CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). X. Physical conditions of molecular gas and the local SFR-Mass relation

Abstract

We investigate the molecular gas properties of galaxies across the main sequence of star-forming (SF) galaxies in the local Universe using ${}^{12}$CO($J=1-0$) (hereafter ${}^{12}$CO) and ${}^{13}$CO($J=1-0$) (${}^{13}$CO) mapping data of 147 nearby galaxies obtained in the COMING project, a legacy project of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory. In order to improve signal-to-noise ratios of both lines, we stack all the pixels where ${}^{12}$CO emission is detected after aligning the line center expected from the first-moment map of ${}^{12}$CO. As a result, ${}^{13}$CO emission is successfully detected in 80 galaxies with a signal-to-noise ratio larger than three. The error-weighted mean of integrated-intensity ratio of ${}^{12}$CO to ${}^{13}$CO lines ($R_{1213}$) of the 80 galaxies is $10.9$ with a standard deviation of $7.0$. We find that (1) $R_{1213}$ positively correlates to specific star-formation rate (sSFR) with a correlation coefficient of $0.46$, and (2) both flux ratio of IRAS 60~$\mu$m to 100~$\mu$m ($f_{60}/f_{100}$) and inclination-corrected linewidth of ${}^{12}$CO stacked spectra (${\sigma }_{{}^{12}\mathrm{CO},i}$) also correlate with sSFR for galaxies with the $R_{1213}$ measurement. Our results support the scenario where $R_{1213}$ variation is mainly caused by the changes in molecular-gas properties such as temperature and turbulence. The consequent variation of CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor across the SF main sequence is not large enough to completely extinguish the known correlations between sSFR and $M_{\mathrm{mol}}/M_{\mathrm{star}}$ (${\mu }_{\mathrm{mol}}$) or star-formation efficiency (SFE) reported in previous studies, while this variation would strengthen (weaken) the sSFR-SFE (sSFR-${\mu }_{\mathrm{mol}}$) correlation.

arXiv comment16 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in PASJ

References in corpus (114)

• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• The Galaxy Evolution Explorer: A Space Ultraviolet Survey Mission
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Star Formation Efficiency in Nearby Galaxies: Measuring Where Gas Forms Stars Effectively
• A computer program for fast non-LTE analysis of interstellar line spectra
• The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe
• Multiwavelength study of massive galaxies at z~2. I. Star formation and galaxy growth
• A Highly Consistent Framework for the Evolution of the Star-Forming "Main Sequence" from z~0-6
• The IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS)
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z~2
• AMAZE. I. The evolution of the mass-metallicity relation at z>3
• PHIBSS: molecular gas content and scaling relations in z~1-3 normal star forming galaxies
• The Star-formation Mass Sequence out to z=2.5
• Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies
• The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• Strong Nebular Line Ratios in the Spectra of z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: First Results from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• Presupernova evolution and explosive nucleosynthesis of rotating massive stars in the metallicity range -3 <=[Fe/H]<= 0
• Black Holes in Galaxy Mergers: Evolution of Quasars
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group
• A Molecular Star Formation Law in the Atomic Gas Dominated Regime in Nearby Galaxies
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• xCOLD GASS: the complete IRAM-30m legacy survey of molecular gas for galaxy evolution studies
• Galactic-Field IMFs of Massive Stars
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S^4G)
• COLD GASS, an IRAM legacy survey of molecular gas in massive galaxies: I. Relations between H2, HI, stellar content and structural properties
• The Gemini Deep Deep Survey. VII. The Redshift Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation
• On Star Formation Rates and Star Formation Histories of Galaxies out to z ~ 3
• The Evolution of Isotope Ratios in the Milky Way Galaxy
• LSD: Lyman-break galaxies Stellar populations and Dynamics. I: Mass, metallicity and gas at z~3.1
• Bar-driven Transport of Molecular Gas to Galactic Centers and Its Consequences
• Evolution of Interstellar Medium, Star Formation, and Accretion at High Redshift
• The Evolution of ISM Mass Probed by Dust Emission -- ALMA Observations at z = 0.3 to 2
• The evolution of the dust temperatures of galaxies in the SFR$-M_{\ast }$ plane up to $z$$\sim$$2$
• The impact of interactions, bars, bulges, and AGN on star formation efficiency in local massive galaxies
• Cloud-Scale Molecular Gas Properties in 15 Nearby Galaxies
• Stellar populations dominated by massive stars in dusty starburst galaxies across cosmic time
• Nobeyama CO Atlas of Nearby Spiral Galaxies: Distribution of Molecular Gas in Barred and Non-barred Spiral Galaxies
• Dust temperature and mid-to-total infrared color distributions for star-forming galaxies at 0<z<4
• Evolution of the atomic and molecular gas content of galaxies
• Metallicities and Physical Conditions in Star-forming Galaxies at z~1.0-1.5
• The Plateau de Bure + 30m Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey reveals a thick disk of diffuse molecular gas in the M51 galaxy
• The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Interferometric Observations of 126 Galaxies with CARMA
• The FMOS-Cosmos Survey of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.6 II. The Mass-Metallicity Relation and the Dependence on Star Formation Rate and Dust Extinction
• The evolution of CNO isotopes: a new window on cosmic star-formation history and the stellar IMF in the age of ALMA
• Chemical Abundances of DEEP2 Star-forming Galaxies at 1.0<z<1.5
• Modeling CO Emission: II. The Physical Characteristics that Determine the X factor in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• Deriving a multivariate CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion function using the [CII]/CO(1-0) ratio and its application to molecular gas scaling relations
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies
• The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at z~1.6. IV: Excitation state and chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium
• Radial distribution of dust, stars, gas, and star-formation rate in DustPedia face-on galaxies
• High Resolution Molecular Gas Maps of M33
• A Mapping Survey of the 12CO and 13CO Emission in Galaxies
• The CO luminosity and CO-H2 conversion factor of diffuse ISM: does CO emission trace dense molecular gas?
• A high-dispersion molecular gas component in nearby galaxies
• The evolution of CNO isotopes: the impact of massive stellar rotators
• PHIBSS: molecular gas, extinction, star formation and kinematics in the z=1.5 star forming galaxy EGS13011166
• DESPOTIC -- A New Software Library to Derive the Energetics and SPectra of Optically Thick Interstellar Clouds
• The Atlas3D Project -- XI. Dense molecular gas properties of CO-luminous early-type galaxies
• Evolution of the atomic and molecular gas content of galaxies in dark matter haloes
• The mass-metallicity relation at z~1.4 revealed with Subaru/FMOS
• Full-disc ${}^{13}$CO(1-0) mapping across nearby galaxies of the EMPIRE survey and the CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor
• Carbon Fractionation in PDRs
• The ALMaQUEST Survey: III. Scatter in the resolved star forming main sequence is primarily due to variations in star formation efficiency
• The Metallicity Evolution of Star-Forming Galaxies from Redshift 0 to 3: Combining Magnitude Limited Survey with Gravitational Lensing
• The Density and Temperature of Molecular Clouds in M33
• The ${}^{12}$CO/${}^{13}$CO ratio in turbulent molecular clouds
• Variation of Molecular Line Ratios and Cloud Properties in the Arp 299 Galaxy Merger
• VLA-ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (VLASPECS): Total Cold Gas Masses and CO Line Ratios for z=2-3 "Main Sequence" Galaxies
• Ionized and molecular gas kinematics in a z=1.4 star-forming galaxy
• 13CO and C18O emission from a dense gas disk at z=2.3: abundance variations, cosmic rays and the initial conditions for star formation
• Dynamically Influenced Molecular Clouds in the Nucleus of NGC 6946: Variations in the CO Isotopic Line Ratios
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING) IV. Overview of the Project
• Imaging diffuse clouds: Bright and dark gas mapped in CO
• Resolved star formation and molecular gas properties of green valley galaxies: a first look with ALMA and MaNGA
• Chemistry and radiative shielding in star forming galactic disks
• The state of the molecular gas in a luminous starburst/Seyfert 2 galaxy: NGC 1068 revisited
• Bar-driven Fueling to a Galactic Central Reagin in a Massive Gas Disk
• A fundamental test for stellar feedback recipes in galaxy simulations
• Physical properties and scaling relations of molecular clouds: the effect of stellar feedback
• Molecular gas and dust properties of galaxies from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey
• The ALMaQUEST Survey: II. What drives central starbursts at z~0?
• Extreme CO Isotopic Abundances in the ULIRG IRAS 13120-5453: An Extremely Young Starburst or Top-Heavy Initial Mass Function
• Systematic variation of the 12CO/13CO ratio as a function of star-formation rate surface density
• Weak 13CO in the Cloverleaf Quasar: evidence for a young, early generation starburst
• Eventful Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds in Dynamically Evolving Spiral Arms
• An indirect measurement of gas evolution in galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.0$
• Extreme CO Isotopologue Line Ratios in ULIRGS: Evidence for a top-heavy IMF
• The ALMA Detection of Extraplanar 13CO in a Ram-pressure-stripped Galaxy and Its Implication
• Evidence of boosted 13CO/12CO ratio in early-type galaxies in dense environments
• 12CO, 13CO and C18O observations along the major axes of nearby bright infrared galaxies
• Structural Variation of Molecular Gas in the Sagittarius Arm and Inter-Arm Regions
• PHIBSS: Exploring the Dependence of the CO-H${}_2$ Conversion Factor on Total Mass Surface Density at $z<1.5$
• Diffuse Molecular Clouds and the Molecular Interstellar Medium from 13CO Observations of M33
• A large amount of diffuse molecular gases in the bar of the strongly barred galaxy NGC1300: Cause of the low star formation efficiency
• Towards sub-kpc scale kinematics of molecular and ionized gas of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1$
• ${}^{13}CO(J=1--0)$ Depression in Luminous Starburst Mergers
• Stacking Analysis of 12CO and 13CO Spectra of NGC3627: Existence of non-optically thick 12CO emission?
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). III. Dynamical effect on molecular gas density and star formation in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4303
• Redshift evolution of stellar mass versus gas fraction relation in 0<z<2 regime: observational constraint for galaxy formation models
• A universal correlation between star-formation activity and molecular gas properties across environments
• Dense-gas tracers and carbon isotopes in five 2.5<z<4 lensed dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT SMG sample
• CARMA Survey toward Infrared-bright Nearby Galaxies (STING). IV. Spatially Resolved 13CO in Spiral Galaxies
• Do Galaxy Morphologies Really Affect the Efficiency of Star Formation during the Phase of Galaxy Transition?
• Large velocity dispersion of molecular gas in bars of strongly barred galaxies, NGC 1300 and NGC 5383
• Environmental impacts on dust temperature of star-forming galaxies in the local Universe
• CO emission and CO hotspots in diffuse molecular gas

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Exploring the Impact of Galactic Interactions and Mergers on the Central Star Formation of APEX/EDGE-CALIFA Galaxies
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). XII. CO-to-H${}_2$ Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio
• ACA CO($J=2-1$) Mapping of the Nearest Spiral Galaxy M33. I. Initial Results and Identification of Molecular Clouds