xCOLD GASS: the complete IRAM-30m legacy survey of molecular gas for galaxy evolution studies

Abstract

We introduce xCOLD GASS, a legacy survey providing a census of molecular gas in the local Universe. Building upon the original COLD GASS survey, we present here the full sample of 532 galaxies with CO(1-0) measurements from the IRAM-30m telescope. The sample is mass-selected in the redshift interval $0.01<z<0.05$ from SDSS, and therefore representative of the local galaxy population with M${}_{\ast }>10^9$M${}_{\odot }$. The CO(1-0) flux measurements are complemented by observations of the CO(2-1) line with both the IRAM-30m and APEX telescopes, HI observations from Arecibo, and photometry from SDSS, WISE and GALEX. Combining the IRAM and APEX data, we find that the CO(2-1) to CO(1-0) luminosity ratio for integrated measurements is $r_{21}=0.79\pm 0.03$, with no systematic variations across the sample. The CO(1-0) luminosity function is constructed and best fit with a Schechter function with parameters {$L_{\mathrm{CO}}^{\ast }=(7.77\pm 2.11)\times 10^9\mathrm{K}\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{c}}^2$, ${\varphi }^{\ast }=(9.84\pm 5.41)\times 10^{-4}\mathrm{Mp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$ and $\alpha =-1.19\pm 0.05$}. With the sample now complete down to stellar masses of $10^9$M${}_{\odot }$, we are able to extend our study of gas scaling relations and confirm that both molecular gas fraction and depletion timescale vary with specific star formation rate (or offset from the star-formation main sequence) much more strongly than they depend on stellar mass. Comparing the xCOLD GASS results with outputs from hydrodynamic and semi-analytic models, we highlight the constraining power of cold gas scaling relations on models of galaxy formation.

arXiv comment24 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJS. The full xCOLD GASS survey data products are available at http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/xCOLDGASS/

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• SAGAN-II : Molecular gas content of giant radio galaxies
• The PHANGS-HST-Halpha Survey: Warm Ionized Gas Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS with the Hubble Space Telescope
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: The resolved star formation efficiency and local physical conditions
• Wide-field CO isotopologue emission and the CO-to-H${}_2$ factor across the nearby spiral galaxy M101
• The major mechanism to drive turbulence in star-forming galaxies
• Dissecting the Mid-Infrared Heart of M83 with JWST
• VERTICO V: The environmentally driven evolution of the inner cold gas discs of Virgo cluster galaxies
• Do Galaxy Morphologies Really Affect the Efficiency of Star Formation during the Phase of Galaxy Transition?
• The effects of local stellar radiation and dust depletion on non-equilibrium interstellar chemistry
• VALES VII: Molecular and ionized gas properties in pressure balanced interstellar medium of starburst galaxies at z ~ 0.15
• The Role of Inner HI Mass in Regulating the Scatter of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• FAST-ASKAP Synergy: Quantifying Coexistent Tidal and Ram Pressure Strippings in the NGC 4636 Group
• Instability analysis for spiral arms of local galaxies: M51, NGC3627 and NGC628
• xGASS: The connection between angular momentum, mass and atomic gas fraction in nearby galaxies
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. III. The mechanism of ISM removal and quenching of star formation
• ColdSIM predictions of [C II] emission in primordial galaxies
• CO in the ALMA Radio-Source Catalogue (ARC): the molecular gas content of radio galaxies as a function of redshift
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Large Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Star Forming Cluster Galaxies
• What has quenched the massive spiral galaxies?
• ALMA observations of molecular gas in the host galaxy of AT2018cow
• The MURALES survey. V. Jet-induced star formation in 3C 277.3 (Coma A)
• ALMA CO Observations of the Host Galaxies of Long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts. I: Molecular Gas Scaling Relations
• The complete census of molecular hydrogen in a simulated disc galaxy
• Impact of H${}_2$-driven star formation and stellar feedback from low-enrichment environments on the formation of spiral galaxies
• WALLABY Pre-Pilot Survey: The effects of angular momentum and environment on the HI gas and star formation properties of galaxies in the Eridanus supergroup
• CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) line ratio on $\sim$100 parsec scale in the nearby barred galaxy NGC1300
• ALMA observations of massive molecular gas reservoirs in dusty early-type galaxies
• The SFR-radius connection: data and implications for wind strength and halo concentration
• New constraints on the evolution of the MHI-M* scaling relation combining CHILES and MIGHTEE-HI data
• The Gas Mass Reservoir of Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Constraining the Molecular Content at $\log (M_{\ast }/M_{\odot })\sim 9.5$ with CO stacking of MUSE detected $z\sim 1.5$ Galaxies
• Dust grain size evolution in local galaxies: a comparison between observations and simulations
• A super-linear "radio-AGN main sequence'' links mean radio-AGN power and galaxy stellar mass since z$\sim$3
• Extremely weak CO emission in IZw 18
• Star forming and gas rich brightest cluster galaxies at $z\sim 0.4$ in the Kilo-Degree Survey
• Star formation efficiency and AGN feedback in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with fast X-ray nuclear winds
• Deep uGMRT observations of the ELAIS-North 1 field: statistical properties of radio--infrared relations up to $z\sim$2
• The tight correlation of PAH and CO emission from z~0-4
• The Evolution of Molecular Gas Fraction Traced by the CO Tully-Fisher Relation
• The Subtle Effects of Mergers on Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies
• A New Physical Picture for AGNs Lacking Optical Emission Lines
• The CO universe: Modelling CO emission and H${}_2$ abundance in cosmological galaxy formation simulations
• The MOSDEF-LRIS Survey: Detection of Inflowing Gas Towards Three Star-forming Galaxies at z ~ 2
• The Molecular Mass function of the Local Universe
• SEEDisCS I. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: the case of CL1411.1$-$1148 at $z\sim 0.5$
• The Arizona Molecular ISM Survey with the SMT: Survey Overview and Public Data Release
• Cold gas mass measurements for the era of large optical spectroscopic surveys
• GASP XXXIX: MeerKAT hunts Jellyfish in A2626
• The HASHTAG project I. A Survey of CO(3-2) Emission from the Star Forming Disc of M31
• Quenching in the Right Place at the Right Time: Tracing the Shared History of Starbursts, AGNs, and Post-starburst Galaxies Using Their Structures and Multiscale Environments
• The Anatomy of a Star-Forming Galaxy II: the role of FUV heating via dust
• Investigating the link between inner gravitational potential and star-formation quenching in CALIFA galaxies
• The Arizona Molecular ISM Survey with the SMT: Variations in the CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) Line Ratio Across the Galaxy Population
• The ALMaQUEST Survey XV: The Dependence of the Molecular-to-Atomic Gas Ratios on Resolved Optical Diagnostics
• On the influence of environment on star forming galaxies
• The uncertain interstellar medium of high-redshift quiescent galaxies: Impact of methodology
• Molecular Gas Properties in the Host Galaxy of GRB080207
• Spritz is sparkling: simulated CO and [CII] luminosities
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). X. Physical conditions of molecular gas and the local SFR-Mass relation
• Molecular gas scaling relations for local star-forming galaxies in the low-$M_{\ast }$ regime
• VERTICO VI: Cold-gas asymmetries in Virgo cluster galaxies
• Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers and atomic hydrogen in galaxies: the view of the GAEA model
• Massive molecular gas reservoir around the central AGN in the CARLA J1103+3449 cluster at z=1.44
• xCOLDGASS and xGASS: Radial metallicity gradients and global properties on the star-forming main sequence
• A Massive, Dusty HI-Absorption-Selected Galaxy at $z\approx 2.46$ Identified in a CO Emission Survey
• From haloes to galaxies. III. The gas cycle of local galaxy populations
• Circumnuclear Molecular Gas in Low-redshift Quasars and Matched Star-forming Galaxies
• Spatially Resolved Molecular Gas Properties of Host Galaxy of Type I Superluminous Supernova SN 2017egm
• Centrally concentrated molecular gas driving galactic-scale ionised gas outflows in star-forming galaxies
• FEASTS Combined with Interferometry. III. The Low Column Density HI Around M51 and Possibility of Turbulent-mixing Gas Accretion
• Do bulges stop stars forming?
• The variation of the gas content of galaxy groups and pairs compared to isolated galaxies
• SEEDisCS II. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: low gas fraction galaxies, the case of CL1301.7$-$1139
• Dynamics of Molecular Gas in the Central Region of the Quasar IZwicky1
• Re-assessing the stellar population scaling relations of the galaxies in the Local Universe
• Modelling H${}_2$ and its effects on star formation using a joint implementation of GADGET-3 and KROME
• $\text{slick}$: Modeling a Universe of Molecular Line Luminosities in Hydrodynamical Simulations
• ALMA Observations for CO Emission from Luminous Lyman-break Galaxies at $z=6.0293$-$6.2037$
• The relationship between cluster environment and molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• NeutralUniverseMachine: How Filaments and Dark Matter Halo Influence the Galaxy Cold Gas Content
• CO-CAVITY project: Molecular gas and star formation in void galaxies
• MIGHTEE-HI: The direct detection of neutral hydrogen in galaxies at $z>0.25$
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: Star formation relationships for galaxies at different stages of their evolution
• COLIBRE: calibrating subgrid feedback in cosmological simulations that include a cold gas phase
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: The Nature of an Off-galaxy H$\alpha$ Blob -- A Multi-wavelength View of Offset Cooling in a Merging Galaxy Group
• Molecular gas in super spiral galaxies
• Star forming brightest cluster galaxies at $z\sim 0.4$ in KiDS. Further studies of cold gas and stellar properties
• Spatially-resolved relation between [CI] ${}^3{P}_1$-${}^3{P}_0$ and ${}^{12}$CO (1-0) in Arp 220
• The dust and cold gas content of local star forming galaxies
• CO Observations of Early-mid Stage Major Mergers in the MaNGA Survey
• The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey (AGES) XI: the expanded Abell 1367 field. Data catalogue and HI census over the surveyed volume
• Intertwined Formation of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$, Dust, and Stars in Cosmological Simulations
• Non-star-forming molecular gas in the Abell 1367 intra-cluster multiphase orphan cloud
• ALMACAL XIII. Evolution of the CO luminosity function and the molecular gas mass density out to $z$ ~ 6
• The dark side of early galaxies: $\text{geko}$ uncovers dark-matter fractions at $z\sim 4-6$
• Disc galaxy resolved in HI absorption against the radio lobe of 3C 433: Case study for future surveys
• The inflow and outflow rate evolution of local Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies since z=1.3
• Galaxy Manifold: Characterizing and understanding galaxies with two parameters
• The H IX galaxy survey III: The gas-phase metallicity in HI eXtreme galaxies
• Diverse Properties of Molecular Gas in the Host Galaxies of Fast Radio Bursts
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: The effect of active galactic nucleus feedback on the integrated properties of galaxies at different stages of their evolution
• Unveiling the gravitationally unstable disc of a massive star-forming galaxy using NOEMA and MUSE
• Central star formation in double-peak gas rich radio galaxies
• The ISM scaling relations using inner HI and an application of estimating dust mass
• Cosmic evolution of molecular gas mass density from an empirical relation between ${\mathrm{L}}_{1.4GHz}$ and ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{CO}}^{\prime }$
• The magnetic field in the Flame nebula
• ALMA Host galaxy observation of the off-axis Gamma-Ray Burst XRF020903
• MASCOT: Molecular gas depletion times and metallicity gradients -- evidence for feedback in quenching active galaxies
• Ultra-strong MgII absorbers trace both inflowing and outflowing gas: insights from dual down-the-barrel and quasar sightlines
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• Does the lockstep growth between black holes and bulges create their mass relation?
• A path towards constraining the evolution of the interstellar medium and outflows in the Milky Way using APOGEE
• A Full Accounting of the Visible Mass in SDSS MaNGA Disk Galaxies
• Predicting HCN, HCO${}^{+}$, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies -- Extension to luminous infrared galaxies and the role of cosmic ray ionization
• CO-CHANGES II: spatially resolved IRAM 30M CO line observations of 23 nearby edge-on spiral galaxies
• MASCOT -- An ESO-ARO legacy survey of molecular gas in nearby SDSS-MaNGA galaxies: I. first data release, and global and resolved relations between H_2 and stellar content
• Constraining galactic baryon cycle using the galaxy stellar-to-halo mass relations
• The cold gas and dust properties of red star-forming galaxies
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• The link between galaxy structure properties and star formation in local galaxies
• Measuring the gas reservoirs in $10^8<$ M${}_{\star }<10^{11}$ M${}_{\odot }$ galaxies at $1\le z\le 3$
• CHILES X: Molecular and atomic gas at intermediate redshift
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• Scaling relations and baryonic cycling in local star-forming galaxies: I. The sample
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• Molecular gas budget of strongly magnified low-mass star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: average dust, gas, and star formation properties of cluster and field galaxies from stacking analysis
• Abundant Molecular Gas in the Central Region of Lenticular Galaxy PGC 39535
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• Evolution and star formation history of NGC300 from a chemical evolution model with radial gas inflows
• The Molecular and Atomic Hydrogen Gas Content of the Boötes Void galaxy CG 910
• Spatially resolved stellar-to-total dynamical mass relation: Radial variations, gradients and profiles of galaxy stellar populations
• Black Hole-Galaxy Correlations in Cluster Zoomed-in Simulations: GIZMO-SIMBA and TNG-Cluster
• Higher resolution optical spectra of $M_{\ast }<10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$ galaxies reveal outflow signatures unresolved by the SDSS
• A machine learning approach to estimating HI deficiency in galaxies
• ESO 137-002: a large spiral undergoing edge-on ram-pressure stripping with little star formation in the tail
• Radar-Chart Analysis of Star-Formation Quenching Stages Across Circular Velocity Curve Classes in Nearby CALIFA Galaxies
• NeutralUniverseMachine: Predictions of HI gas in Different Theoretical Models
• On the quenching of star formation in observed and simulated central galaxies: Evidence for the role of integrated AGN feedback
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIV: The ALMA Large Programme Data Release
• Toward Understanding the Evolutionary Role of Star-forming Lenticular Galaxies: New HI Detections and Comparison with Quiescent S0s and Red Spirals
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• The extension of the Fundamental Metallicity Relation beyond the BPT star-forming sequence: evidence for both gas accretion and starvation
• EMBERS I: Low redshift post-starburst galaxies are frequently depleted in molecular gas relative to star forming progenitors
• Implications for galaxy property estimation revealed by CO luminosity-FWHM relations in local star-forming galaxies
• Physical Characterization of Serendipitously Uncovered Millimeter-wave Line-emitting Galaxies at z~2.5 behind the Local Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV114
• Resolved molecular gas and star-formation in massive unquenched spirals : I. UGC 8179
• Recent Developments on the HI Gas of Low-Redshift Galaxies Seen by the 21cm Emission Lines
• Comparison of Global HI and H$\alpha$ Line Profiles in MaNGA Galaxy Pairs with FAST