Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation

Abstract

We aim to measure the average dust and molecular gas content of massive star-forming galaxies ($>3\times 10^{10}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$) up to z=4 in the COSMOS field to determine if the intense star formation observed at high redshift is induced by major mergers or caused by large gas reservoirs. Firstly, we measured the evolution of the average spectral energy distributions as a function of redshift using a stacking analysis of Spitzer, Herschel, LABOCA, and AzTEC data for two samples of galaxies: normal star-forming objects and strong starbursts, as defined by their distance to the main sequence. We found that the mean intensity of the radiation field $<U>$ heating the dust (strongly correlated with dust temperature) increases with increasing redshift up to z$\sim$4 in main-sequence galaxies. We can reproduce this evolution with simple models that account for the decrease of the gas metallicity with redshift. No evolution of $<U>$ with redshift is found in strong starbursts. We then deduced the evolution of the molecular gas fraction (defined here as ${\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{mol}}/({\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{mol}}+{\mathrm{M}}_{\star })$) with redshift and found a similar, steeply increasing trend for both samples. At z$\sim$4, this fraction reaches $\sim$60%. The average position of the main-sequence galaxies is on the locus of the local, normal star-forming disks in the integrated Schmidt-Kennicutt diagram (star formation rate versus mass of molecular gas), suggesting that the bulk of the star formation up to z=4 is dominated by secular processes.

arXiv comment17 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables, accepted by A&A

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• CONCERTO at APEX -- On-sky performance in continuum
• Feedback Factory: Multiple faint radio-jets detected in a cluster at z=2
• IllustrisTNG and S2COSMOS: possible conflicts in the evolution of neutral gas and dust
• "Dust Giant": Extended and Clumpy Star-Formation in a Massive Dusty Galaxy at $z=1.38$
• Unveiling dust, molecular gas, and high star formation efficiency in extremely UV bright star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2.1-3.6$
• Deep kiloparsec view of the molecular gas in a massive star-forming galaxy at cosmic noon
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The infrared-radio correlation and AGN fraction of star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 4.4-5.9
• Constraining the Star Formation Rate using Joint CIB Continuum and [CII] Intensity Mapping
• Characterizing elusive, faint dusty star-forming galaxies: a lensed, optically undetected ALMA galaxy at z~3.3
• Measuring the gas reservoirs in $10^8<$ M${}_{\star }<10^{11}$ M${}_{\odot }$ galaxies at $1\le z\le 3$
• Simulating infrared spectro-photometric surveys with a SPRITZ
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Dust mass measurements as a function of redshift, stellar-mass and star formation rate, from z=1 to z=5
• Identifying and Characterizing the Most Heavily Dust-Obscured Galaxies at $1\le z\le 4$
• Challenges of standard halo models in constraining galaxy properties from CIB anisotropies
• Searching for high-z DSFGs with NIKA2 and NOEMA
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): A Census of Star Formation and Cold Gas Properties in Massive protoclusters at 1.5<z<4
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• The NIKA2 cosmological legacy survey at 2 mm: catalogs, colors, redshift distributions, and implications for deep surveys