CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy

Abstract

CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications, is the primary data processing software for the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and is frequently used also for other radio telescopes. The CASA software can handle data from single-dish, aperture-synthesis, and Very Long Baseline Interferometery (VLBI) telescopes. One of its core functionalities is to support the calibration and imaging pipelines for ALMA, VLA, VLA Sky Survey (VLASS), and the Nobeyama 45m telescope. This paper presents a high-level overview of the basic structure of the CASA software, as well as procedures for calibrating and imaging astronomical radio data in CASA. CASA is being developed by an international consortium of scientists and software engineers based at the National Radio Astronomical Observatory (NRAO), the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), and the Joint Institute for VLBI European Research Infrastructure Consortium (JIV-ERIC), under the guidance of NRAO.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in PASP (20 pages, 4 figures). Joint publication with CASA-VLBI paper

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• A multi-scale multi-frequency deconvolution algorithm for synthesis imaging in radio interferometry
• Multi-Scale CLEAN deconvolution of radio synthesis images
• The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
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• Post-correlation radio frequency interference classification methods
• Revisiting the radio interferometer measurement equation. I. A full-sky Jones formalism
• Correcting direction-dependent gains in the deconvolution of radio interferometric images
• The On The Fly Imaging Technique
• On-The-Fly Observing System of the Nobeyama 45-m and ASTE 10-m Telescopes
• Non-linear Kalman filters for calibration in radio interferometry
• Revisiting the radio interferometer measurement equation. II. Calibration and direction-dependent effects
• Wide-field wide-band interferometric imaging:The WB A-Projection and hybrid algorithms
• Scale sensitive deconvolution of interferometric images I. Adaptive Scale Pixel (Asp) decomposition
• Applying full polarization A-Projection to very wide field of view instruments: An imager for LOFAR
• Advances in Calibration and Imaging Techniques in Radio Interferometry
• AUTO-MULTITHRESH: A General Purpose Automasking Algorithm
• The effect of the ionosphere on ultra-low frequency radio-interferometric observations
• CO(1-0) imaging of M51 with CARMA and NRO45
• RESOLVE: A new algorithm for aperture synthesis imaging of extended emission in radio astronomy
• Mueller Matrix Parameters for Radio Telescopes and their Observational Determination
• Automated Editing of Radio Interferometer Data with Pieflag
• Revisiting the theory of interferometric wide-field synthesis
• Fourier Plane Image Combination by Feathering
• Deep wideband single pointings and mosaics in radio interferometry - How accurately do we reconstruct intensities and spectral indices of faint sources?
• Total Power Map to Visibilities (TP2VIS): Joint Deconvolution of ALMA 12m, 7m, and Total Power Array Data
• Phase correction for ALMA - Investigating water vapour radiometer scaling:The long-baseline science verification data case study
• The Tail of PSR J0002+6216 and the Supernova Remnant CTB 1
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• The Dust Polarisation and Magnetic Field Structure in the Centre of NGC253 with ALMA
• Imaging the jet of MWC 349A with resolved Radio Recombination Line emission from ALMA
• ADF22+: a declining faint end in the far-infrared luminosity function in the SSA22 protocluster at z=3.09
• An expanding ring of the hypercompact HII region W49N:A2
• Winding Motion of Spirals in a Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disk
• Interpreting Millimeter Emission from IMEGIN galaxies NGC 2146 and NGC 2976
• The LMT 2 millimeter receiver system (B4R). II. Science demonstration observations toward Orion-KL/OMC-1
• A new window into the sub-parsec scale magnetic field in the Milky Way? Unveiling small-scale magneto-ionic structures with Faraday complexity
• The pre-eruption state of T CrB as observed with ALMA in 2024
• The Arp 240 Galaxy Merger: A Detailed Look at the Molecular Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Law on Sub-kpc Scales
• Zooming into the water snowline: high resolution water observations of the HL Tau disk
• Observation and Modeling of Small Spatial Structures of Solar Radio Noise Storms using the uGMRT
• ALMA View of the High-velocity-dispersion Compact Cloud CO 0.02-0.02 at the Galactic Center
• Optimising the Processing and Storage of Visibilities using lossy compression
• High-angular-resolution ALMA imaging of the inhomogeneous dynamical atmosphere of the asymptotic giant branch star W Hya
• An Algorithm Architecture for Radio Interferometric Data Processing
• Quantifying the detection likelihood of faint peaks in interferometric data through jackknifing: Test application on finding $z>10$ galaxy candidates
• ALMA detections of circumstellar disks in the giant Hii region M17. Probing the intermediate- to high-mass pre-main-sequence population
• Theoretical Radio Signals from Radio-Band Gravitational Waves Converted from the Neutron Star Magnetic Field
• MAGellanic Outflow and chemistry Survey (MAGOS): Hot cores in the LMC
• Primary Beam Chromaticity in HIRAX: I. Characterization from Simulations and Power Spectrum Implications
• Tracking ALMA System Temperature with Water Vapor Data at High Frequency
• Gas dynamics in an AGN-host galaxy at $z\simeq 2.6$: regular rotation, non-circular motions, and mass models
• Solar Observation with MeerKAT: Demonstration of Technical Readiness and Initial Science Highlight
• Identification of molecular line emission using Convolutional Neural Networks
• First detection of ethylene oxide and acetaldehyde in hot core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1: Tracing prebiotic oxygen chemistry
• ALMA uncovers optically thin and multi-component CO gas in the outflowing circumnuclear disk of NGC1068
• Spectral features and variable circular polarisation in the radio emission from the pre-cataclysmic variable QS Vir
• The superMIGHTEE project: MeerKAT and GMRT Together to Unveil the Deep Radio Sky
• Radio Emission from a Nearby M dwarf Binary
• ALMA Observations of Solar Spicules in a Polar Coronal Hole
• A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the VLA
• Exploring the connection between compact object mergers and fast X-ray transients: The cases of LXT 240402A and EP250207b
• Disentangling the nature of the prototype radio weak BL Lac: Contemporaneous multifrequency observations of WISE J141046.00 + 740511.2
• Detection of low-luminosity X-ray pulsations from the accreting millisecond pulsar IGR J17511-3057: An ever-thinning thread between bright accretion and sub-luminous states
• Reinforcement Learning for Data-Driven Workflows in Radio Interferometry. I. Principal Demonstration in Calibration
• HOPS-288: A Laboratory for Complex Organics in Proto-multiple Systems
• SN 1885A and supernova remnants in the centre of M31 with LOFAR
• MIRACLE II: Unveiling the multi-phase gas interplay in the circumnuclear region of NGC 1365 via multi-cloud modeling
• ALMA High-J CO Spectroscopy of High-Redshift Galaxies. II. 0.03" Resolution CO Kinematics Reveal Super-Eddington Accretion in a Dust-Obscured Galaxy at z=3.111
• Investigating four new candidate redback pulsars discovered in the image plane
• Tracing obscured galaxy build-up at high redshift using deep radio surveys
• Finding Lensed Radio Sources with the VLA Sky Survey
• The Rotation Dip in the Envelope-Disk Transition of HH 111: Evidence for Magnetic Braking
• The impact of lunar topography on the 21-cm power spectrum for grid-based arrays : Insights for the Dark-ages EXplorer (DEX)
• CHILES X: Molecular and atomic gas at intermediate redshift
• The CHIMERA Survey: The first CO detection in Leo T, the lowest mass known galaxy still hosting cold molecular gas
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• The Discovery of an Active Wind from the Milky Way's Black Hole
• Gas-Poor Hosts and Gas-Rich Companions of $z\approx$3.5 Radio Active Galactic Nuclei: ALMA Insights into Jet Triggering and Feedback
• Probing multi-band variability and mode switching in the candidate transitional millisecond pulsar 3FGL J1544.6-1125
• A Radio-quiet AGN as a candidate counterpart to neutrino event IceCube-200615A
• Radio Variability in Recently-Quenched Galaxies: The Impact of TDE or AGN Driven Outflows
• Compact CO emission and no evidence of radial drift. ALMA observations of the faintest planet-forming disks in Lupus
• The environmental imprint on molecular layering in the dusty streamer of M512
• A MeerKAT survey of nearby dwarf novae: I. New detections
• uGMRT and MeerKAT observation of RXCJ0232-4420: a quiet cluster with a giant radio halo
• Investigating physical states of molecular gas in the overlapping region of interacting galaxies NGC4567/4568 using ALMA
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• The radio afterglow of the ultra-long GRB 220627A
• ngVLA Synthetic Observations of Ionized Gas in Massive Protostars
• The Multi-Epoch Jet Outbursts in Abell 496: synchrotron ageing and buoyant X-ray cavities draped by warm gas filaments
• Rapid jet ejection from PKS 0215+015 coincident with a high-energy neutrino event
• Variable, circularly polarized radio emission from the Young Stellar Object [BHB2007]-1: another ingredient of a unique system
• Probing Equatorial Ionospheric TEC at Sub-GHz Frequencies with Wide-Band (B4) uGMRT Interferometric Data
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon
• ALMA Band 9 CO(6--5) Reveals a Warm Ring Structure Associated with the Embedded Protostar in the Cold Dense Core MC 27/L1521F
• exoALMA XX: Tomographic Detection of Embedded Planets in Protoplanetary Disks
• Large Dust Grains and a Possible Dust Trap in the Polar Circumbinary Disc of HD 98800B
• A search for cold molecular outflows in cosmic noon galaxies
• ALMA and GMRT Studies of Dust Continuum Emission and Spectral Lines Toward Oort Cloud Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
• Accelerating the CLEAN algorithm of radio interferometry with convex optimization
• Processing of GASKAP-HI pilot survey data using a commercial supercomputer
• Discovery of ionized circumstellar gas emission around the long-period Cepheid $\ell$ Carinae with ALMA
• New methods for ALMA angular-scale based observation scheduling, quality assessment, and beam shaping II: refinements
• Revealing the accelerating wind in the inner region of the colliding-wind binary WR 112
• Characterizing the Spectral Structure of Weak Impulsive Narrowband Quiet Sun Emissions
• Multiwavelength identification of millisecond pulsar candidates in the Galactic bulge
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• A Tidal Disruption Event from an Intermediate-mass Black Hole Revealed by Comprehensive Multi-wavelength Observations
• Radio-to-Submillimetre Spectral Energy Distributions of NGC 1365
• NGC 6860, Mrk 915 and MCG -01-24-012. I. Spatial anti-correlation between cold molecular and ionized gas distributions in Seyfert galaxies
• Probing Heavily Obscured AGN in Major Galaxy Mergers Using the mm-X-ray Correlation
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• Organic Acid Chemistry in ISM: Detection of Formic Acid and its Prebiotic Chemistry in Hot Core G358.93$-$0.03 MM1
• Investigating the origin of radio emission in candidate super-Eddington accreting black holes
• TDE 2025abcr: A Tidal Disruption Event in the Outskirts of a Massive Galaxy
• A persistent bow shock in a diskless magnetised accreting white dwarf
• AT2019ijn: a fast-rising, slow-decaying blue optical transient with exceptionally bright radio emission
• The LMT 2 Millimeter Receiver System (B4R). I. Overview and Results of Science Demonstration
• MeerKAT observations of Procyon at 815.5 MHz
• BIPP: An efficient HPC implementation of the Bluebild algorithm for radio astronomy
• The Bright Supernova 1996cr in the Circinus Galaxy Imaged with VLBI: Shell Structure with Complex Evolution
• Methods to Test the Source of the Extreme Gas Motions in WS 35
• Survival of Molecular Complexity under Recent Supernova Feedback: Detection of Hot Cores in RX J1713.7-3946
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• ALMA measurements of mass loss and wind clumping in the massive stars of the Arches cluster
• Origin of gas in the Magellanic Bridge: MeerKAT detection of HI 21-cm absorption
• VLA Observations Confirm AT 2023mfm as an Off-nuclear Tidal Disruption Event
• First Detailed MeerKAT Imaging Spectroscopy of a Solar Flare
• Bright beacons? ALMA non-detection of a supposedly bright [OI] 63-um line in a redshift-6 dusty galaxy
• Radio continuum emission from a tidal dwarf galaxy
• On The Nature of Einstein Probe Transient EP250916a: Insights from X-ray, Optical, and Radio Observations
• First Detection of HC5N in a Class II Disk around TW Hya
• Non-detection of J1407b in ALMA Band 7 Observations
• Magneto-Gravitational Regulated Streamer Accretion onto a Class 0 Protostellar System
• First detection of variable radio emission originating from the infant planetary system V1298 Tau
• Investigating AGN feedback in H$\alpha$-luminous galaxy clusters: first Chandra X-ray analysis of Abell 2009
• Linking simulations and observations of star-forming regions I. Masses and temperatures of ALMAGAL-like cores
• Revealing the intricacies of radio galaxies and filaments in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2255. II. Properties of filaments using multi-frequency radio data
• From Non-Detection to Detection: Atacama Compact Array Mosaic Observations of Faint Extended [C I] Emission in NGC 7679
• HI Observations of Baryon-Dominated Dwarf Galaxy Candidates
• Diverse stages of star formation in the IRAS 18162-2048 region. Emergence of UV Feedback
• The MeerKAT Massive Distant Clusters Survey: a search for diffuse radio emission in 30 massive SZ-selected clusters at $z>1$
• A Dual-Band Centimetre Continuum Monitoring Survey of Young Stellar Objects in the Coronet Cluster
• Finding the evolutionary link between ULIRGs and radio galaxies
• Role of non-thermal processes in the quiescent and active millimeter spectrum of a young M dwarf
• Variability of Sagittarius A* at 3 GHz on minute-scale with MeerKAT
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• Protonated acetylene in the z=0.89 molecular absorber toward PKS1830-211
• Constraining Nuclear Molecular Gas Content with High-resolution CO Imaging of GOALS Galaxies
• HI gas in the rejuvenated radio galaxy PKS 2014-55
• ALMAGAL VIII. Early phases of triggered star formation in source AG286.0716$-$1.8229
• Properties of Polarized Radio Sources in the Wide Chandra Deep Field South from 2 to 4GHz
• HOTDISK. Finding Massive Protostellar Disks with Water and Refractory Molecular Species
• Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS IV. Tracing Radio Emission and Unveiling the Role of Winds
• Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy Diagnosis of the Slow-rise Precursor of a Major Solar Eruption
• The 107 GHz methanol transition is a dasar in G0.253+0.016
• High resolution radio analysis of the starburst galaxy NGC 4527: signatures of an AGN core
• High Sensitivity Methodologies to Detect Radio Band Gravitational Waves
• Uncovering the absorbed atomic Universe with the [OI]63um line
• AT2024lhc and AT2024kmq in the landscape of featureless tidal disruption events
• LMC+: Large-scale mapping of [CII] and [OIII] in the LMC molecular ridge, I. Dataset and line ratio analyses
• The fragmentation properties of massive star-forming regions in 30Dor-10 at 2000 au resolution
• First detection of a deuterated molecule in a starburst environment within NGC 253
• Torus feeding and outflow launching in the active nucleus of the Circinus galaxy
• Spatial distribution of organics in the Horsehead nebula: Signposts of chemistry driven by atomic carbon
• Full-polarization millimeter wavelength variability of Sagittarius A* during the 2018 EHT campaign
• The ViSta method for stacking in the Fourier domain and its application to the dusty star-forming galaxies in the ALMA Science Archive
• Cosmic-ray electron propagation in NGC 3044 from radio continuum observations
• A deep ALMA Band 3 survey of HDFS/MUSE3D: Survey description and initial results
• Low-frequency spectra of neutron star + OB supergiant binaries: Does wind density drive persistent and flaring modes of accretion?
• An improved time delay from VLA and ATCA monitoring of the gravitational lens system PKS 1830-211
• Power spectrum multipoles and clustering wedges during the Epoch of Reionization
• Hunting for methanol in the water rich, planet forming disk around HL Tau
• Revisiting the Gas Dynamics of Henize 2-10: Possible Drivers of the Starburst
• The Periastron Passage of T Tauri South B as Viewed by ALMA: Millimeter Flux Variations and Dust Heating Triggered by Orbital Motion
• A Streamer Driving Misalignment in the Circumtriple Disk of GW Ori
• The Circumbinary Disc of HD 34700A II. Analysis of a strong dust asymmetry
• SMA Observations of the Archetypal Compact Steep-spectrum Radio Source 3C 303.1
• An Eccentric Massive Protobinary Assembled via a Core-merger Parabolic Encounter
• Compact and High Excitation Molecular Clumps in the Extended Ultraviolet Disk of M83