On the effect of the Cosmic Microwave Background in high-redshift (sub-)millimeter observations

Abstract

Modern (sub-)millimeter interferometers enable the measurement of the cool gas and dust emission of high-redshift galaxies (z>5). However, at these redshifts the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature is higher, approaching, and even exceeding, the temperature of cold dust and molecular gas observed in the local Universe. In this paper, we discuss the impact of the warmer CMB on (sub-)millimeter observations of high-redshift galaxies. The CMB affects the observed (sub-)millimeter dust continuum and the line emission (e.g. carbon monoxide, CO) in two ways: (i) it provides an additional source of (both dust and gas) heating; and (ii) it is a non-negligible background against which the line and continuum emission are measured. We show that these two competing processes affect the way we interpret the dust and gas properties of high-redshift galaxies using spectral energy distribution models. We quantify these effects and provide correction factors to compute what fraction of the intrinsic dust (and line) emission can be detected against the CMB as a function of frequency, redshift and temperature. We discuss implications on the derived properties of high-redshift galaxies from (sub-)millimeter data. Specifically, the inferred dust and molecular gas masses can be severely underestimated for cold systems if the impact of the CMB is not properly taken into account.

13 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

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• The Nature and Likely Redshift of GLEAM J0917-0012
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• Infrared Galaxies in the Field of the Massive Cluster Abell S1063: Discovery of a Luminous Kiloparsec-Sized HII Region in a Gravitationally Lensed IR-Luminous Galaxy at $z=0.6$
• ALMA survey of a massive node of the Cosmic Web at $z\sim 3$. II. A dynamically cold and massive disk galaxy in the proximity of a hyperluminous quasar
• A mock redshift catalogue of the dusty star-forming galaxy population with intrinsic clustering and lensing for deep millimetre surveys
• High$-z$ [OI] emission lines: ColdSIM simulations and ALMA observations
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• Evaluating star formation rates at z = 5
• Searching Far and Long I: Pilot ALMA 2mm Follow-up of Bright Dusty Galaxies as a Redshift Filter
• The Impact of Powerful Jets on the Far-infrared Emission of an Extreme Radio Quasar at z~6
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• From the Circumnuclear Disk in the Galactic Center to thick, obscuring tori of AGNs -- Modelling the molecular emission of a parsec-scale torus as found in NGC1068