Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies

Abstract

We present evidence for very high gas fractions and extended molecular gas reservoirs in normal, near-infrared selected (BzK) galaxies at z~1.5, based on multi-configuration CO[2-1] observations obtained at the IRAM PdBI. Six of the six galaxies observed were securely detected. High resolution observations resolve the CO emission in four of them, implying sizes of order of 6-11 kpc and suggesting the presence of rotation. The UV morphologies are consistent with clumpy, unstable disks, and the UV sizes are consistent with the CO sizes. The star formation efficiencies are homogeneously low and similar to local spirals - the resulting gas depletion times are ~0.5 Gyr, much higher than what is seen in high-z submm galaxies and quasars. The CO luminosities can be predicted to within 0.15 dex from the star formation rates and stellar masses, implying a tight correlation of the gas mass with these quantities. We use dynamical models of clumpy disk galaxies to derive dynamical masses. These models are able to reproduce the peculiar spectral line shapes of the CO emission. After accounting for the stellar and dark matter masses we derive gas masses of 0.4-1.2x10^11 Msun. The conversion factor is very high: alpha_CO=3.6+-0.8, consistent with the Galaxy but four times higher than that of local ultra-luminous IR galaxies. The gas accounts for an impressive 50-65% of the baryons within the galaxies' half light radii. We are witnessing truly gas-dominated galaxies at z~1.5, a finding that explains the high specific SFRs observed for z>1 galaxies. The BzK galaxies can be viewed as scaled-up versions of local disk galaxies, with low efficiency star formation taking place inside extended, low excitation gas disks. They are markedly different than local ULIRGs and high-z submm galaxies, which have more excited and compact gas.

Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal, 22 pages, 18 figures, minor revisions

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• Disk Growth and Quenching
• CO(1-0) line imaging of massive star-forming disc galaxies at z=1.5-2.2
• Constraints on the low-mass end of the mass-metallicity relation at z=1-2 from lensed galaxies
• Modelling CO emission from hydrodynamic simulations of nearby spirals, starbursting mergers, and high-redshift galaxies
• Faint Submillimeter Galaxies Revealed by Multifield Deep ALMA Observations: Number Counts, Spatial Clustering, and A Dark Submillimeter Line Emitter
• Imaging the Molecular Gas Properties of a Major Merger Driving the Evolution of a z=2.5 Submillimeter Galaxy
• The host galaxies of X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei to z=2.5: Structure, star-formation and their relationships from CANDELS and Herschel/PACS
• Massive stars formed in atomic hydrogen reservoirs: HI observations of gamma-ray burst host galaxies
• Metal deficiency in cluster star-forming galaxies at z=2
• NIHAO XIII: Clumpy discs or clumpy light in high redshift galaxies?
• Clumpy galaxies at z~0.6: kinematics, stability, and comparison with analogs at other redshifts
• Sub-mm Emission Line Deep Fields: CO and [CII] Luminosity Functions out to z = 6
• Physical properties of simulated galaxy populations at z=2 - I. Effect of metal-line cooling and feedback from star formation and AGN
• VLA-ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (VLASPECS): Total Cold Gas Masses and CO Line Ratios for z=2-3 "Main Sequence" Galaxies
• The Rate of Supernovae at Redshift 0.1-1.0 - the Stockholm VIMOS Supernova Survey IV
• An extremely young massive clump forming by gravitational collapse in a primordial galaxy
• Dust and Gas in Star Forming Galaxies at z~3 - Extending Galaxy Uniformity to 11.5 Billion Years
• The Atlas3D project - V. The CO Tully-Fisher relation of early-type galaxies
• Molecular Gas in Lensed z>2 Quasar Host Galaxies and the Star Formation Law for Galaxies with Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei
• High-resolution spectroscopic imaging of CO in a z=4.05 proto-cluster
• Planck's dusty GEMS. VI. Multi-J CO excitation and interstellar medium conditions in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2-4
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VIII. Discovery of a MgII emission halo probed by a quasar sightline
• Bimodality of [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] distributions is a natural outcome of dissipative collapse and disc growth in Milky Way-type galaxies
• Galaxy disks do not need to survive in the L-CDM paradigm: the galaxy merger rate out to z~1.5 from morpho-kinematic data
• A physical model for the [CII]-FIR deficit in luminous galaxies
• Radial gas motions in The HI Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS)
• A molecular line scan in the Hubble Deep Field North
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The nature of the faintest dusty star-forming galaxies
• Total Molecular Gas Masses of z~3 Lyman-Break Galaxies: CO(1-0) Emission in MS1512-cB58 and the Cosmic Eye
• Revealing the Stellar Mass and Dust Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at Redshift 2
• Can AGN feedback-driven star formation explain the size evolution of massive galaxies?
• The EGNoG Survey: Molecular Gas in Intermediate-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• Deep CO(1-0) Observations of z=1.62 Cluster Galaxies with Substantial Molecular Gas Reservoirs and Normal Star Formation Efficiencies
• Insights on the Formation, Evolution, and Activity of Massive Galaxies From Ultra-Compact and Disky Galaxies at z=2-3
• Cold molecular gas in massive disk galaxies at z=1.5
• Stellar Ages through the Corners of the Boxy Bulge
• The Effect of Star Formation on the Redshift Evolution of Interstellar Metals, Atomic and Molecular Gas in Galaxies
• Confirming Herschel candidate protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO observations
• A Magnified View of the Kinematics and Morphology of RCSGA 032727-132609: Zooming in on a Merger at z=1.7
• Wet Compaction to a Blue Nugget: a Critical Phase in Galaxy Evolution
• The Argo Simulation: II. The Early Build-up of the Hubble Sequence
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy
• Star formation laws and thresholds from ISM structure and turbulence
• Gas dynamics of a luminous $z$ = 6.13 quasar ULAS J1319$+$0950 revealed by ALMA high resolution observations
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• Quenching of star formation from a lack of inflowing gas to galaxies
• MASSIV: Mass Assembly Survey with SINFONI in VVDS. IV. Fundamental relations of star-forming galaxies at 1<z< 1.6
• ALMA observations of cold molecular gas in AGN hosts at z~1.5 - Evidence of AGN feedback?
• Star formation triggered by galaxy interactions in modified gravity
• The role of major mergers in shaping galaxies at 2<z<4 in the VUDS and VVDS surveys
• Deep observations of CO line emission from star-forming galaxies in a cluster candidate at z=1.5
• Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
• Galaxy Gas Fractions at High-Redshift: The Tension between Observations and Cosmological Simulations
• Kinematic Downsizing at z~2
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING) IV. Overview of the Project
• Sub-kiloparsec Imaging of Cool Molecular Gas in Two Strongly Lensed Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies
• Larson's scaling laws, and the gravitational instability of clumpy discs at high redshift
• A direct constraint on the gas content of a massive, passively evolving elliptical galaxy at z = 1.43
• Confirmation of Small Dynamical and Stellar Masses for Extreme Emission Line Galaxies at z~2
• The Molecular Gas Reservoirs of $z\sim 2$ Galaxies: A comparison of CO(1-0) and dust-based molecular gas masses
• ALMA measures rapidly depleted molecular gas reservoirs in massive quiescent galaxies at z~1.5
• Clusters of Small Clumps Can Explain The Peculiar Properties of Giant Clumps in High-Redshift Galaxies
• The WFC3 Galactic Bulge Treasury Program: Relative Ages of Bulge Stars of High and Low Metallicity
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• PAHs as tracers of the molecular gas in star-forming galaxies
• The X-factor in Galaxies: II. The molecular hydrogen -- star formation relation
• Inflow velocities of cold flows streaming into massive galaxies at high redshifts
• High Resolution Imaging of PHIBSS z~2 Main Sequence Galaxies in CO J=1-0
• AGN-Host Connection at 0.5 < z < 2.5: A rapid evolution of AGN fraction in red galaxies during the last 10 Gyr
• Evolution of the Fraction of Clumpy Galaxies at 0.2<z<1.0 in the COSMOS field
• Observational signatures of a warped disk associated with cold-flow accretion
• High resolution study of the cluster complexes in a lensed spiral at redshift ~1.5; constraints on the bulge formation and disk evolution
• Star Formation from DLA Gas in the Outskirts of Lyman Break Galaxies at z~3
• The structure of gravitationally unstable gas-rich disk galaxies
• 3D kinematics through the X-shaped Milky Way bulge
• Local Analogs for High-redshift Galaxies: Resembling the Physical Conditions of the Interstellar Medium in High-redshift Galaxies
• Formation of Metal-Poor Globular Clusters in Lyman alpha Emitting Galaxies in the Early Universe
• Low Gas Fractions Connect Compact Star-Forming Galaxies to their z ~ 2 Quiescent Descendants
• The molecular gas content and fuel efficiency of starbursts at z ~ 1.6 with ALMA
• Forming early-type galaxies without AGN feedback: a combination of merger-driven outflows and inefficient star formation
• Plateau de Bure High-z Blue-Sequence Survey 2 (PHIBSS2): Search for Secondary Sources, CO Luminosity Functions in the Field, and the Evolution of Molecular Gas Density through Cosmic Time
• Merger driven star-formation activity in Cl J1449+0856 at z=1.99 as seen by ALMA and JVLA
• The gas mass of star-forming galaxies at $z\approx 1.3$
• Rapid early coeval star formation and assembly of the most massive galaxies in the universe
• The inferred evolution of the cold gas properties of CANDELS galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3.0
• The merger-starburst connection across cosmic times
• Rejuvenated galaxies with very old bulges at the origin of the bending of the main sequence and of the "green valley"
• Structure Formation in Gas-Rich Galactic Discs with Finite Thickness: From Discs to Rings
• GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star-formation in $z$ = 2-3 massive galaxies
• Low star formation efficiency in typical galaxies at z=5-6
• Molecular gas properties of a lensed star-forming galaxy at z~3.6: a case study
• Globular Cluster Formation at High Density: A model for Elemental Enrichment with Fast Recycling of Massive-Star Debris
• Molecular gas in z~6 quasar host galaxies
• From cusps to cores: a stochastic model
• CO excitation, molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field in local and high-redshift galaxies
• Dust and gas content of high-redshift galaxies hosting obscured AGN in the CDF-S
• The specific star formation rate of high redshift galaxies: the case for two modes of star formation
• The Interstellar Medium of Quiescent Galaxies and its Evolution With Time
• Clumpy Disc and Bulge Formation
• Resolving CO (2-1) in z~1.6 Gas-Rich Cluster Galaxies with ALMA: Rotating Molecular Gas Disks with Possible Signatures of Gas Stripping
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: energy sources of the turbulent velocity dispersion in spatially-resolved local star-forming galaxies
• Nature of H-alpha selected galaxies at z>2. II. Clumpy galaxies and compact star-forming galaxies
• Molecular Gas in Submillimetre-Faint, Star-Forming Ultraluminous Galaxies at z>1
• The neutral gas content of post-merger galaxies
• Radiation-MagnetoHydrodynamics simulations of cosmic ray feedback in disc galaxies
• The Far-Infrared, UV and Molecular Gas Relation in Galaxies up to z=2.5
• A radio-to-mm census of star-forming galaxies in protocluster 4C23.56 at z=2.5 : Gas mass and its fraction revealed with ALMA
• Two gamma-ray bursts from dusty regions with little molecular gas
• The UV colours and dust attenuation of Lyman-break galaxies
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in a Compact, Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.522
• A diversity of starburst-triggering mechanisms in interacting galaxies and their signatures in CO emission
• Herschel-ATLAS and ALMA: HATLAS J142935.3-002836, a lensed major merger at redshift 1.027
• Cosmological Implications of a Stellar Initial Mass Function that Varies with the Jeans Mass in Galaxies
• Empirical predictions for (sub-)millimeter line and continuum deep fields
• The nature of the ISM in galaxies during the star-formation activity peak of the Universe
• The KMOS${}^{3D}$ Survey: rotating compact star forming galaxies and the decomposition of integrated line widths
• DYNAMO II: Coupled Stellar and Ionized Gas Kinematics in Two Low Redshift Clumpy Disks
• Morphology and enhanced star formation in a Cartwheel-like ring galaxy
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Starbursts in the main sequence reveal compact star formation regulating galaxy evolution prequenching
• Diffuse neutrinos from extragalactic supernova remnants: Dominating the 100 TeV IceCube flux
• Sub-millimetre compactness as a critical dimension to understand the Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies
• The Bright and Dark Sides of High-Redshift starburst galaxies from {\it Herschel} and {\it Subaru} observations
• Simple halo model formalism for the cosmic infrared background and its correlation with the thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect
• Young and turbulent: the early life of massive galaxy progenitors
• A SINFONI Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey for Galaxy Counterparts to Damped Lyman-alpha Systems - IV. Masses and Gas Flows
• SUPER IV. CO(J=3-2) properties of active galactic nucleus hosts at cosmic noon revealed by ALMA
• Spatially Resolved Stellar Populations of $0.3<z<6.0$ Galaxies in WHL0137-08 and MACS0647+70 Clusters as Revealed by JWST: How do Galaxies Grow and Quench Over Cosmic Time?
• HST grism spectroscopy of z~3 massive quiescent galaxies: Approaching the metamorphosis
• An indirect measurement of gas evolution in galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.0$
• VALES: I. The molecular gas content in star-forming dusty H-ATLAS galaxies up to z=0.35
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: COOL BUDHIES I - a pilot study of molecular and atomic gas at z~0.2
• Hidden Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei at 0<z<4 from the Herschel-VVDS-CFHTLS-D1 Field: Inferences on Coevolution and Feedback
• Probing the Interstellar Medium of z~1 Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies through Interferometric Observations of CO and Spitzer Mid-infrared Spectroscopy
• Large gas reservoirs and free-free emission in two lensed star-forming galaxies at z=2.7
• Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies in the AKARI All Sky Survey
• GRB 980425 host: [CII], [OI] and CO lines reveal recent enhancement of star formation due to atomic gas inflow
• High gas fraction in a CO-selected main-sequence galaxy at $z>3$
• Nature of H-alpha selected galaxies at z>2. I. Main sequence and dusty star-forming galaxies
• JADES + JEMS: A Detailed Look at the Buildup of Central Stellar Cores and Suppression of Star Formation in Galaxies at Redshifts 3 < z < 4.5
• The role of bars in AGN fueling in disk galaxies over the last seven billion years
• A model for the onset of self-gravitation and star formation in molecular gas governed by galactic forces: II. the bottleneck to collapse set by cloud-environment decoupling
• The Cosmic Evolution of the IMF Under the Jeans Conjecture with Implications for Bottom-Heavy Ellipticals
• Extreme submillimetre starburst galaxies
• Galaxy mergers up to z < 2.5 II: AGN incidence of merging galaxies at separations of 3-15 kpc
• Disk, merger, or outflow ? Molecular gas kinematics in two powerful obscured QSOs at z>3.4
• Galaxy Zoo: major galaxy mergers are not a significant quenching pathway
• Black Holes in Pseudobulges: demography and models
• Dissecting galactic bulges in space and time I: the importance of early formation scenarios vs. secular evolution
• Spiral Structure Boosts Star Formation in Disk Galaxies
• COMAP Early Science: V. Constraints and Forecasts at $z\sim 3$
• Lessons from cosmic history: The case for a linear star formation -- H2 relation
• A Physical Approach to the Identification of High-z Mergers: Morphological Classification in the Stellar Mass Domain
• Direct measurement of the [CI] luminosity to molecular gas mass conversion factor in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Loops formed by tidal tails as fossil records of a major merger
• A unified model for age-velocity dispersion relations in Local Group galaxies: Disentangling ISM turbulence and latent dynamical heating
• CO luminosity function from Herschel-selected galaxies and the contribution of AGN
• Evidence for Three Accreting Black Holes in a Galaxy at z~1.35: A Snapshot of Recently Formed Black Hole Seeds?
• ALMA pin-points a strong over-density of U/LIRGs in the massive cluster XCS J2215 at z=1.46
• The AGNIFS survey: distribution and excitation of the hot molecular and ionised gas in the inner kpc of nearby AGN hosts
• Merger induced clump formation in distant infrared luminous starburst galaxies
• The role of gas fraction and feedback in the stability and evolution of galactic discs: implications for cosmological galaxy formation models
• Detection of a Substantial Molecular Gas Reservoir in a brightest cluster galaxy at z = 1.7
• An ALMA survey of CO in submillimetre galaxies: companions, triggering, and the environment in blended sources
• Merger Signatures in the Dynamics of Star-forming Gas
• Galaxy mergers up to z<2.5 I : The star formation properties of merging galaxies at separations 3-15 kpc
• The Fate of Gas rich Satellites in Clusters
• Kpc-scale Properties of Emission-line Galaxies
• The cosmic abundance of cold gas in the local Universe
• Similar Scaling Relations for the Gas Content of Galaxies across Environments to z ~ 3.5
• The Evolutionary Pathways of Disk-, Bulge-, and Halo-dominated Galaxies
• On the cosmic evolution of the specific star formation rate
• KMOS LENsing Survey (KLENS) : morpho-kinematic analysis of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• ALMA constraints on star-forming gas in a prototypical z=1.5 clumpy galaxy: the dearth of CO(5-4) emission from UV-bright clumps
• Cosmic rays across the star-forming galaxy sequence. I: Cosmic ray pressures and calorimetry
• The kiloparsec-scale gas kinematics in two star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.47$ seen with ALMA and VLT-SINFONI
• COMAP Early Science: VII. Prospects for CO Intensity Mapping at Reionization
• Evolution of binary black holes in AGN accretion discs: Disc-binary interaction and gravitational wave emission
• Delayed star formation in high-redshift stream-fed galaxies
• Evidence for a gas-rich major merger in a proto-cluster at z=2.5
• Cross-calibration of CO- vs dust-based gas masses and assessment of the dynamical mass budget in Herschel-SDSS Stripe82 galaxies
• Clump Survival and Migration in VDI Galaxies: an Analytic Model versus Simulations and Observations
• CO Emission, Molecular Gas, and Metallicity in Main-Sequence Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2.3$
• Value Added Catalog of physical properties of more than 1.3 million galaxies from the DESI Survey
• A giant Ly$\alpha$ nebula in the core of an X-ray cluster at $z=1.99$: implications for early energy injection
• Tracing cool molecular gas and star formation on $\sim 100$pc scales within a $z=2.3$ galaxy
• The interstellar medium distribution, gas kinematics, and system dynamics of the far-infrared luminous quasar SDSS J2310+1855 at $z=6.0$
• The impact of the gas distribution on the determination of dynamical masses of galaxies using unresolved observations
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• VINTERGATAN IV: Cosmic phases of star formation in Milky Way-like galaxies
• The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey III: 1.1 mm Emission Line Identifications in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ1149.5+2223, Abell 370, and Abell S1063
• Resolved Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly Lensed z=2.26 Galaxy SDSS J0901+1814
• Distribution of streaming rates into high-redshift galaxies
• Large-scale turbulent driving regulates star formation in high-redshift gas-rich galaxies
• NIHAO III: The constant disc gas mass conspiracy
• Herschel observed Stripe 82 quasars and their host galaxies: connections between the AGN activity and the host galaxy star formation
• Suppression of Star Formation in the central 200 kpc of a z = 1.4 Galaxy Cluster [Erratum added]
• CO observations of high-z radio galaxies MRC 2104-242 and MRC 0943-242: spectral-line performance of the Compact Array Broadband Backend
• An Intensity Mapping Constraint on the CO-Galaxy Cross Power Spectrum at Redshift ~ 3
• PHIBSS: Exploring the Dependence of the CO-H${}_2$ Conversion Factor on Total Mass Surface Density at $z<1.5$
• A Model Connecting Galaxy Masses, Star Formation Rates, and Dust Temperatures Across Cosmic Time
• A CO-rich merger shaping a powerful and hyper-luminous infrared radio galaxy at z=2: the Dragonfly Galaxy
• The Average Optical Spectra of Intense Starbursts at z~2: Outflows and the Pressurization of the ISM
• Star formation and quenching among the most massive galaxies at z~1.7
• The deep look onto the hard X-ray sky: The Swift - INTEGRAL X-ray (SIX) survey
• The evolving AGN duty cycle in galaxies since z$\sim$3 as encoded in the X-ray luminosity function
• Molecular gas masses of gamma-ray burst host galaxies
• A decrease of the gas exchanges between galaxies and the IGM, from 12 to 6 billion years ago
• A Wide Area Survey for High-redshift Massive Galaxies. II. Near-infrared Spectroscopy of BzK-selected Massive Star-forming Galaxies
• Was the Milky Way Bulge Formed From The Buckling Disk Instability, Hierarchical Collapse, Accretion of Clumps, or All of the Above?
• The Global Star-Formation Law by Supernova Feedback
• A deep search for molecular gas in two massive Lyman break galaxies at z=3 and 4: vanishing CO-emission due to low metallicity?
• ALMA observations of a metal-rich damped Lyα absorber at z = 2.5832: evidence for strong galactic winds in a galaxy group
• A NOEMA molecular line scan of the Hubble Deep Field North: Improved constraints on the CO luminosity functions and cosmic density of molecular gas
• Star formation in galaxy interactions and mergers
• Cosmic rays across the star-forming galaxy sequence. II: Stability limits and the onset of cosmic ray-driven outflows
• Nearby Clumpy, Gas Rich, Star Forming Galaxies: Local Analogs of High Redshift Clumpy Galaxies
• Compact Star-Forming Galaxies as Old Starbursts Becoming Quiescent
• CO emission in optically obscured (type-2) quasars at redshifts z=0.1-0.4
• Deciphering an evolutionary sequence of merger stages in infrared-luminous starburst galaxies at z ~ 0.7
• Observational evidence that positive and negative AGN feedback depends on galaxy mass and jet power
• A Molecular gas rich GRB host galaxy at the peak of cosmic star formation
• The redshift and star formation mode of AzTEC2: a pair of massive galaxies at $z=4.63$
• Atomic Gas Dominates the Baryonic Mass of Star-forming Galaxies at $z\approx 1.3$
• Multiply lensed star forming clumps in the A521-sys1 galaxy at redshift 1
• Properties of the Interstellar Medium in Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.4 revealed with ALMA
• Predicting HCN, HCO+, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies From local spiral and ultraluminous infrared galaxies to high-z star-forming and submillimeter galaxies
• J0107a: A Barred Spiral Dusty Star-forming Galaxy at $z=2.467$
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Constraining the Gas Fraction of a Compact Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.883
• Blind millimeter line emitter search using ALMA data toward gravitational lensing clusters
• The ISM Properties and Gas Kinematics of a Redshift 3 Massive Dusty Star-forming Galaxy
• Evidence for Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Kinematics of Early-type Galaxies
• Unveiling the nature of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies at the peak of cosmic star formation history
• An Introduction to Gas Accretion onto Galaxies
• ZFIRE: The Kinematics of Star-Forming Galaxies as a Function of Environment at z~2
• Cosmic Reionization On Computers: Numerical and Physical Convergence
• Redshift evolution of stellar mass versus gas fraction relation in 0<z<2 regime: observational constraint for galaxy formation models
• The cold circumgalactic environment of MAMMOTH-I: dynamically cold gas in the core of an Enormous Ly-alpha Nebula
• Probing AGN triggering mechanisms through the starburstiness of the host galaxies
• A gas-rich AGN near the centre of a galaxy cluster at z ~ 1.4
• The EGNoG Survey: Gas Excitation in Normal Galaxies at z~0.3
• No More Active Galactic Nuclei in Clumpy Disks Than in Smooth Galaxies at z~2 in CANDELS / 3D-HST
• Gas Content and Kinematics in Clumpy, Turbulent Star-forming Disks
• High Molecular Gas Masses in Absorption-selected Galaxies at $z\approx 2$
• Large-eddy simulations of isolated disc galaxies with thermal and turbulent feedback
• Molecular and atomic line surveys of galaxies II: unbiased estimates of their star formation mode
• Deviations from the Schmidt-Kennicutt relations during early galaxy evolution
• ALMA view of RX J1131-1231: Sub-kpc CO (2-1) mapping of a molecular disk in a lensed star-forming quasar host galaxy
• Coevolution of metallicity and star formation in galaxies to z=3.7: II. A theoretical model
• Unveiling the mask on the ULIRG-to-QSO transition object [H89]1821+643 at z=0.3: a gas-poor/gas-rich galaxy merger and the implications for CO-based dynamical mass estimates
• Three regimes of CO emission in galaxy mergers
• Estimating sizes of faint, distant galaxies in the submillimetre regime
• Molecular gas in type 2 quasars at z~0.2-0.3
• Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Local Universe
• ALMA reveals the molecular gas properties of 5 star-forming galaxies across the main sequence at 3 < z < 3.5
• ZFIRE: 3D Modeling of Rotation, Dispersion, and Angular Momentum of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• C+/H2 Gas in Star-Forming Clouds and Galaxies
• Nebular and global properties of the gravitationally lensed galaxy "the 8 o'clock arc"
• Galaxy stellar mass assembly: the difficulty matching observations and semi-analytical predictions
• Molecular Gas Content of HI Monsters and Implications to Cold Gas Content Evolution in Galaxies
• Active Disk Building in a local HI-Massive LIRG: The Synergy between Gas, Dust, and Star Formation
• Neutral carbon and highly excited CO in a massive star-forming main sequence galaxy at z=2.2
• Rise of the Titans: Gas Excitation and Feedback in a Binary Hyper-Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy at z~6
• Molecular and atomic line surveys of galaxies I: the dense, star-forming phase as a beacon
• The buildup of galaxies and their spheroids: the contributions of mergers, disc instabilities and star formation
• Suppressed CO emission and high G/D ratios in z=2 galaxies with sub-solar gas-phase metallicity
• Concurrent starbursts in molecular gas disks within a pair of colliding galaxies at z = 1.52
• The preferentially magnified active nucleus in IRAS F10214+4724 - II. Spatially resolved cold molecular gas
• Structure and stability of high-redshift galaxies in cosmological simulations
• Angular momentum of $z\sim 1.5$ galaxies and their local analogues with adaptive optics
• Evolution of the Milky Way in Semi-Analytic Models: Detecting Cold Gas at z=3 with ALMA and SKA
• Schmidt-Kennicutt relations in SPH simulations of disc galaxies with effective thermal feedback from supernovae
• Hierarchical fragmentation in high redshift galaxies revealed by hydrodynamical simulations
• Observations of neutral carbon in 29 high-z lensed dusty star forming galaxies and the comparison of gas mass tracers
• The Spatial Extent and Distribution of Star Formation in 3D-HST Mergers at z~1.5
• The small and the beautiful: How the star formation law affects galactic disk structure
• Measuring space-time variation of the fundamental constants with redshifted submillimetre transitions of neutral carbon
• Gas and dust in a z=2.8 obscured quasar
• Evolution of the Gas Mass Fraction of Progenitors to Today's Massive Galaxies: ALMA Observations in the CANDELS GOODS-S Field
• Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Exploring the Effect of AGN Activity on the Relationships Between Molecular Gas, Dust, and Star Formation
• Bulge formation inside quiescent lopsided stellar disks: connecting accretion, star formation and morphological transformation in a z ~ 3 galaxy group
• The gas inflow and outflow rate in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$
• Formation and evolution of molecular hydrogen in disk galaxies with different masses and Hubble types
• SImulator of GAlaxy Millimetre/submillimetre Emission (SIGAME): CO emission from massive z=2 main-sequence galaxies
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VIII. Dense-gas reservoirs in the most active dusty starbursts at z~3
• ALMA and MUSE observations reveal a quiescent multi-phase circumgalactic medium around the z~3.6 radio galaxy 4C 19.71
• Investigating the Relation between CO (3-2) and Far Infrared Luminosities for Nearby Merging Galaxies Using ASTE
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: multiple stellar populations and internal kinematics
• SMBH accretion properties of radio-selected AGN out to z~4
• Initial Results from the Nobeyama Molecular Gas Observations of Distant Bright Galaxies
• Environmental Effect on the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies across the Cosmic Web at z=0.73
• Molecular gas in AzTEC/C159: a star-forming disk galaxy 1.3Gyr after the Big Bang
• Lurking systematics in predicting galaxy cold gas masses using dust luminosities and star formation rates
• New empirical constraints on the cosmological evolution of gas and stars in galaxies
• Dynamics and Metallicity of Far-IR Selected Galaxies
• High resolution spectral imaging of CO(7-6), [CI](2-1) and continuum of three high-z lensed dusty star-forming galaxies using ALMA
• Measuring the average molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies at $z=3-4$
• The preferentially magnified active nucleus in IRAS F10214+4724 - III. VLBI observations of the radio core
• Biases and Cosmic Variance in Molecular Gas Abundance Measurements
• A search for HI and OH absorption in z > 3 CO emitters
• The Ratio of CO to Total Gas Mass in High Redshift Galaxies
• A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48
• Molecular gas properties of Planck-selected protocluster candidates at z~1.3-3
• Combining Physical galaxy models with radio observations to constrain the SFRs of high-z dusty star forming galaxies
• Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Sub-mm Galaxies at z~2
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): Evolution of the ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{SFR}}$-M${}_{\star }$ relation and implications for self-regulated star formation
• MMTF Discovery of Giant Ionization Cones in MR 2251-178: Implications for Quasar Radiative Feedback
• ISM conditions in z~0.2 Lyman-Break Analogs
• Simulations of globular clusters within their parent galaxies: Metallicity spreads and anomalous precursor populations
• Radiation pressure in galactic disks: stability, turbulence, and winds in the single-scattering limit
• Imaging Spectroscopy of Ionized Gaseous Nebulae around Optically Faint AGN at Redshift z ~ 2
• Giant Star Forming Complexes in High-z Main Sequence Galaxy Analogues: The Internal Structure of Clumps in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Molecular gas properties of UV-luminous star-forming galaxies at low redshift
• VALES VII: Molecular and ionized gas properties in pressure balanced interstellar medium of starburst galaxies at z ~ 0.15
• De-Confusing blended field images using graphs and bayesian priors
• Clumps as multiscale structures in cosmic noon galaxies
• Not-so-little Red Dots: Two massive and dusty starbursts at z~5-7 pushing the limits of star formation discovered by JWST in the COSMOS-Web survey
• SMM J04135+10277: A Candidate Early-Stage "Wet-Dry" Merger of Two Massive Galaxies at z=2.8
• Finite Resolution Deconvolution of Multi-Wavelength Imaging of 20,000 Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: The Evolution of Clumpy Galaxies Over Cosmic Time
• Explaining the enhanced star formation rate of Jellyfish galaxies in galaxy clusters
• The nature of H{\sc i}-absorption-selected galaxies at $z\approx 4$
• A titanic interstellar medium ejection from a massive starburst galaxy at redshift 1.4
• The Mass-Radius Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 1.5-3.0
• The stellar, molecular gas and dust content of the host galaxies of two z~2.8 dust obscured quasars
• The `Cosmic Seagull': a highly magnified disk-like galaxy at z~2.8 behind the Bullet Cluster
• Observational limits on the gas mass of a z=4.9 galaxy
• ALMA CO Observations of the Host Galaxies of Long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts. I: Molecular Gas Scaling Relations
• The CGM-GRB Study. I. Uncovering The CircumGalactic Medium around GRB hosts at redshifts 2-6
• Emergence of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation from the Small-Scale SFR-Density Relation
• A Radio-to-millimeter Census of Star-forming Galaxies in Protocluster 4C~23.56 at z = 2.5 : Global and local gas kinematics
• Molecular Gas Kinematics and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly-Lensed Quasar Host Galaxy RXS J1131-1231
• Conditions for Clump Survival in High-z Disc Galaxies
• Large-scale turbulent driving regulates star formation in high-redshift gas-rich galaxies II: Influence of the magnetic field and the turbulent compressive fraction
• The two regimes of the cosmic sSFR evolution are due to spheroids and discs
• Angular momentum evolution of stellar disks at high redshifts
• Molecular gas in distant brightest cluster galaxies
• Spinning Bar and a Star-formation Inefficient Repertoire: Turbulence in Hickson Compact Group NGC7674
• The possible hierarchical scales of observed clumps in high-redshift disc galaxies
• The Strong Gravitationally Lensed Herschel Galaxy HLock01: Optical Spectroscopy Reveals a Close Galaxy Merger with Evidence of Inflowing Gas
• Stellar feedback in a clumpy galaxy at $z\sim$ 3.4
• Evolution of Dust-Obscured Star Formation and Gas to z=2.2 from HiZELS
• ALMACAL VIII: A pilot survey for untargeted extragalactic CO emission lines in deep ALMA calibration data
• G.A.S. I: A prescription for turbulence-regulated star formation and its impact on galaxy properties
• A deep search for CO J=2-1 emission from a Lyman-Alpha blob at z~6.595
• A search for dust and molecular gas in enormous Ly$\alpha$ nebulae at $z\approx 2$
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• The Opacity of Galactic Disks at z~0.7
• Outflow and metallicity in the broad-line region of low-redshift active galactic nuclei
• Molecular gas and dust in the highly magnified z = 2.8 galaxy behind the Bullet Cluster
• The Subtle Effects of Mergers on Star Formation in Nearby Galaxies
• The tight correlation of PAH and CO emission from z~0-4
• The SUPERCOLD-CGM survey: \\ I. Probing the extended CO(4-3) Emission of the Circumglactic medium in a sample of 10 Enormous Ly$\alpha$ Nebulae at $z\sim 2$
• SEEDisCS I. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: the case of CL1411.1$-$1148 at $z\sim 0.5$
• Starbursts and High-Redshift Galaxies are Radioactive: High Abundances of ${}^{26}$Al and Other Short Lived Radionuclides
• What triggers star formation in galaxies?
• The Arizona Molecular ISM Survey with the SMT: Survey Overview and Public Data Release
• Relativistic supernova 2009bb exploded close to an atomic gas cloud
• CO Multi-line Imaging of Nearby Galaxies (COMING). X. Physical conditions of molecular gas and the local SFR-Mass relation
• COLDz: Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array discovery of a gas-rich galaxy in COSMOS
• The Arizona Molecular ISM Survey with the SMT: Variations in the CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) Line Ratio Across the Galaxy Population
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VII. A NOEMA pilot program to probe molecular gas in galaxies with measured circumgalactic gas flows
• Effect of finite disk-thickness on swing amplification of non-axisymmetric perturbations in a sheared galactic disk
• Chemical and photometric evolution models for disk, irregular and low mass galaxies
• Stellar angular momentum distribution linked to galaxy morphology
• High dense gas fraction in a gas-rich star-forming galaxy at z = 1.2
• HSC-CLAUDS survey: The star formation rate functions since z ~ 2 and comparison with hydrodynamical simulations
• Measuring the physical imprints of gas flows in galaxies I: Accretion rate histories
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• CO survey of high-z radio galaxies, revisited with ALMA: Jet-cloud Alignments and Synchrotron Brightening by Molecular Gas in the Circumgalactic Environment
• On the Kennicutt-Schmidt scaling law of submillimetre galaxies
• Observations of [OI]63micron line emission in main-sequence galaxies at z~1.5
• The Space Density of Intermediate Redshift, Extremely Compact, Massive Starburst Galaxies
• A stochastic model to reproduce the star-formation history of individual galaxies in hydrodynamic simulations
• Local starburst conditions and formation of GRB 980425 / SN 1998bw within a collisional ring
• SEEDisCS II. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: low gas fraction galaxies, the case of CL1301.7$-$1139
• The Star Formation Laws of Eddington-Limited Star-Forming Disks
• The physical properties of S0 galaxy PGC 26218: the origin of starburst and star formation
• On the Functional Form of the Universal Star Formation Law
• Tidal Dwarf Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts
• Star Formation during Galaxy Formation
• Limited impact of jet induced feedback in the multi-phase nuclear interstellar medium of 4C12.50
• Effects of dust grain size distribution on the abundances of CO and H${}_2$ in galaxy evolution
• Forming disc galaxies in major mergers II. The central mass concentration problem and a comparison of GADGET3 with GIZMO
• Can galaxy growth be sustained through HI-rich minor mergers?
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation - IX. Economics of reionizing galaxies
• Variations of the ISM Compactness Across the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies: Observations and Simulations
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in the Vicinity of a Red Nugget Galaxy at $z=1.91$
• Ground-state 12CO emission and a resolved jet at 115 GHz (rest-frame) in the radio loud quasar 3C318
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Molecular gas in a gravitationally lensed galaxy group at $z=2.9$
• Constraint on the Gas-to-Dust Ratio in Massive Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.4
• Gas-to-dust ratio in massive star-forming galaxies at z~1.4
• Photoelectric heating effects on the evolution of luminous disk galaxies
• Star formation in galaxy mergers: ISM turbulence, dense gas excess, and scaling relations for disks and starbusts
• Galaxy Manifold: Characterizing and understanding galaxies with two parameters
• The unusual ISM in Blue and Dusty Gas Rich Galaxies (BADGRS)
• The ISM scaling relations using inner HI and an application of estimating dust mass
• COMAP Pathfinder -- Season 2 results III. Implications for cosmic molecular gas content at "Cosmic Half-past Eleven"
• The inflow and outflow rate evolution of local Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies since z=1.3
• ALMA Host galaxy observation of the off-axis Gamma-Ray Burst XRF020903
• Dust Properties of Clumpy Disc Galaxies at z~1.3 with Herschel-SPIRE
• Central star formation in double-peak gas rich radio galaxies
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• Galaxy formation hydrodynamics: From cosmic flows to star-forming clouds
• ALMA detects molecular gas in the halo of the powerful radio galaxy TXS 0828+193
• Deep Observations of CO and Free-Free Emission in Ultraluminous Infrared QSO IRAS F07599+6508
• Internal structure of molecular gas in a main sequence galaxy with a UV clump at z = 1.45
• Galactic Traversability: A New Concept for Extragalactic SETI
• Impact of radiation feedback on the assembly of star clusters in galactic context
• Detection of CO(J=1-0) Emission from Barred Spiral Galaxies at z~0.1
• Infrared Galaxies in the Field of the Massive Cluster Abell S1063: Discovery of a Luminous Kiloparsec-Sized HII Region in a Gravitationally Lensed IR-Luminous Galaxy at $z=0.6$
• Simultaneously Modelling Dusty Star Forming Galaxies and Massive Quiescents: A Calibration Framework for Galaxy Formation Models
• ATCA detections of massive molecular gas reservoirs in dusty, high-z radio galaxies
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• The Evolution of Gas and Star Formation from z=3 to z=0
• Are all post-starbursts mergers? HST reveals hidden disturbances in the majority of PSBs
• The Connection between Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies and the First Massive Quenched Galaxies
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Molecular gas content of gravitational-lensed quasars at cosmic noon
• Cross-correlations between mm-wave line-intensity mapping and weak lensing surveys: preliminary consideration of long-term prospects
• The Formation of Large Galactic Disks: Revival or Survival?
• Nature and physical properties of ALMA selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy
• Radio studies of galaxy formation: Dense Gas History of the Universe
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• Physical Characterization of Serendipitously Uncovered Millimeter-wave Line-emitting Galaxies at z~2.5 behind the Local Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV114
• Star Formation Efficiency at Intermediate Redshift
• The interstellar medium content of galaxies in the ALMA era