The Young and the Wild: What happens to Protoclusters forming at z = 4?

Abstract

Using one of the largest volumes of the hydrodynamical cosmological simulation suit Magneticum, we study the evolution of protoclusters identified at redshift = 4, with properties similar to SPT2349-56. We identify 42 protoclusters in the simulation, as massive and equally rich in substructures as observed, confirming that these structures are already virialized. The dynamics of the internally fast rotating member galaxies within these protoclusters resembles observations, merging rapidly to form the cores of the BCGs of the assembling clusters. Half of the gas reservoir of these structures is in a hot phase, with the metal-enrichment at a very early stage. These systems show a good agreement with the observed amount of cold star-forming gas, largely enriched to solar values. We predict that some of the member galaxies are already quenched at z = 4, rendering them undetectable through measurements of their gas reservoir. Tracing the evolution of protoclusters reveals that none of the typical mass indicators at high redshift are good tracers to predict the present-day mass of the system. We find that none of the simulated protoclusters with properties as SPT2349-56 at z = 4.3, are among the top ten most massive clusters at redshift z = 0, with some barely reaching masses of M = 2 x 10^14Msun. Although the average star-formation and mass-growth rates in the simulated galaxies match observations at high redshift reasonably well, the simulation fails to reproduce the extremely high total star-formation rates within observed protoclusters, indicating that the sub-grid models are lacking the ability to reproduce higher star-formation efficiency (or lower depletion timescales).

20 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to ApJ

References in corpus (42)

• The effect of photo-ionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas
• Structure and star formation in galaxies out to z=3: evidence for surface density dependent evolution and upsizing
• Chemical enrichment of galaxy clusters from hydrodynamical simulations
• The Star Formation Main Sequence in the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields
• A refined sub-grid model for black hole accretion and AGN feedback in large cosmological simulations
• The First Appearance of the Red Sequence of Galaxies in Proto-Clusters at 2<~z<~3
• An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxy
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Protocluster at $z=3.37$ with a High Fraction of Quiescent Galaxies
• The Cluster Velocity Dispersion of the Abell 2199 cD Halo of NGC 6166
• Three Lyman-alpha emitting filaments converging to a massive galaxy group at z=2.91: discussing the case for cold gas infall
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: Kinematic Diversity & Rotation in Massive Star Forming Galaxies at z~4.4-5.9
• Identification of the progenitors of rich clusters and member galaxies in rapid formation at z>2
• Spurious heating of stellar motions in simulated galactic disks by dark matter halo particles
• The Nascent Red Sequence at z~2
• The DIANOGA simulations of galaxy clusters: characterizing star formation in proto-clusters
• Confirming Herschel candidate protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO observations
• A First Site of Galaxy Cluster Formation: Complete Spectroscopy of a Protocluster at $z=6.01$
• Glimpsing the Imprint of Local Environment on the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function
• The Outer Halos of Very Massive Galaxies: BCGs and their DSC in the Magneticum Simulations
• Cosmological Constraint on ${\Omega }_m$ and ${\sigma }_8$ from Cluster Abundances using the $GalWCat19$ Optical-Spectroscopic SDSS Catalog
• The early phases of galaxy clusters formation in IR: coupling hydrodynamical simulations with GRASIL3D
• The red sequence at birth in the galaxy cluster ClJ1449+0856 at z=2
• Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?
• Velocity Dispersions of Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Their Host Clusters
• Characterising superclusters with the galaxy cluster distribution
• Probing the existence of a rich galaxy overdensity at z=5.2
• Simulating the formation of a proto-cluster at z~2
• Optical and near-infrared observations of the SPT2349-56 proto-cluster core at z = 4.3
• Cosmology dependence of galaxy cluster scaling relations
• Massive quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 3$: a comparison of selection, stellar population and structural properties with simulation predictions
• Rise and fall of post-starburst galaxies in Magneticum Pathfinder
• Submillimetre galaxies in two massive protoclusters at z = 2.24: witnessing the enrichment of extreme starbursts in the outskirts of HAE density peaks
• Passive galaxies as tracers of cluster environments at z~2
• DETECTIFz galaxy groups in the REFINE survey -- 1. Group detection and quenched fraction evolution at $z<2.5$
• The ISM Properties and Gas Kinematics of a Redshift 3 Massive Dusty Star-forming Galaxy
• Discovery of Protoclusters at z~3.7 & 4.9: Embedded in Primordial Superclusters
• The impact of protocluster environments at z = 1.6
• Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction Within 5 Effective Radii
• Precise Mass Determination of SPT-CL J2106-5844, the Most Massive Cluster at z>1
• A systematic search for galaxy protocluster cores at the transition epoch of their star formation activity
• A Search for Massive Galaxy Population in a Protocluster of LAEs at $z=2.39$ near the Radio Galaxy 53W002
• A massive quiescent galaxy confirmed in a protocluster at z=3.09

Cited by in corpus (30)

• A population of faint, old, and massive quiescent galaxies at 3 < z < 4 revealed by JWST NIRSpec Spectroscopy
• GA-NIFS: The core of an extremely massive proto-cluster at the Epoch of Reionization probed with JWST/NIRSpec
• Forming intracluster gas in a galaxy protocluster at a redshift of 2.16
• Cosmic Vine: A z=3.44 large-scale structure hosting massive quiescent galaxies
• Simulating the LOcal Web (SLOW): I. Anomalies in the local density field
• Elentári: A $z\sim 3.3$ Proto-Supercluster in COSMOS
• NOEMA formIng Cluster survEy (NICE): Characterizing eight massive galaxy groups at $1.5<z<4$ in the COSMOS field
• The Manhattan Suite: Accelerated galaxy evolution in the early Universe
• Discovering Large-Scale Structure at $2<z<5$ in the C3VO Survey
• XLSSC 122 caught in the act of growing up: Spatially resolved SZ observations of a z=1.98 galaxy cluster
• ASW${}^2$DF: Census of the obscured star formation in a galaxy cluster in formation at $z=2.2$
• Star Formation and Chemical Enrichment in Protoclusters
• COALAS III: The ATCA CO(1-0) look at the growth and death of H$\alpha$ emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• Kinematic analysis of $\mathbf{z}=4.3$ galaxies in the SPT2349$-$56 protocluster core
• Intra-Cluster Light as a Dynamical Clock for Galaxy Clusters: Insights from the MAGNETICUM, IllustrisTNG, Hydrangea and Horizon-AGN Simulations
• Galaxy populations in protoclusters at cosmic noon
• Galaxy populations of ProtoClusters in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• A Large Molecular Gas Reservoir in the Protocluster SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• The Glow of Axion Quark Nugget Dark Matter: (II) Galaxy Clusters
• A large thermal energy reservoir in the nascent intracluster medium at a redshift of 4.3
• Quantifying the Impact of Incompleteness on Identifying and Interpreting Galaxy Protocluster Populations with the TNG-Cluster Simulation
• Impact of primordial black holes on the formation of the first stars and galaxies
• Tracing the Total Stellar Mass and Star Formation of High-Redshift Protoclusters
• Bright [CII]158$\mu$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
• Submillimeter galaxy overdensities around physically associated quasar pairs
• Spectroscopic confirmation of the galaxy clusters CARLA J0950+2743 at z=2.363, and CARLA-Ser J0950+2743 at z=2.243
• Go with the Flow: The Self-Similar and Non-Linear Behaviour of Large-Scale In- and Outflows and the Impact of Accretion Shocks from Galaxies to Galaxy Clusters
• The Photometric Analysis of the Environment Around Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• Fueling and feedback mechanisms at the nodes of the cosmic web
• Euclid: A blue galaxy population and a brightest cluster galaxy in the making in a $z\sim 1.74$ MaDCoWS2 galaxy cluster candidate