APEX and ALMA CO(1-0), CO(2-1), CO(3-2), and [CI](1-0) spectral survey of 40 local (U)LIRGs
• High gas fraction in a CO-selected main-sequence galaxy at $z>3$
• SUPER. VI. A giant molecular halo around a z~2 quasar
• Magnetic Fields on FIRE: Comparing B-fields in the multiphase ISM and CGM of Simulated L${}_{\ast }$ Galaxies to Observations
• The subthermal excitation of the C{\sc i} lines in the molecular gas reservoirs of galaxies: its significance and potential utility
• An upper limit on [OIII] 88 $\mu$m and 1.2 mm continuum emission from a JWST $z\approx 12-13$ galaxy candidate with ALMA
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• A cosmic stream of atomic carbon gas connected to a massive radio galaxy at redshift 3.8
• Physical properties and chemical composition of the cores in the California molecular cloud
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• The Inception of Star Cluster Formation Revealed by [CII] Emission Around an Infrared Dark Cloud
• Comparison of the Diffuse Halpha and FUV Continuum Backgrounds: On the Origins of the Diffuse Halpha Background
• A NOEMA molecular line scan of the Hubble Deep Field North: Improved constraints on the CO luminosity functions and cosmic density of molecular gas
• A solar metallicity galaxy at $z>$ 7? Possible detection of the [N II] 122 $\mu$m and [O III] 52 $\mu$m lines
• Constraining Cosmic-ray Transport with Observations of the Circumgalactic Medium
• Shaping the structure of a GMC with radiation and winds
• Evidence of extended cold molecular gas and dust halos around $\mathbf{z}\sim 2.3$ Extremely Red Quasars with ALMA
• Feeding the spider with carbon -- [CII] emission from the circum galactic medium and active galactic nucleus
• An investigation of the circumgalactic medium around z~2.2 AGN with ACA and ALMA
• The large molecular gas fraction of post-starburst galaxies at z > 1
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Investigation of 10 Galaxies at $z\sim 4.5$ with [OII] and [CII] Line Emission $-$ ISM Properties and [OII]$-$SFR Relation
• Updated measurements of [O III] 88 $\mu$m, [C II] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum Emission from a z=7.2 Galaxy
• ALMA Datacubes and Continuum Maps of the Irradiated Western Wall in Carina

Cited by in corpus (13)

• Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• Carbon envelopes around merging galaxies at z ~ 4.5
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• Simulated [CII] in high-z galaxies
• CO(1--0) imaging reveals 10-kiloparsec molecular gas reservoirs around star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Resolving the Hot and Ionized Universe through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect
• Constraining the physical properties of gas in high-z galaxies with far-infrared and submillimetre line ratios
• A possible relation between global CO excitation and massive molecular outflows in local ULIRGs
• Technical requirements flow-down for the concept design of the novel 50-meter Atacama Large Aperture Submm Telescope (AtLAST)
• A theoretical investigation of far-infrared fine structure lines at $z>6$ and of the origin of the [OIII]88/[CII]158 enhancement
• Predicting the resolved CO emission of $z=1-3$ star-forming galaxies
• A search for cold molecular outflows in cosmic noon galaxies