Sub-millimeter galaxies as progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies

Abstract

Three billion years after the big bang (at redshift z=2), half of the most massive galaxies were already old, quiescent systems with little to no residual star formation and extremely compact with stellar mass densities at least an order of magnitude larger than in low redshift ellipticals, their descendants. Little is known about how they formed, but their evolved, dense stellar populations suggest formation within intense, compact starbursts 1-2 Gyr earlier (at 3<z<6). Simulations show that gas-rich major mergers can give rise to such starbursts which produce dense remnants. Sub-millimeter selected galaxies (SMGs) are prime examples of intense, gas-rich, starbursts. With a new, representative spectroscopic sample of compact quiescent galaxies at z=2 and a statistically well-understood sample of SMGs, we show that z=3-6 SMGs are consistent with being the progenitors of z=2 quiescent galaxies, matching their formation redshifts and their distributions of sizes, stellar masses and internal velocities. Assuming an evolutionary connection, their space densities also match if the mean duty cycle of SMG starbursts is 42 (+40/-29) Myr (consistent with independent estimates), which indicates that the bulk of stars in these massive galaxies were formed in a major, early surge of star-formation. These results suggests a coherent picture of the formation history of the most massive galaxies in the universe, from their initial burst of violent star-formation through their appearance as high stellar-density galaxy cores and to their ultimate fate as giant ellipticals.

arXiv commentApJ (in press)

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• Bulge formation inside quiescent lopsided stellar disks: connecting accretion, star formation and morphological transformation in a z ~ 3 galaxy group
• NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey: Survey Description and Galaxy Number Counts
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$): Ubiquitous dusty star-forming galaxies associated with enormous Ly$\alpha$ nebulae on megaparsec scales
• Extremely Red Submillimeter Galaxies: New z>~4-6 Candidates Discovered using ALMA and Jansky VLA
• Illuminating the Dark Side of Cosmic Star Formation III: Building the largest homogeneous sample of Radio-Selected Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies in COSMOS with PhoEBO
• Herschel and Hubble study of a lensed massive dusty starbursting galaxy at $z\sim 3$
• Chemical evolution of local post-starburst galaxies: Implications for the mass-metallicity relation
• Molecular gas in AzTEC/C159: a star-forming disk galaxy 1.3Gyr after the Big Bang
• First [NII]122$\mu$m line detection in a QSO-SMG pair BRI 1202-0725 at $z=4.69$
• Spitzer catalog of Herschel-selected ultrared dusty, star-forming galaxies
• The large molecular gas fraction of post-starburst galaxies at z > 1
• The Circumgalactic Medium of Submillimeter Galaxies. I. First Results from a Radio-Identified Sample
• Modelling high-resolution ALMA observations of strongly lensed dustystar forming galaxies detected by Herschel
• Herschel-ATLAS Data Release III: Near-infrared counterparts in the South Galactic Pole field -- Another 100,000 submillimetre galaxies
• Multi-Phase ISM in the z = 5.7 Hyperluminous Starburst SPT0346-52
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• Physical properties of compact star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 2-3$
• Implications of a Temperature Dependent IMF III: Mass Growth and Quiescence
• A SCUBA-2 survey of FeLoBAL QSOs: Are FeLoBALs in a `transition phase' between ULIRGs and QSOs?
• Detection of nitrogen and oxygen in a galaxy at the end of reionization
• Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
• The fate of a red nugget: In-situ star formation of satellites around a massive compact galaxy
• NOEMA confirmation of an optically dark ALMA-AzTEC submillimetre galaxy at $z=5.24$. A late-stage starburst prior to quenching
• A Systematic Search for Lensed High-Redshift Galaxies in HST Images of MACS Clusters
• SCUBA-2 Ultra Deep Imaging EAO Survey (STUDIES) II: Structural Properties and Near-Infrared Morphologies of Faint Submillimeter Galaxies
• Three Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 1.5$: Mergers and Disks on the Main Sequence
• Globular Cluster Systems of Massive Compact Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe: Evidence for Relic Red Nuggets?
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: a 1.1 mm AzTEC Survey of Red-$Herschel$ dusty star-forming galaxies
• The slippery slope of dust attenuation curves: Correlation of dust attenuation laws with star-to-dust compactness up to z = 4
• JADES Ultra-red Flattened Objects: Morphologies and Spatial Gradients in Color and Stellar Populations
• The Ly$\alpha$, CIV, and HeII nebulae around J1000+0234: a galaxy pair at the center of a galaxy overdensity at $z=4.5$
• Color dependence of clustering of massive galaxies at 0.5$\le z\le$2.5: similar spatial distributions between green valley galaxies and AGNs
• Environments of a sample of AzTEC submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field
• [NII] fine-structure emission at 122 and 205um in a galaxy at z=2.6: a globally dense star-forming interstellar medium
• NOEMA Redshift Measurements of Extremely Bright Submillimeter Galaxies Near the GOODS-N
• The Fundamental Plane of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• Low-frequency radio spectra of submillimetre galaxies in the Lockman Hole
• SCUBA-2 overdensities associated with candidate protoclusters selected from Planck data
• Seeking the Epoch of Maximum Luminosity for Dusty Quasars
• A Large Molecular Gas Reservoir in the Protocluster SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Massive molecular gas reservoir in a luminous sub-millimeter galaxy during cosmic noon
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09
• Modeling submillimeter galaxies in cosmological simulations: Contribution to the cosmic star formation density and predictions for future surveys
• Strength in Numbers: Red Galaxies Bolster the Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at z > 3
• Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies
• JWST reveals extended stellar disks for ALMA-bright dusty star-forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster
• Simultaneously Modelling Dusty Star Forming Galaxies and Massive Quiescents: A Calibration Framework for Galaxy Formation Models
• The molecular-gas properties in the gravitationally lensed merger HATLAS J142935.3-002836
• Dynamics of merging: Post-merger mixing and relaxation of an Illustris galaxy
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Dusty Quasars at High Redshifts
• The Connection between Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies and the First Massive Quenched Galaxies
• Compact star forming galaxies as the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies: clustering result
• Extended H$\alpha$ over compact far-infrared continuum in dusty submillimeter galaxies -- Insights into dust distributions and star-formation rates at $z\sim 2$
• Theoretical clues about dust accumulation and galaxy obscuration at high and low redshift