Candidate high-z proto-clusters among the Planck compact sources, as revealed by Herschel-SPIRE

Abstract

By determining the nature of all the Planck compact sources within 808.4 deg^2 of large Herschel surveys, we have identified 27 candidate proto-clusters of dusty star forming galaxies (DSFGs) that are at least 3σ overdense in either 250, 350 or 500 $\mu$mm sources. We find roughly half of all the Planck compact sources are resolved by Herschel into multiple discrete objects, with the other half remaining unresolved by Herschel. We find a significant difference between versions of the Planck catalogues, with earlier releases hosting a larger fraction of candidate proto-clusters and Galactic Cirrus than later releases, which we ascribe to a difference in the filters used in the creation of the three catalogues. We find a surface density of DSFG candidate proto-clusters of (3.3 $\pm$ 0.7) x 10^(-2) sources deg^(-2), in good agreement with previous similar studies. We find that a Planck colour selection of S_{857}/S_{545} < 2 works well to select candidate proto-clusters, but can miss proto-clusters at z < 2. The Herschel colours of individual candidate proto-cluster members indicate our candidate proto-clusters all likely all lie at z > 1. Our candidate proto-clusters are a factor of 5 times brighter at 353 GHz than expected from simulations, even in the most conservative estimates. Further observations are needed to confirm whether these candidate proto-clusters are physical clusters, multiple proto-clusters along the line of sight, or chance alignments of unassociated sources.

arXiv commentResubmitted to MNRAS after request for minor revision

References in corpus (93)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• The SIMBAD astronomical database
• The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): survey diagnostics and core data release
• A Physical Model for the Co-evolution of QSOs and of their Spheroidal Hosts
• Formation of Galaxy Clusters
• Submillimeter Galaxies
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey: HerMES
• Submillimeter Galaxies at z~2: Evidence for Major Mergers & Constraints on Lifetimes, IMF and CO-H2 Conversion Factor
• The Herschel ATLAS
• Planck Early Results: The Planck mission
• IRIS: A new generation of IRAS maps
• Two bright submillimeter galaxies in a z=4.05 proto-cluster in GOODS-North, and accurate radio-infrared photometric redshifts
• Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters
• An ALMA Survey of Submillimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Redshift Distribution and Evolution of Submillimeter Galaxies
• Planck 2015 results. XXVII. The Second Planck Catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich Sources
• Sub-millimeter galaxies as progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• A GMBCG Galaxy Cluster Catalog of 55,424 Rich Clusters from SDSS DR7
• HerMES: The SPIRE confusion limit
• The Intense Starburst HDF850.1 in a Galaxy Overdensity at z=5.2 in the Hubble Deep Field
• Planck Early Results. VII. The Early Release Compact Source Catalog
• Clusters of Galaxies in the First Half of the Universe from the IRAC Shallow Survey
• Discovery of a galaxy cluster with a violently starbursting core at z=2.506
• Cosmic evolution of submillimeter galaxies and their contribution to stellar mass assembly
• HerMES: SPIRE galaxy number counts at 250, 350 and 500 microns
• Gravitational Lens Models Based on Submillimeter Array Imaging of Herschel-selected Strongly Lensed Sub-millimeter Galaxies at z>1.5
• Planck 2013 results. XXVIII. The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources
• The Herschel-ATLAS Data Release 1 Paper I: Maps, Catalogues and Number Counts
• Spitzer Power-law AGN Candidates in the Chandra Deep Field-North
• The LABOCA Survey of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Clustering of submillimetre galaxies
• Evolution of Galaxies and their Environments at z = 0.1 to 3 in COSMOS
• Effects of Local Environment and Stellar Mass on Galaxy Quenching out to z~3
• Herschel-ATLAS: a binary HyLIRG pinpointing a cluster of starbursting proto-ellipticals
• Herschel-ATLAS Galaxy Counts and High Redshift Luminosity Functions: The Formation of Massive Early Type Galaxies
• A massive, distant proto-cluster at z=2.47 caught in a phase of rapid formation?
• An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxy
• The Herschel-ATLAS: a sample of 500μm-selected lensed galaxies over 600 square degrees
• Planck 2015 results. XXVI. The Second Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources
• A hybrid model for the evolution of galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei in the infrared
• The Herschel Stripe 82 Survey (HerS): Maps and Early Catalog
• The Ubiquity of Coeval Starbursts in Massive Galaxy Cluster Progenitors
• The star-formation rate density from z = 0-6
• Do submillimeter galaxies really trace the most massive dark matter halos? Discovery of a high-z cluster in a highly active phase of evolution
• The space density of luminous dusty star-forming galaxies at $z>4$: SCUBA-2 and LABOCA imaging of ultrared galaxies from $Herschel$-ATLAS
• Herschel images of Fomalhaut. An extrasolar Kuiper Belt at the height of its dynamical activity
• The Herschel-ATLAS: Extragalactic Number Counts from 250 to 500 Microns
• HerMES: Candidate High-Redshift Galaxies Discovered with Herschel/SPIRE
• Planck's Dusty GEMS: Gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies discovered with the Planck survey
• A Comprehensive View of a Strongly Lensed Planck-Associated Submillimeter Galaxy
• Molecular Gas in the Halo Fuels the Growth of a Massive Cluster Galaxy at High Redshift
• Planck 2015 results. XXVIII. The Planck Catalogue of Galactic Cold Clumps
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The clustering of submillimetre galaxies in the UKIDSS UDS field
• Large turbulent reservoirs of cold molecular gas around high-redshift starburst galaxies
• HerMES: Clusters of Dusty Galaxies Uncovered by Herschel and Planck
• Simulated observations of sub-millimetre galaxies: the impact of single-dish resolution and field variance
• Spatially unassociated galaxies contribute significantly to the blended submillimetre galaxy population: predictions for follow-up observations of ALMA sources
• The implications of the surprising existence of a large, massive CO disk in a distant protocluster
• HerMES: A search for high-redshift dusty galaxies in the HerMES Large Mode Survey - Catalogue, number counts and early results
• KECK/MOSFIRE spectroscopic confirmation of a Virgo-like cluster ancestor at z=2.095
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Observations of Extremely Luminous High-z Sources Identified by Planck
• Comparison of filters for the detection of point sources in Planck simulations
• Accurate Spectral energy distributions and selection effects for high-redshift dusty galaxies: a new hot population to discover with the Spitzer Space Telescope?
• HerMES: Point source catalogues from Herschel-SPIRE observations II
• The bias of the submillimetre galaxy population: SMGs are poor tracers of the most massive structures in the z ~ 2 Universe
• H-ATLAS: estimating redshifts of Herschel sources from sub-mm fluxes
• Large scale structure around a z=2.1 cluster
• HerMES: SPIRE Science Demonstration Phase Maps
• High dense gas fraction in intensely star-forming dusty galaxies at high redshift
• Herschel protocluster survey: A search for dusty star-forming galaxies in protoclusters at z=2-3
• Testing Cosmology with Extreme Galaxy Clusters
• The early phases of galaxy clusters formation in IR: coupling hydrodynamical simulations with GRASIL3D
• Herschel's view into Mira's head
• Planck intermediate results. XXVII. High-redshift infrared galaxy overdensity candidates and lensed sources discovered by Planck and confirmed by Herschel-SPIRE
• The Red Radio Ring: a gravitationally lensed hyperluminous infrared radio galaxy at z=2.553 discovered through citizen science
• Effect of clustering on extragalactic source counts with low-resolution instruments
• Comparison of absolute gain photometric calibration between Planck/HFI and Herschel/SPIRE at 545 and 857 GHz
• H-ATLAS: A Candidate High Redshift Cluster/Protocluster of Star-Forming Galaxies
• Multi-wavelength characterisation of z~2 clustered, dusty star forming galaxies discovered by Planck
• ALMACAL II: Extreme star-formation-rate densities in a pair of dusty starbursts at $z=3.442$ revealed by ALMA 20-milliarcsec resolution imaging
• A detailed view of the gas shell around R Sculptoris with ALMA
• Herschel-ATLAS: Planck sources in the Phase 1 fields
• Far-infrared spectroscopy of a lensed starburst: a blind redshift from Herschel
• Planck intermediate results. XXXIX. The Planck list of high-redshift source candidates
• UV-bright nearby early type galaxies observed in the mid-infrared: evidence for a multi-stage formation history by way of WISE and GALEX imaging
• SCUBA-2 follow-up of Herschel-SPIRE observed Planck overdensities
• Serendipitous detection of an overdensity of Herschel-SPIRE 250 micron sources south of MRC1138-26
• Extinction and nebular line properties of a Herschel-selected lensed dusty starburst AT z=1.027
• A submillimetre-bright z~3 overdensity behind a z~1 supercluster revealed by SCUBA-2 and Herschel
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XV. Planck submillimetre sources in the Virgo Cluster

Cited by in corpus (30)

• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey II. Characterizing massive forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.2
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: The reversal of the star-formation rate $-$ density relation at $2<z<5$
• Confirming Herschel candidate protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO observations
• Comprehensive Gas Characterization of a $z=2.5$ Protocluster: A Cluster Core Caught in the Beginning of Virialization?
• Identification of High-Redshift Galaxy Overdensities in GOODS-N and GOODS-S
• A Planck-selected dusty proto-cluster at z=2.16 associated with a strong over-density of massive H$\alpha$ emitting galaxies
• Spitzer Planck Herschel Infrared Cluster (SPHerIC) survey: Candidate galaxy clusters at 1.3 < z < 3 selected by high star-formation rate
• Overdensities of Submillimetre-Bright Sources around Candidate Protocluster Cores Selected from the South Pole Telescope Survey
• Exploring Cosmic Origins with CORE: Extragalactic sources in Cosmic Microwave Background maps
• Towards a census of high-redshift dusty galaxies with $Herschel$: A selection of "500 $\mu$m-risers"
• Planck far-infrared detection of Hyper Suprime-Cam protoclusters at $\mathbf{z}\sim 4$: hidden AGN and star formation activity
• Rapid build-up of the stellar content in the protocluster core SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Using ALMA to resolve the nature of the early star-forming large-scale structure PLCK G073.4-57.5
• SCUBA-2 observations of candidate starbursting protoclusters selected by Planck and Herschel-SPIRE
• Measuring the total infrared light from galaxy clusters at z=0.5-1.6: connecting stellar populations to dusty star formation
• Super-resolving Herschel imaging: a proof of concept using Deep Neural Networks
• Candidate high-redshift protoclusters and lensed galaxies in the Planck list of high-z sources overlapping with Herschel-SPIRE imaging
• Questioning Planck-selected star-forming high-redshift galaxy protoclusters and their fate
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• Probing the Mpc-scale environment of hyperluminous infrared galaxies at 2<z<4
• Galaxy populations of ProtoClusters in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• SCUBA-2 overdensities associated with candidate protoclusters selected from Planck data
• A SCUBA-2 Selected Herschel-SPIRE Dropout and the Nature of this Population
• Gas properties as a function of environment in the proto-supercluster Hyperion at z ~ 2.45
• Tracing the Total Stellar Mass and Star Formation of High-Redshift Protoclusters
• Morphology of relaxed and merging galaxy clusters. Analytical models for monolithic Minkowski functionals
• Euclid preparation. Exploring the properties of proto-clusters in the Simulated Euclid Wide Survey
• Multifrequency filter search for high redshift sources and lensing systems in Herschel-ATLAS
• Extragalactic astrophysics with next-generation CMB experiments