PASSAGES: The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon

Abstract

Investigating the processes by which galaxies rapidly build up their stellar mass during the peak of their star formation ($z=2-3$) is crucial to advancing our understanding of the assembly of large-scale structures. We report the discovery of one of the most gas- and dust-rich protocluster core candidates, PJ0846+15 (J0846), from the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally lensed Extreme Starbursts (PASSAGES) sample. The exceedingly high total star formation rate (SFR) uncorrected for lensing magnification ($\mu$) of $\mu \text{SFR}=39900_{-12900}^{+23000}{\text{ M}}_{\odot }{\text{ yr}}^{-1}$ is the result of a foreground cluster lensing at least 11 dusty star-forming galaxies between $z=2.660-2.669$, where the intrinsic value is estimated to be $\text{SFR}=5200_{-2000}^{+3200}{\text{ M}}_{\odot }{\text{ yr}}^{-1}$. Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations uncovered 18 CO(3--2) emission-line detections, some of which are multiply-imaged systems, lensed by a foreground cluster at $z=0.77$. We present the first multi-wavelength characterization of this field, constructing a lens model that predicts that these 11 galaxies ($\mu \simeq 1.5-25$) are contained within a projected physical extent of $280\times 150\text{ kpc}$, with a velocity dispersion of ${\sigma }_v=246\pm 72{\text{ km s}}^{-1}$. J0846 exhibits the rare case of a protocluster candidate whose core is strongly-lensed, offering a magnified view of the rapid stellar buildup within an overdense environment at Cosmic Noon.

24 pages, 9 Figures

References in corpus (40)

• Cosmic Star Formation History
• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• CASA, the Common Astronomy Software Applications for Radio Astronomy
• Shocks and cold fronts in galaxy clusters
• The Data Processing Pipeline for the MUSE Instrument
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey Description
• Starbursts triggered by inter-galactic tides and interstellar compressive turbulence
• An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxy
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XIV: A spectroscopically confirmed protocluster 650 million years after the Big Bang
• Why z > 1 radio-loud galaxies are commonly located in proto-clusters
• Turbulent Gas in Lensed Planck-selected Starbursts at redshifts 1-3.5
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Source Catalog and Number Counts
• ALMA Observations of Gas-Rich Galaxies in z~1.6 Galaxy Clusters: Evidence for Higher Gas Fractions in High-Density Environments
• The systematics of strong lens modeling quantified: the effects of constraint selection and redshift information on magnification, mass, and multiple image predictability
• The ALMA Interferometric Pipeline Heuristics
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• Spitzer IRAC Infrared Colours of Submillimetre-bright Galaxies
• JWST's PEARLS: a new lens model for ACT-CL J0102$-$4915, "EL Gordo'', and the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances discovered by JWST
• Fast Calculation of Gravitational Lensing Properties of Elliptical Navarro-Frenk-White and Hernquist Density Profiles
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• COALAS: I. ATCA CO(1-0) survey and luminosity function in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• A lensed protocluster candidate at $z=7.66$ identified in JWST observations of the galaxy cluster SMACS0723-7327
• Comprehensive Gas Characterization of a $z=2.5$ Protocluster: A Cluster Core Caught in the Beginning of Virialization?
• The red sequence at birth in the galaxy cluster ClJ1449+0856 at z=2
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: an ALMA galaxy signposting a MUSE galaxy group at z=4.3 behind 'El Gordo'
• Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?
• Cluster induced quenching of galaxies in the massive cluster XMMXCSJ2215.9-1738 at z~1.5 traced by enhanced metallicities inside half R200
• Evidence for a gas-rich major merger in a proto-cluster at z=2.5
• Paper 1: The JWST PEARLS View of the El Gordo Galaxy Cluster and of the Structure It Magnifies
• A ~600 pc view of the strongly-lensed, massive main sequence galaxy J0901: a baryon-dominated, thick turbulent rotating disk with a clumpy cold gas ring at z = 2.259
• PASSAGES: The Large Millimeter Telescope and ALMA Observations of Extremely Luminous High Redshift Galaxies Identified by the Planck
• The "Red Radio Ring": Ionised and Molecular Gas in a Starburst/Active Galactic Nucleus at $z\sim 2.55$
• Discovery of a lensed ultrabright submillimeter galaxy at z=2.0439
• Kinematic analysis of $\mathbf{z}=4.3$ galaxies in the SPT2349$-$56 protocluster core
• Spatially resolved dust properties over 50 kpc in a hyperluminous galaxy merger at $z=4.6$
• The Dragonfly Galaxy. III. Jet-brightening of a High-redshift Radio Source Caught in a Violent Merger of Disk Galaxies
• Galaxy populations in protoclusters at cosmic noon
• A Large Molecular Gas Reservoir in the Protocluster SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies -- IV. Elliptical NFW Lenses and Hyperbolic Umbilics
• Molecular gas in a gravitationally lensed galaxy group at $z=2.9$