Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters

Abstract

For a complete picture of galaxy cluster formation, it is important that we start probing the early epoch of z~2-7 during which clusters and their galaxies first began to form. Because the study of these so-called "proto-clusters" is currently limited by small number statistics, widely varying selection techniques and assumptions, we have performed a systematic study of cluster formation utilizing cosmological simulations. We use the Millennium Simulations to track the evolution of dark matter and galaxies in ~3,000 clusters from the earliest times to z=0. We define an effective radius R_e for proto-clusters and characterize their growth in size and mass. We show that the progenitor regions of galaxy clusters (M>10^14 M_sun/h) can already be identified at least up to z~5, provided that the galaxy overdensities, delta_gal, are measured on a sufficiently large scale (R_e~5-10 cMpc). We present the overdensities in matter, DM halos, and galaxies as functions of present-day cluster mass, redshift, bias, and window size that can be used to interpret the structures found in real surveys. We derive the probability that a structure having a delta_gal, defined by a set of observational selection criteria, is indeed a proto-cluster, and show how their z=0 masses can already be estimated long before virialization. Galaxy overdensity profiles as a function of radius are presented. We further show how their projected surface overdensities decrease as the uncertainties in redshift measurements increase. We provide a table of proto-cluster candidates selected from the literature, and discuss their properties in the light of our simulations predictions. This work provides the general framework that will allow us to extend the study of cluster formation out to much higher redshifts using the large number of proto-clusters that are expected to be discovered in, e.g., the upcoming HETDEX and HSC surveys.

16 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables; Published in ApJ

References in corpus (17)

• The hierarchical formation of the brightest cluster galaxies
• Stellar and total baryon mass fractions in groups and clusters since redshift 1
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• Protoclusters associated with z > 2 radio galaxies. I. Characteristics of high redshift protoclusters
• The relation between star formation, morphology and local density in high redshift clusters and groups
• Definitive Identification of the Transition between Small- to Large-Scale Clustering for Lyman Break Galaxies
• LCDM predictions for galaxy protoclusters I: the relation between galaxies, protoclusters and quasars at z~6
• Evolution of the Color-Magnitude relation in High-Redshift Clusters: Early-type Galaxies in the Lynx Supercluster at z~1.26
• HAWK-I imaging of the X-ray luminous galaxy cluster XMMU J2235.3-2557: The red sequence at z=1.39
• Clustering of Lyman alpha emitters at z ~ 4.5
• The history of mass assembly of faint red galaxies in 28 galaxy clusters since z=1.3
• The Overdense Environment of a Large Lyman-alpha Nebula at z~2.7
• Rhapsody. I. Structural Properties and Formation History From a Statistical Sample of Re-simulated Cluster-size Halos
• A Comparison of Galaxy Merger History Observations and Predictions from Semi-Analytic Models
• Red Sequence Cluster Finding in the Millennium Simulation
• Simulating the formation of a proto-cluster at z~2
• Proto-clusters in the Lambda CDM Universe

Cited by in corpus (248)

• The realm of the galaxy protoclusters
• Quasar Quartet Embedded in Giant Nebula Reveals Rare Massive Structure in Distant Universe
• Discovery of a galaxy cluster with a violently starbursting core at z=2.506
• Galaxy Protoclusters as Drivers of Cosmic Star-Formation History in the First 2 Gyr
• A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3
• Observations of the Lyman-$\alpha$ Universe
• An extreme proto-cluster of luminous dusty starbursts in the early Universe
• What are Protoclusters? -- Defining High Redshift Galaxy Clusters and Protoclusters
• A massive, distant proto-cluster at z=2.47 caught in a phase of rapid formation?
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) I: Environmental Dependence of High-Redshift Galaxy Evolution
• The Ubiquity of Coeval Starbursts in Massive Galaxy Cluster Progenitors
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XIV: A spectroscopically confirmed protocluster 650 million years after the Big Bang
• MApping the Most Massive Overdensities (MAMMOTH) II -- Discovery of an Extremely Massive Overdensity BOSS1441 at $z=2.32$
• SILVERRUSH. VIII. Spectroscopic Identifications of Early Large Scale Structures with Protoclusters Over 200 Mpc at z~6-7: Strong Associations of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• Why z > 1 radio-loud galaxies are commonly located in proto-clusters
• GOLDRUSH. III. A Systematic Search of Protoclusters at $z\sim 4$ Based on the $>100\mathrm{de}{\mathrm{g}}^2$ Area
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Emerging from the Dark, a Massive Proto-Cluster at z~4.57
• Discovery of a rich proto-cluster at z=2.9 and associated diffuse cold gas in the VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS)
• The Fornax 3D project: unveiling the thick disk origin in FCC 170: signs of accretion?
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• Lyman-alpha Forest Tomography from Background Galaxies: The First Megaparsec-Resolution Large-Scale Structure Map at z>2
• A Systematic Survey of Protoclusters at $z\sim 3-6$ in the CFHTLS Deep Fields
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) II: The Photometric Properties of High-Redshift Galaxies
• Surveying Galaxy Proto-clusters in Emission: A Large-scale Structure at z=2.44 and the Outlook for HETDEX
• Hidden in plain sight: a massive, dusty starburst in a galaxy protocluster at z=5.7 in the COSMOS field
• Discovery of a large number of candidate proto-clusters traced by ~15 Mpc-scale galaxy overdensities in COSMOS
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey I. Accelerated and enhanced galaxy formation in the densest regions of a protocluster at z=2.5
• Shadow of a Colossus: A z=2.45 Galaxy Protocluster Detected in 3D Ly-a Forest Tomographic Mapping of the COSMOS Field
• MApping the Most Massive Overdensities Through Hydrogen (MAMMOTH) I: Methodology
• KECK/MOSFIRE spectroscopic confirmation of a Virgo-like cluster ancestor at z=2.095
• SILVERRUSH. VII. Subaru/HSC Identifications of 42 Protocluster Candidates at z~6-7 with the Spectroscopic Redshifts up to z=6.574: Implications for Cosmic Reionization
• Identification of the progenitors of rich clusters and member galaxies in rapid formation at z>2
• VIMOS Ultra-Deep Survey (VUDS): Witnessing the Assembly of a Massive Cluster at z~3.3
• A mature galaxy cluster at z=1.58 around the radio galaxy 7C1753+6311
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey II. Characterizing massive forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.2
• A z=2.5 protocluster associated with the radio galaxy MRC 2104-242: star formation and differing mass functions in dense environments
• No overdensity of Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies around a quasar at z~5.7
• A Lyman-α protocluster at redshift 6.9
• Luminous Quasars Do Not Live in the Most Overdense Regions of Galaxies at z~4
• $HST$ Grism Confirmation of $16$ Structures at $1.4<z<2.8$ from the Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (CARLA) Survey
• The DIANOGA simulations of galaxy clusters: characterizing star formation in proto-clusters
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: Ultraluminous star-forming galaxies in a z=1.6 cluster
• Confirming Herschel candidate protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO observations
• Searching for large-scale structures around high-redshift radio galaxies with Herschel
• Characterising and Identifying Galaxy Protoclusters
• ZFIRE: Galaxy Cluster Kinematics, H$\alpha$ Star Formation Rates, and Gas-Phase Metallicities of XMM-LSS J02182-05102 at z=1.6233
• First results from the JWST Early Release Science Program Q3D: Turbulent times in the life of a $z\sim 3$ extremely red quasar revealed by NIRSpec IFU
• The MUSE Ultra Deep Field (MUDF). II. Survey design and the gaseous properties of galaxy groups at 0.5 < z < 1.5
• A First Site of Galaxy Cluster Formation: Complete Spectroscopy of a Protocluster at $z=6.01$
• Discovery of a Very Large Structure at Z=3.78
• LATIS: The Ly$\alpha$ Tomography IMACS Survey
• A Giant Protocluster of Galaxies at Redshift 5.7
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at z=3.786
• Large scale structure around a z=2.1 cluster
• The Cosmic Thermal History Probed by Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Tomography
• On the Gas Content, Star Formation Efficiency, and Environmental Quenching of Massive Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at z~2.0-2.5
• Protocluster Discovery in Tomographic Ly$\alpha$ Forest Flux Maps
• The JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey: Discovery of an Extreme Galaxy Overdensity at $z=5.4$ with JWST/NIRCam in GOODS-S
• COSMOS2020: Discovery of a protocluster of massive quiescent galaxies at $z=2.77$
• The Diversity of Diffuse Ly$\alpha$ Nebulae around Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Star-forming blue ETGs in two newly discovered galaxy overdensities in the HUDF at z=1.84 and 1.9: unveiling the progenitors of passive ETGs in cluster cores
• Spectroscopic confirmation of a mature galaxy cluster at redshift two
• Dynamical state for 964 galaxy clusters from Chandra X-ray images
• The Young and the Wild: What happens to Protoclusters forming at z = 4?
• The environments of high redshift radio galaxies and quasars: probes of protoclusters
• A radio-to-mm census of star-forming galaxies in protocluster 4C23.56 at z=2.5 : Gas mass and its fraction revealed with ALMA
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) IV: The size evolution of galaxies at $z\ge 5$
• Spectroscopic observations of PHz G237.01+42.50: A galaxy protocluster at z=2.16 in the Cosmos field
• Galaxy evolution in protoclusters
• Planck intermediate results. XXVII. High-redshift infrared galaxy overdensity candidates and lensed sources discovered by Planck and confirmed by Herschel-SPIRE
• A lensed protocluster candidate at $z=7.66$ identified in JWST observations of the galaxy cluster SMACS0723-7327
• Discovery of a Proto-cluster Associated with a Ly-$\alpha$ Blob Pair at z=2.3
• Identification of High-Redshift Galaxy Overdensities in GOODS-N and GOODS-S
• Comprehensive Gas Characterization of a $z=2.5$ Protocluster: A Cluster Core Caught in the Beginning of Virialization?
• The Accelerated Build-up of the Red Sequence in High Redshift Galaxy Clusters
• How Do Galaxies trace a large scale structure?: A case study around a massive protocluster at $z=3.13$
• The Fraction of Active Galactic Nuclei in the USS 1558-003 Protocluster at z = 2.53
• Candidate high-z proto-clusters among the Planck compact sources, as revealed by Herschel-SPIRE
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Coma Cluster Progenitor at z ~ 2.2
• Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?
• Multiscale cosmic web detachments, connectivity, and preprocessing in the supercluster SClA2142 cocoon
• GN-z11: The environment of an AGN at $z=$10.603
• Ly$\alpha$ view around a z=2.84 hyperluminous QSO at a node of the cosmic web
• Semi-Analytic Model Predictions of the Galaxy Population in Proto-clusters
• Spitzer Planck Herschel Infrared Cluster (SPHerIC) survey: Candidate galaxy clusters at 1.3 < z < 3 selected by high star-formation rate
• GOODS-ALMA: Optically dark ALMA galaxies shed light on a cluster in formation at z = 3.5
• The formation history of massive cluster galaxies as revealed by CARLA
• (Sub)millimetre interferometric imaging of a sample of COSMOS/AzTEC submillimetre galaxies III. Environments
• Cosmic Vine: A z=3.44 large-scale structure hosting massive quiescent galaxies
• Cluster candidates around low power radio-galaxies at z~1-2 in COSMOS
• An ALMA survey of CO in submillimetre galaxies: companions, triggering, and the environment in blended sources
• Similar Scaling Relations for the Gas Content of Galaxies across Environments to z ~ 3.5
• Galaxy pre-processing in substructures around z$\sim$0.4 galaxy clusters
• Accelerated galaxy growth and environmental quenching in a protocluster at z=3.24
• Enhancement of Galaxy Overdensity around Quasar Pairs at z<3.6 based on the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Survey
• No Evidence for Millimeter Continuum Source Overdensities in the Environments of $z\gtrsim 6$ Quasars
• Very Compact Dense Galaxy Overdensity with δ ~ 130 Identified at z ~ 8: Implications for Early Protocluster and Cluster-Core Formation
• Ultra-Red Galaxies Signpost Candidate Proto-Clusters at High Redshift
• Lyman-Alpha Emitter Galaxies at z ~ 2.8 in the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South: I. Tracing the Large-Scale Structure via Lyman-Alpha Imaging
• The 700 ks Chandra Spiderweb Field II: Evidence for inverse-Compton and thermal diffuse emission in the Spiderweb galaxy
• Predicted future fate of COSMOS galaxy protoclusters over 11 Gyr with constrained simulations
• Satellite quenching was not important for z$\sim$1 clusters: most quenching occurred during infall
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey. Luminosity and stellar mass dependence of galaxy clustering at z~3
• Probing the existence of a rich galaxy overdensity at z=5.2
• Active Galactic Nucleus Environments and Feedback to Neighboring Galaxies at $z\sim 5$ Probed by Lyman-Alpha Emitters
• The MUSIC of Galaxy Clusters III: Properties, evolution and Y-M scaling relation of protoclusters of galaxies
• Discovery of an Overdensity of Lyman-alpha Emitters Around a $\mathrm{z}\sim 4$ QSO with the Large Binocular Telescope
• BIRTH of the COSMOS Field: Primordial and Evolved Density Reconstructions During Cosmic High Noon
• Revealing impacts of stellar mass and environment on galaxy quenching
• The SPLASH survey: Quiescent galaxies are more strongly clustered but are not necessarily located in high-density environments
• ODIN: Where Do Lyman-alpha Blobs Live? Contextualizing Blob Environments within the Large-Scale Structure
• Evaluating Lya Emission as a Tracer of the Largest Cosmic Structure at z~2.47
• A Magellan M2FS Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxies at 5.5<z<6.8: Program Overview and a Sample of the Brightest Lyman-alpha Emitters
• Optical and near-infrared observations of the SPT2349-56 proto-cluster core at z = 4.3
• Clustering of Lyman-alpha Emitters Around Quasars at $z\sim 4$
• Supercluster A2142 and collapse in action - infalling and merging groups and galaxy transformations
• Planck far-infrared detection of Hyper Suprime-Cam protoclusters at $\mathbf{z}\sim 4$: hidden AGN and star formation activity
• The candidate cluster and protocluster catalog (CCPC) II: Spectroscopically identified structures spanning 2 < z < 6.6
• Elentári: A $z\sim 3.3$ Proto-Supercluster in COSMOS
• The UV Luminosity Function of Protocluster Galaxies at $z\sim 4$: the Bright-end Excess and the Enhanced Star Formation Rate Density
• A census of galaxy constituents in a Coma Progenitor observed at z>3
• A detailed study of massive galaxies in a protocluster at z=3.13
• The Corona Borealis supercluster: connectivity, collapse, and evolution
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of two Extremely Massive Protoclusters BOSS1244 and BOSS1542 at $z=2.24$
• Planck intermediate results. XXXIX. The Planck list of high-redshift source candidates
• Submillimetre galaxies in two massive protoclusters at z = 2.24: witnessing the enrichment of extreme starbursts in the outskirts of HAE density peaks
• Statistical correlation between the distribution of Ly$\alpha$ emitters and IGM HI at $z\sim 2.2$ mapped by Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• COSMOS2020: Identification of High-z Protocluster Candidates in COSMOS
• MAMMOTH: Confirmation of Two Massive Galaxy Overdensities at $z=2.24$ with H$\alpha$ Emitters
• High-resolution ALMA study of CO (2-1) line and dust continuum emissions in cluster galaxies at z = 1.46
• SCUBA-2 observations of candidate starbursting protoclusters selected by Planck and Herschel-SPIRE
• Massive Dark Matter Halos at High Redshift: Implications for Observations in the JWST Era
• ALMA observations of a z~3.1 Protocluster: Star Formation from Active Galactic Nuclei and Lyman-Alpha Blobs in an Overdense Environment
• A blind CO detection of a Distant Red Galaxy in the HS1700+64 proto-cluster
• A Systematic Search for Galaxy Proto-Cluster Cores at $z\sim 2$
• The Morphological Transformation of Red Sequence Galaxies in Clusters since $z\sim 1$
• Discovery of Protoclusters at z~3.7 & 4.9: Embedded in Primordial Superclusters
• Characterizing Protoclusters and Protogroups at z $\sim$ 2.5 Using Ly$\alpha$ Tomography
• The VANDELS survey: Discovery of massive overdensities of galaxies at z>2
• The structure and evolution of a forming galaxy cluster at z = 1.62
• The galaxy mass-size relation in CARLA clusters and proto-clusters at 1.4 < z < 2.8: larger cluster galaxy sizes
• The candidate cluster and protocluster catalog (CCPC) of spectroscopically identified structures spanning $2.74<z<3.71$
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$). Mass budget, satellites spin alignment and gas infall in a massive $z\sim 3$ quasar host halo
• FIR-luminous [CII] emitters in the ALMA-SCUBA-2 COSMOS survey (AS2COSMOS): The nature of submillimeter galaxies in a 10 comoving Mpc-scale structure at z~4.6
• Protocluster detection in simulations of HSC-SSP and the 10-year LSST forecast, using PCcones
• The brightest UV-selected galaxies in protoclusters at $z\sim 4$: Ancestors of Brightest Cluster Galaxies?
• CHORUS. III. Photometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Ly$\alpha$ Blobs at $z=4.9-7.0$
• Dissecting the complex environment of a distant quasar with MUSE
• YOLO-CL: Galaxy cluster detection in the SDSS with deep machine learning
• Groups and protocluster candidates in the CLAUDS and HSC-SSP joint deep surveys
• The impact of protocluster environments at z = 1.6
• The stellar mass function of quiescent galaxies in 2 < z < 2.5 protoclusters
• Observational Evidence for Large-Scale Gas Heating in a Galaxy Protocluster at z=2.30
• A Multiwavelength Study of ELAN Environments (AMUSE${}^2$): Ubiquitous dusty star-forming galaxies associated with enormous Ly$\alpha$ nebulae on megaparsec scales
• Noema formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Discovery of a starbursting galaxy group with a radio-luminous core at z=3.95
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XIII: The Lyman-continuum emission of high-redshift galaxies
• A Mixture of LBG Overdensities in the Fields of Three $6<z<7$ Quasars: Implications for the Robustness of Photometric Selection
• JWST's PEARLS: resolved study of the stellar and dust components in starburst galaxies at cosmic noon
• NOEMA formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Characterizing eight massive galaxy groups at $1.5<z<4$ in the COSMOS field
• Revealing Dust Obscured Star Formation in CLJ1449+0856, a Cluster at z=2
• The environments of Ly$\alpha$ blobs I: Wide-field Ly$\alpha$ imaging of TN J1338-1942, a powerful radio galaxy at $z\simeq 4.1$ associated with a giant Ly$\alpha$ nebula
• Measuring the total infrared light from galaxy clusters at z=0.5-1.6: connecting stellar populations to dusty star formation
• JWST's first glimpse of a z > 2 forming cluster reveals a top-heavy stellar mass function
• Substructure within the SSA22 protocluster at $z\approx 3.09$
• ALMA unveils wider environment of distant red protocluster core
• Reconstructing the galaxy density field with photometric redshifts: II. Environment-dependent galaxy evolution since $z\simeq 3$
• The evolution of high-density cores of the BOSS Great Wall superclusters
• Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXI. The weak lensing masses of the CFHTLS and NGVS RedGOLD galaxy clusters and calibration of the optical richness
• Cosmological 3D HI Gas Map with HETDEX Ly$\alpha$ Emitters and eBOSS QSOs at $z=2$: IGM-Galaxy/QSO Connection and a $\sim$ 40-Mpc Scale Giant HII Bubble Candidate
• Searching for the shadows of giants: characterising protoclusters with line of sight Lyman-α absorption
• Discovering Large-Scale Structure at $2<z<5$ in the C3VO Survey
• Large Scale Overdensity of Lyman Break Galaxies Around the z=6.3 Ultraluminous Quasar J0100+2802
• A Radio-to-millimeter Census of Star-forming Galaxies in Protocluster 4C~23.56 at z = 2.5 : Global and local gas kinematics
• A ~6 Mpc overdensity at z = 2.7 detected along a pair of quasar sight lines: filament or protocluster?
• An overdensity of red galaxies around the hyperluminous dust-obscured quasar W1835$+$4355 at $z=2.3$
• A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio Galaxies with Subaru HSC (WERGS). VI. Distant Filamentary Structures Pointed by High-z Radio Galaxies at z~4
• Investigating overdensities around z>6 galaxies through ALMA observations of [CII]
• Early Quenching of Massive Protocluster Galaxies Around z=2.2 Radio Galaxies
• A systematic search for galaxy protocluster cores at the transition epoch of their star formation activity
• JCMT/SCUBA-2 uncovers an excess of $850\mu$m counts on megaparsec scales around high-redshift quasars. Characterization of the overdensities and their alignment with the quasars' Ly$\alpha$ nebulae
• Kinematic analysis of $\mathbf{z}=4.3$ galaxies in the SPT2349$-$56 protocluster core
• The Environments of Luminous Radio - WISE Selected Infrared Galaxies
• Tomography of the environment of the COSMOS/AzTEC-3 submillimeter galaxy at z=5.3 revealed by Lyalpha and MUSE observations
• The Ly$\alpha$, CIV, and HeII nebulae around J1000+0234: a galaxy pair at the center of a galaxy overdensity at $z=4.5$
• Tracing the evolutionary pathways of dust and cold gas in high-z quiescent galaxies with SIMBA
• Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in Protoclusters
• ALMACAL. XI. Over-densities as signposts to proto-clusters? A cautionary tale
• Faint Quasars Live in the Same Number Density Environments as Lyman Break Galaxies at z ~ 4
• Discovery of a Very Large (~20 kpc) Galaxy at z=3.72
• Statistics of Two-point Correlation and Network Topology for Lyman Alpha Emitters at $z\approx 2.67$
• The XXL survey. XLIX. Linking the members star formation histories to the cluster mass assembly in the z=1.98 galaxy cluster XLSSC 122
• CALSAGOS: Clustering ALgorithmS Applied to Galaxies in Overdense Systems
• The AGN fraction in high-redshift protocluster candidates selected by Planck and Herschel
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• Environments of a sample of AzTEC submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Searching for the shadows of giants II: the effect of local ionisation on the Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption signatures of protoclusters at redshift $z\sim 2.4$
• Measuring galaxy environment with the synergy of future photometric and spectroscopic surveys
• Galaxy populations in protoclusters at cosmic noon
• A Search for Massive Galaxy Population in a Protocluster of LAEs at $z=2.39$ near the Radio Galaxy 53W002
• A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio Galaxies with Subaru HSC (WERGS). IX. The Most Overdense Region at z~5 Inhabited by a Massive Radio Galaxy
• Finding proto-clusters to trace galaxy evolution: I. The finder and its performance
• Spitzer's View of the Candidate Cluster and Protocluster Catalog (CCPC)
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• The Glow of Axion Quark Nugget Dark Matter: (II) Galaxy Clusters
• Test of Cosmic Web-feeding Model for Star Formation in Galaxy Clusters in the COSMOS Field
• A Large Molecular Gas Reservoir in the Protocluster SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Evolution of matter and galaxy clustering in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• Characterizing the assembly of dark matter halos with protohalo size histories: I. Redshift evolution, relation to descendant halos, and halo assembly bias
• The Role of Dust, UV Luminosity and Large-scale Environment on the Escape of Lya Photons: A Case Study of a Protocluster field at z = 3.1
• Quenching of Galaxies at Cosmic Noon: Understanding the Effect of Environment
• A search for Ly-alpha emitters around a concentrated-region of strong Ly-alpha absorbers at z=2.3
• Protoclusters at z=5.7: A view from the MultiDark galaxies
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) XVI: Size Evolution of Massive Dusty Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn from UV to IR
• The VANDELS Survey: Star formation and quenching in two over-densities at 3 < z < 4
• Environments around quasars at $z\sim$3 revealed by wide-field imaging with Subaru HSC and CFHT
• Quantifying the Impact of Incompleteness on Identifying and Interpreting Galaxy Protocluster Populations with the TNG-Cluster Simulation
• Tracing the Total Stellar Mass and Star Formation of High-Redshift Protoclusters
• Euclid preparation. Exploring the properties of proto-clusters in the Simulated Euclid Wide Survey
• PASSAGES: The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon
• The time evolution of bias
• Dark from light (DfL): Inferring halo properties from luminous tracers with machine learning trained on cosmological simulations. I. Method, proof of concept & preliminary testing
• LATIS: Comparing Galaxy and IGM Tomography Maps as Tracers of Large-scale Structure and Protoclusters at $z\sim 2.5$
• Cosmic Vine: High abundance of massive galaxies and dark matter halos in a forming cluster at z=3.44
• The stellar mass function of quiescent and star-forming galaxies and its dependence on morphology in COSMOS-Web
• LBT-MODS spectroscopy of high-redshift candidates in the Chandra J1030 field. A newly discovered z$\sim$2.8 large scale structure
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• Overdense fireworks in GOODS-N: Unveiling a record number of massive dusty star forming galaxies at z$\sim$5.2 with the N2CLS
• Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1): The evolution of the passive-density and morphology-density relations between $z=0.25$ and $z=1$
• The HST-Hyperion Survey: Companion Fraction and Overdensity in a z ~ 2.5 Proto-supercluster
• Enhanced AGN Activity in Overdense Galactic Environments at $2<z<4$
• Evolution of Cluster Alignments as Evidence of Large-scale Structure Formation in the Universe
• The environment of QSO triplets at 1 $\lesssim$ z $\lesssim$ 1.5
• ALMA measures molecular gas reservoirs comparable to field galaxies in a low-mass galaxy cluster at z=1.3
• Photometrically Selected Protocluster Candidates at z~9-10 in the JWST COSMOS-Web field
• An X-ray-Emitting Proto-Cluster at $z\approx 5.7$ Reveals Rapid Structure Growth
• The Physical Properties of Star-Forming Galaxies with Strong [O III] Lines at z=3.25
• All the Massive Galaxy Overdensities during Reionization: JWST Rest-Frame Optical Selection Reveals Young, Chemically Evolved Galaxies Embedded in Dense, Neutral Gas at z > 5
• Selecting Clusters and Protoclusters via Stellar Mass Density: I. Method and tests on Mock HSC-SSP catalogs
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• The first astrophysical result of HISAKI: a search for the EUV He I lines a massive cool core cluster at z=0.7
• The cosmic environment overtakes the local density in shaping galaxy star formation
• Lyman-alpha Forest Tomography of the z>2 Cosmic Web
• The richest clusters in the Coma and Leo superclusters: Properties and evolution
• The Photometric Analysis of the Environment Around Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• A Chandra view of SPT-CL J0217-5014: a massive galaxy cluster at a cosmic intersection at z=0.53
• The Journey to Dominance: How BCGs Evolve Differently from Other Massive Galaxies