Tracing the total molecular gas in galaxies: [CII] and the CO-dark gas

Abstract

While the CO(1-0) transition is often used to deduce the total molecular hydrogen in galaxies, it is challenging to detect in low metallicity galaxies, in spite of the star formation taking place. In contrast, the [CII] 158 micron line is relatively bright, highlighting a potentially important reservoir of H2 that is not traced by CO(1-0), but residing in the C+ - emitting regions. We explore a method to quantify the total H2 mass (MH2) in galaxies and learn what parameters control the CO-dark gas reservoir. We present Cloudy grids of density, radiation field and metallicity in terms of observed quantities, such as [OI], [CI], CO(1-0), [CII], total infrared luminosity and the total MH2 and provide recipes based on these models to derive total MH2 mass estimates from observations. The models are applied to the Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey, extracting the total MH2 for each galaxy which is compared to the H2 determined from the observed CO(1-0) line. While the H2 traced by CO(1-0) can be negligible, the [CII] 158 micron line can trace the total H2. 70% to 100% of the total H2 mass is not traced by CO(1-0) in the dwarf galaxies, but is well-traced by [CII] 158 micron line. The CO-dark gas mass fraction correlates with the observed L[CII]/LCO(1-0) ratio. A conversion factor for [CII] luminosity to total H2 and a new CO-to-total-MH2 conversion factor, as a function of metallicity, is presented. A recipe is provided to quantify the total mass of H2 in galaxies, taking into account the CO and [CII] observations. Accounting for this CO-dark H2 gas, we find that the star forming dwarf galaxies now fall on the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation. Their star-forming efficiency is rather normal, since the reservoir from which they form stars is now more massive when introducing the [CII] measures of the total H2, compared to the little amount of H2 in the CO-emitting region.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (155)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory
• The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• The Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies: Measuring Where Gas Forms Stars Effectively
• The Star Formation Law in Nearby Galaxies on Sub-Kpc Scales
• Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• High molecular gas fractions in normal massive star forming galaxies in the young Universe
• Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies
• The Dark Molecular Gas
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• Far Infrared and Submillimeter Emission from Galactic and Extragalactic Photo-Dissociation Regions
• Gas-to-Dust mass ratios in local galaxies over a 2 dex metallicity range
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group
• Star Formation in NGC 5194 (M51a). II. The Spatially-Resolved Star Formation Law
• xCOLD GASS: the complete IRAM-30m legacy survey of molecular gas for galaxy evolution studies
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time
• Planck Early Results: All sky temperature and dust optical depth from Planck and IRAS: Constraints on the "dark gas" in our galaxy
• The applicability of FIR fine-structure lines as Star Formation Rate tracers over wide ranges of metallicities and galaxy types
• A Constant Molecular Gas Depletion Time in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• Far Infrared Spectroscopy of Normal Galaxies: Physical Conditions in the Interstellar Medium
• On the effect of the Cosmic Microwave Background in high-redshift (sub-)millimeter observations
• A 158 Micron [CII] Line Survey of Galaxies at z ~ 1 to 2: An Indicator of Star Formation in the Early Universe
• A Herschel [CII] Galactic plane survey I: the global distribution of ISM gas components
• A Library of Theoretical Ultraviolet Spectra of Massive, Hot Stars for Evolutionary Synthesis
• A Comparison of Methods for Determining the Molecular Content of Model Galaxies
• The metallicity dependence of the CO {\rightarrow} H_2 conversion factor in z>1 star forming galaxies
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• A Herschel/PACS Far Infrared Line Emission Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Herschel Far-Infrared and Sub-millimeter Photometry for the KINGFISH Sample of Nearby Galaxies
• Low CO Luminosities in Dwarf Galaxies
• On the Relationship Between Molecular Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Abundances in Molecular Clouds
• An Overview of the Dwarf Galaxy Survey
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: data processing, catalogs, and statistical source properties
• The Interstellar dust properties of nearby galaxies
• "Big Three Dragons": a z = 7.15 Lyman BreakGalaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 $\mu$m, [CII] 158 $\mu$m, and Dust Continuum with ALMA
• A Compendium of Far-Infrared Line and Continuum Emission for 227 Galaxies Observed by the Infrared Space Observatory
• The [C II] emission as a molecular gas mass tracer in galaxies at low and high redshift
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: I. Properties of the low-metallicity ISM from PACS spectroscopy
• Detection of the Far-infrared [O III] and Dust Emission in a Galaxy at Redshift 8.312: Early Metal Enrichment in the Heart of the Reionization Era
• The [CII] 158 um Line Deficit in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Revisited
• The CI lines as tracers of molecular gas, and their prospects at high redshifts
• CO-dark gas and molecular filaments in Milky Way type galaxies
• Estimating the Star Formation Rate at 1 kpc Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• [CII] 158 $\mu$m Emission as a Star Formation Tracer
• Modeling CO Emission: I. CO as a Column Density Tracer and the X-Factor in Molecular Clouds
• Large Population of ALMA Galaxies at z>6 with Very High [OIII]88um to [CII]158um Flux Ratios: Evidence of Extremely High Ionization Parameter or PDR Deficit?
• [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission and Metallicity in PDRs
• Probing the Dust Properties of Galaxies at Submillimetre Wavelengths II. Dust-to-gas mass ratio trends with metallicity and the submm excess in dwarf galaxies
• What Phase of the Interstellar Medium Correlates with the Star Formation Rate?
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey. Little to no evolution in the [CII]-SFR relation over the last 13 Gyr
• Linking dust emission to fundamental properties in galaxies: The low-metallicity picture
• The nature of the [CII] emission in dusty star-forming galaxies from the SPT survey
• A Herschel [C II] Galactic plane survey II: CO-dark H2 in clouds
• Revealing the cold dust in low-metallicity environments: I - Photometry analysis of the Dwarf Galaxy Survey with Herschel
• Warm molecular hydrogen in the Spitzer SINGS galaxy sample
• GOODS-Herschel~: Gas-to-dust mass ratios and CO-to-H_2 conversion factors in normal and starbursting galaxies at high-z
• The reliability of [CII] as a star formation rate indicator
• Dust temperature and CO-to-H2 conversion factor variations in the SFR-M* plane
• Deriving a multivariate CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion function using the [CII]/CO(1-0) ratio and its application to molecular gas scaling relations
• C${}^{+}$ detection of warm dark gas in diffuse clouds
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• Dust and Gas in the Magellanic Clouds from the HERITAGE Herschel Key Project. II. Gas-to-Dust Ratio Variations across ISM Phases
• Star formation in metal-poor gas clouds
• A Herschel [CII] Galactic plane survey III: [CII] as a tracer of star formation
• Effects of Massive Star Formation on the ISM of Dwarf Galaxies
• Cosmic-ray induced destruction of CO in star-forming galaxies
• Detection of the 158 micron [CII] Transition at z=1.3: Evidence for a Galaxy-Wide Starburst
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: Molecular gas budget in the Early Universe as traced by [CII]
• Gas fraction and star formation efficiency at z < 1.0
• Evolution of OH and CO-dark Molecular Gas Fraction Across a Molecular Cloud Boundary In Taurus
• Dust continuum emission as a tracer of gas mass in galaxies
• Molecular depletion times and the CO-to-H2 conversion factor in metal-poor galaxies
• The Spatially Resolved [CII] Cooling Line Deficit in Galaxies
• The molecular gas reservoir of 6 low-metallicity galaxies from the Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: A ground-based follow-up survey of CO(1-0), CO(2-1), and CO(3-2)
• The Origins of [CII] Emission in Local Star-forming Galaxies
• The Herschel Dwarf Galaxy Survey: II. Physical conditions, origin of [CII] emission, and porosity of the multiphase low-metallicity ISM
• Resolving the Far-IR Line Deficit: Photoelectric Heating and Far-IR Line Cooling in NGC 1097 and NGC 4559
• The CO Luminosity Density at High-z (COLDz) Survey: A Sensitive, Large Area Blind Search for Low-J CO Emission from Cold Gas in the Early Universe with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array
• Is atomic carbon a good tracer of molecular gas in metal-poor galaxies?
• A Molecular Line Scan in the Hubble Deep Field North: Constraints on the CO Luminosity Function and the Cosmic H2 Density
• Can dust emission be used to map the interstellar medium in high-redshift galaxies? Results from the Herschel Reference Survey
• Molecular gas in low-metallicity starburst galaxies: Scaling relations and the CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor
• The Structure of a Low-Metallicity Giant Molecular Cloud Complex
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• Line Overlap and Self-Shielding of Molecular Hydrogen in Galaxies
• The Interstellar Medium of Star-forming Irregular Galaxies: The View with ISO
• The nature of the interstellar medium of the starburst low-metallicity galaxy Haro11: a multi-phase model of the infrared emission
• Star formation in extremely faint dwarf galaxies
• ALMA reveals starburst-like interstellar medium conditions in a compact star-forming galaxy at z ~ 2 using [CI] and CO
• Physical conditions in the gas phases of the giant HII region LMC-N11 unveiled by Herschel - I. Diffuse [CII] and [OIII] emission in LMC-N11B
• The Ionized Gas in Nearby Galaxies as Traced by the [NII] 122 and 205 μm Transitions
• An Alternative Accurate Tracer of Molecular Clouds: The "$X_{\mathrm{CI}}$-Factor"
• CO line emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• Dust-Gas Scaling Relations and OH Abundance in the Galactic ISM
• SILCC-Zoom: H${}_2$ and CO-dark gas in molecular clouds -- The impact of feedback and magnetic fields
• First CO(17-16) emission line detected in a z > 6 quasar
• The Absence of [CII] 158$\mu$m Emission in Spectroscopically-Confirmed Galaxies at $z>8$
• The X_CO conversion factor from galactic multiphase ISM simulations
• Galaxy Gas Fractions at High-Redshift: The Tension between Observations and Cosmological Simulations
• The cosmic-ray and gas content of the Cygnus region as measured in gamma rays by the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Molecular gas in spiral galaxies: a new warm phase at large galactocentric distances?
• Lighting the dark molecular gas: H${}_2$ as a direct tracer
• A milestone toward understanding PDR properties in the extreme environment of LMC-30Dor
• The effects of star formation on the low-metallicity ISM: NGC4214 mapped with Herschel/PACS spectroscopy
• Does the CO-to-H2 conversion factor depend on the star formation rate?
• First Results from the $Herschel$ and ALMA Spectroscopic Surveys of the SMC: The Relationship Between [CII]-bright Gas and CO-bright Gas at Low Metallicity
• Resolved neutral carbon emission in nearby galaxies: [CI] Lines as Total Molecular Gas Tracers
• Submillimeter flux as a probe of molecular ISM mass in high-$z$ galaxies
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VII. Atomic carbon and molecular gas in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2 to 4
• Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster: the link between molecular gas, atomic gas, and dust
• The CO-dark molecular gas mass in 30 Doradus
• The Structure of Dark Molecular Gas in the Galaxy - I: A Pilot Survey for 18-cm OH Emission Towards $l\approx 105^{°},b\approx +1^{°}$
• Optically thick HI does not dominate dark gas in the local ISM
• Radiative transfer meets Bayesian statistics: where does a galaxy's [CII] emission come from?
• HI filaments are cold and associated with dark molecular gas. HI4PI based estimates of the local diffuse CO-dark H2 distribution
• Variations between Dust and Gas in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium
• High-excitation molecular gas in local luminous AGN hosts
• Synthetic [CII] emission maps of a simulated molecular cloud in formation
• Direct measurement of the [CI] luminosity to molecular gas mass conversion factor in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Herschel-ATLAS: Correlations between Dust and Gas in Local Submm-Selected Galaxies
• Interstellar Gas in Low Mass Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies
• Herschel Spectroscopic Observations of LITTLE THINGS Dwarf Galaxies
• The relationship between dust and [CI] at z=1 and beyond
• Atomic carbon as a powerful tracer of molecular gas in the high-redshift Universe: perspectives for ALMA
• Using [CII] 158 micron Emission From Isolated ISM Phases as a Star-Formation Rate Indicator
• Cross-calibration of CO- vs dust-based gas masses and assessment of the dynamical mass budget in Herschel-SDSS Stripe82 galaxies
• Warm and Cold Molecular Gas Conditions Modeled in 87 Galaxies Observed by the Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
• Modeling ionized gas in low-metallicity environments: the Local Group dwarf galaxy IC10
• Extreme conditions in the molecular gas of lensed star-forming galaxies at z~3
• Physical properties of CO-dark molecular gas traced by C${}^{+}$
• Carbon gas in SMC low-metallicity star-forming regions
• Disentangling the ISM phases of the dwarf galaxy NGC 4214 using [CII] SOFIA/GREAT observations
• On the Interpretation of Far-infrared Spectral Energy Distributions. I: The 850 $\mu$m Molecular Mass Estimator
• Dark Molecular Gas in Simulations of z~0 Disc Galaxies
• Standing in the shadow of dark gas: ALMA observations of absorption from dark CO in the molecular DNM of Chamaeleon
• C+/H2 Gas in Star-Forming Clouds and Galaxies
• Recovering the Physical Properties of Molecular Gas in Galaxies from CO SLED Modeling
• Herschel Spectroscopy of Early Type Galaxies
• Fermi-LAT gamma-ray study of the interstellar medium and cosmic rays in the Chamaeleon Molecular-Cloud Complex: A look at the dark gas as optically thick HI
• The effect of diffuse background on the spatially-resolved Schmidt relation in nearby spiral galaxies
• The Bluedisk Survey: molecular gas distribution and scaling relations in the context of galaxy evolution
• Variations between Dust and Gas in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium. 2. Search for Cold Gas
• Heating and cooling of the neutral ISM in the NGC4736 circumnuclear ring
• Dwarf Galaxies: Their Low Metallicity Interstellar Medium
• The Elusive ISM of Dwarf Galaxies: Excess Submillimetre Emission and CO-Dark Molecular Gas
• Physical conditions in the gas phases of the giant HII region LMC-N11: II. Origin of [CII] and fraction of CO-dark gas

Cited by in corpus (104)

• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• Dynamical properties of z $\sim 4.5$ dusty star-forming galaxies and their connection with local early type galaxies
• Dust temperature in ALMA $\hbox{[C $\scriptstyle\rm II $]}$-detected high-$z$ galaxies
• Metallicity dependence of the H/H${}_2$ and C${}^{+}$/C/CO distributions in a resolved self-regulating interstellar medium
• The gas and stellar content of a metal-poor galaxy at $z=8.496$ as revealed by JWST and ALMA
• Molecular Gas Properties and CO-to-H2 Conversion Factors in the Central Kiloparsec of NGC 3351
• Photodissociation Region Diagnostics Across Galactic Environments
• Tracing Molecular Gas in z $\simeq$ 6 Galaxies with [C$\mathrm{II}$]
• On the origin of surprisingly cold gas discs in galaxies at high redshift
• The Physical Drivers and Observational Tracers of CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor Variations in Nearby Barred Galaxy Centers
• PHANGS-JWST First Results: Tracing the Diffuse ISM with JWST Imaging of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission in Nearby Galaxies
• High [OIII]/[CII] surface brightness ratios trace early starburst galaxies
• Dependence of $X_{\mathrm{CO}}$ on metallicity, intensity, and spatial scale in a self-regulated interstellar medium
• Slow Star Formation in the Milky Way: Theory Meets Observations
• The volumetric star formation law for nearby galaxies -- Extension to dwarf galaxies and low-density regions
• COMAP Early Science: V. Constraints and Forecasts at $z\sim 3$
• The Quest for the Missing Dust: II -- Two Orders of Magnitude of Evolution in the Dust-to-Gas Ratio Resolved Within Local Group Galaxies
• Inferring the HII region escape fraction of ionizing photons from infrared emission lines in metal-poor star-forming dwarf galaxies
• The resolved scaling relations in DustPedia: Zooming in on the local Universe
• Star Formation and Molecular Gas Diagnostics with Mid- and Far-Infrared Emission
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• Star-formation driven outflows in local dwarf galaxies as revealed from [CII] observations by Herschel
• A lack of constraints on the cold opaque HI mass: HI spectra in M31 and M33 prefer multi-component models over a single cold opaque component
• Atomic and molecular gas from the epoch of reionization down to redshift 2
• Characterizing the Multi-Phase Origin of [CII] Emission in M101 and NGC 6946 with Velocity Resolved Spectroscopy
• The co-evolution of molecular hydrogen and the grain size distribution in an isolated galaxy
• The ALMA-CRISTAL Survey: Spatial extent of [CII] line emission in star-forming galaxies at $z=4-6$
• Co-evolution of Dust and Chemistry in Galaxy Simulations with a Resolved Interstellar Medium
• A CO isotopologue Line Atlas within the Whirlpool galaxy Survey (CLAWS)
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: Discovery of a massive, highly star-forming and morphologically complex ULIRG at $z=7.31$
• The black hole and host galaxy growth in an isolated $z\sim 6$ QSO observed with ALMA
• The origin of the [CII]-deficit in a simulated dwarf galaxies starburst
• The KOSMA-$\tau$ PDR Model -- I. Recent updates to the numerical model of photo-dissociated regions
• The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies
• The dust-to-gas mass ratio of luminous galaxies as a function of their metallicity at cosmic noon
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission
• Measuring the average molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies at $z=3-4$
• A Search for correlations between turbulence and star formation in LITTLE THINGS dwarf irregular galaxies
• An investigation of the circumgalactic medium around z~2.2 AGN with ACA and ALMA
• Dissecting the Mid-Infrared Heart of M83 with JWST
• The molecular gas resolved by ALMA in the low-metallicity dwarf merging galaxy Haro 11
• Evidence for extended gaseous reservoirs around AGN at cosmic noon from ALMA CO(3-2) observations
• Big Three Dragons: Molecular Gas in a Bright Lyman-Break Galaxy at $z=7.15$
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• The impact of carbon and oxygen abundances on the metal-poor initial mass function
• [CII] map of the molecular ring and arms of the spiral galaxy NGC 7331
• The cold molecular gas in z$\gtrsim$6 quasar host galaxies
• Infrared view of the multiphase ISM in NGC 253 I. Observations and fundamental parameters of the ionised gas
• Molecular gas and dust properties in $z>7$ quasar hosts
• Extremely weak CO emission in IZw 18
• Molecular gas budget and characterization of intermediate-mass star-forming galaxies at $z\approx 2-3$
• Dust emissivity in resolved spiral galaxies
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: A spectral stacking analysis of [CII] in lensed $z\sim 6$ galaxies
• Metallicity dependence of the CO-to-H${}_2$ and the [CI]-to-H${}_2$ conversion factors in galaxies
• Molecular gas scaling relations for local star-forming galaxies in the low-$M_{\ast }$ regime
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• Spritz is sparkling: simulated CO and [CII] luminosities
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• Sequential Star Formation in the Young SMC Region NGC 602: Insights from ALMA
• A Molecular Gas Ring Hidden in the Sombrero Galaxy
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• [CII] and CO Emission Along the Bar and Counter-Arms of NGC 7479
• The [C II] line emission as an interstellar medium probe in the MARIGOLD galaxies
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
• Duration and properties of the embedded phase of star formation in 37 nearby galaxies from PHANGS-JWST
• The [NII] 205 $\mu$m line emission from high-z SMGs and QSOs
• Molecular Cloud Matching in CO and Dust in M33 I. High-Resolution Hydrogen Column Density Maps from Herschel
• Ultra-faint [CII] emission in a redshift = 2 gravitationally-lensed metal-poor dwarf galaxy
• Disentangling emission from star-forming regions in the Magellanic Clouds: Linking [OIII]88 micron and 24 micron
• "Dust Giant": Extended and Clumpy Star-Formation in a Massive Dusty Galaxy at $z=1.38$
• Assessing the dark matter content of two quasar host galaxies at z~6 through gas kinematics
• Effects of CO-dark Gas on Measurements of Molecular Cloud Stability and the Size-Linewidth Relationship
• The multi-wavelength Tully-Fisher relation in the TNG50 cosmological simulation
• The Correlation Between Dust and Gas Contents in Molecular Clouds
• Probing the heating of the neutral atomic interstellar medium in the Dwarf Galaxy Survey through infrared cooling lines
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST survey: spatially resolved star formation relations at $z\sim 5$
• Full disc [CII] mapping of nearby star-forming galaxies: SOFIA FIFI/LS observations of NGC 3627, NGC 4321, and NGC 6946
• Measuring the gas reservoirs in $10^8<$ M${}_{\star }<10^{11}$ M${}_{\odot }$ galaxies at $1\le z\le 3$
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• AstroSat/UVIT Study of the Diffuse Ultraviolet Radiation in the Dwarf Galaxy Holmberg II
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Multi-phase investigation of outflows in the circumgalactic and interstellar media of luminous quasars at z~5
• CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor and grain size distribution through the analysis of ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}}$-$q_{\mathrm{PAH}}$ relation
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon
• Recovering the properties of the interstellar medium through integrated spectroscopy: application to the z~0 ECO volume-limited star-forming galaxy sample
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Predicting the resolved CO emission of $z=1-3$ star-forming galaxies
• Early galaxy evolution: The complex interstellar medium distribution of the z~7 galaxy A1689-zD1
• Measuring the ISM Content of Nearby, Luminous, Type 1 and Type 2 QSOs through CO and [C II]
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• The ALMA View of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• LMC+: Large-scale mapping of [CII] and [OIII] in the LMC molecular ridge, I. Dataset and line ratio analyses
• The contribution of stars, dust, neutral gas and supermassive black holes in galaxies to the cosmic baryon inventory
• Uncovering the absorbed atomic Universe with the [OI]63um line
• Topological models to infer multiphase interstellar medium properties
• Infrared view of the multiphase ISM in NGC 253 II. Modelling the ionised and neutral atomic gas
• Tidal disruption of "snow clouds" by unassociated stars