The Photometric Analysis of the Environment Around Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$

Abstract

Studying the environments of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) provides insight into whether these luminous systems are reliable signposts of large-scale overdensities. Evidence suggests that individual DSFGs can trace overdense environments, although this association may not be universal. To test this, we investigate the environments surrounding two luminous, gravitationally-lensed DSFGs (SDP.17b at $z_{\text{spec}}=2.3049$ and HELMS-55 at $z_{\text{spec}}=2.2834$). Using Gemini South Flamingos-2 (F2) $K_s$-band imaging together with ancillary Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam and Hubble Space Telescope multi-band photometry, we obtain photometric redshifts, $z_{\text{phot}}$, as well as star formation rates and stellar mass estimates for companion galaxies of the DSFGs. At least $5\pm 2$ and $15\pm 3$ companion galaxies exist with consistent $z_{\text{phot}}$ ($dz\le 0.2$) within a projected separation of 5.5 cMpc of SDP.17b and HELMS-55, respectively. These correspond to galaxy overdensities of $\delta =0.1\pm 0.2$ and $\delta =1.0\pm 0.3$, with significances of $(0.2\pm 0.4)\sigma$ and $(2.2\pm 0.6)\sigma$, respectively. On the $M_{{\mathrm{H}}_2}$-overdensity-significance plane, HELMS-55 may follow the positive correlation between the gas mass and the overdensity significance, while SDP.17b lies well above the relation despite its large gas reservoir, making it a potential outlier. Based on this study of two DSFGs, our photometric analysis suggests that DSFGs can trace the outskirts of protoclusters or associated large-scale structures. However, our small sample prevents firm conclusions about their ability to pinpoint dense cluster cores. Future multi-object spectroscopic observations are required to confirm the membership and star formation properties of the companion galaxies.

arXiv comment23 pages (16 main text, 7 Appendix), 8 figures, 7 tables. Accepted to ApJ

References in corpus (109)

• Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003
• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Global Schmidt Law in Star Forming Galaxies
• Simulating the joint evolution of quasars, galaxies and their large-scale distribution
• Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties
• The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
• EAZY: A Fast, Public Photometric Redshift Code
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation
• CIGALE: a python Code Investigating GALaxy Emission
• The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling III: model calibration, comparison, and evaluation
• Astrometry.net: Blind astrometric calibration of arbitrary astronomical images
• Mass assembly in quiescent and star-forming galaxies since z=4 from UltraVISTA
• Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH): An Overview
• Submillimeter Galaxies
• The Herschel view of the dominant mode of galaxy growth from z=4 to the present day
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Extragalactic Science, Cosmology and Galactic Archaeology with the Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS)
• The Herschel ATLAS
• An interferometric CO survey of luminous submm galaxies
• A survey of molecular gas in luminous sub-millimetre galaxies
• COSMOS2020: A panchromatic view of the Universe to $z\sim 10$ from two complementary catalogs
• The Detection of a Population of Submillimeter-Bright, Strongly-Lensed Galaxies
• The Dust Attenuation Law in Distant Galaxies: Evidence for Variation with Spectral Type
• Third Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• Intense Star Formation within Resolved Compact Regions in a Galaxy at z=2.3
• Ancient Light from Young Cosmic Cities: Physical and Observational Signatures of Galaxy Proto-Clusters
• The realm of the galaxy protoclusters
• High-z Lyman-alpha Emitters. I. A Blank-Field Search for Objects Near Redshift z=3.4 in and around the Hubble Deep Field and the Hawaii Deep Field SSA22
• A massive proto-cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z {\approx} 5.3
• The Eighteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Targeting and First Spectra from SDSS-V
• Galaxy growth in a massive halo in the first billion years of cosmic history
• Galaxy Protoclusters as Drivers of Cosmic Star-Formation History in the First 2 Gyr
• A massive core for a cluster of galaxies at a redshift of 4.3
• Measures of Galaxy Environment - I. What is "Environment"?
• An extreme proto-cluster of luminous dusty starbursts in the early Universe
• What are Protoclusters? -- Defining High Redshift Galaxy Clusters and Protoclusters
• Fast, Slow, Early, Late: Quenching Massive Galaxies at z~0.8
• An excess of dusty starbursts related to the Spiderweb galaxy
• Gas filaments of the cosmic web located around active galaxies in a proto-cluster
• The rapid assembly of an elliptical galaxy of 400 billion solar masses at a redshift of 2.3
• The Herschel-ATLAS: a sample of 500μm-selected lensed galaxies over 600 square degrees
• The Ubiquity of Coeval Starbursts in Massive Galaxy Cluster Progenitors
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: A concentration of dusty starbursts in a z=3.09 protocluster core
• Do submillimeter galaxies really trace the most massive dark matter halos? Discovery of a high-z cluster in a highly active phase of evolution
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• SILVERRUSH. VIII. Spectroscopic Identifications of Early Large Scale Structures with Protoclusters Over 200 Mpc at z~6-7: Strong Associations of Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Distribution of Lya-Emitting Galaxies at z=2.3
• ALMA Deep Field in SSA22: Source Catalog and Number Counts
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: The clustering of submillimetre galaxies in the UKIDSS UDS field
• Large turbulent reservoirs of cold molecular gas around high-redshift starburst galaxies
• H2O emission in high-z ultra-luminous infrared galaxies
• ALMA Observations of Gas-Rich Galaxies in z~1.6 Galaxy Clusters: Evidence for Higher Gas Fractions in High-Density Environments
• Candidate Gravitationally Lensed Dusty Star-forming Galaxies in the Herschel Wide Area Surveys
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey I. Accelerated and enhanced galaxy formation in the densest regions of a protocluster at z=2.5
• HerMES: A search for high-redshift dusty galaxies in the HerMES Large Mode Survey - Catalogue, number counts and early results
• MAHALO Deep Cluster Survey II. Characterizing massive forming galaxies in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.2
• Giant galaxy growing from recycled gas: ALMA maps the circumgalactic molecular medium of the Spiderweb in [CI]
• A proto-cluster at z=2.45
• The DIANOGA simulations of galaxy clusters: characterizing star formation in proto-clusters
• Characterising and Identifying Galaxy Protoclusters
• ZFIRE: Galaxy Cluster Kinematics, H$\alpha$ Star Formation Rates, and Gas-Phase Metallicities of XMM-LSS J02182-05102 at z=1.6233
• Environmental impacts on molecular gas in protocluster galaxies at z~2
• Emergence of an Ultra-Red Ultra-Massive Galaxy Cluster Core at $z=4$
• Observation of H2O in a strongly lensed Herschel-ATLAS source at z=2.3
• The bias of the submillimetre galaxy population: SMGs are poor tracers of the most massive structures in the z ~ 2 Universe
• Exploring AGN and Star Formation Activity of Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• The Young and the Wild: What happens to Protoclusters forming at z = 4?
• NOEMA redshift measurements of bright Herschel galaxies
• COALAS: I. ATCA CO(1-0) survey and luminosity function in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• A large-scale galaxy structure at z = 2.02 associated with the radio galaxy MRC0156-252
• Spectroscopic observations of PHz G237.01+42.50: A galaxy protocluster at z=2.16 in the Cosmos field
• A lensed protocluster candidate at $z=7.66$ identified in JWST observations of the galaxy cluster SMACS0723-7327
• Is there enough star formation in simulated protoclusters?
• Overdensity of submillimeter galaxies around the $z\simeq 2.3$ MAMMOTH-1 nebula
• Cluster candidates around low power radio-galaxies at z~1-2 in COSMOS
• Predicted future fate of COSMOS galaxy protoclusters over 11 Gyr with constrained simulations
• The Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) I: redshifts of bright gravitationally-lensed galaxies from the Herschel ATLAS
• Towards a census of high-redshift dusty galaxies with $Herschel$: A selection of "500 $\mu$m-risers"
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy SurveyUKIDSS/UDS Field: Halo Masses for Submillimetre Galaxies
• Simultaneous Estimation of Photometric Redshifts and SED Parameters: Improved Techniques and a Realistic Error Budget
• Molecular gas in CLASH brightest cluster galaxies at $z\sim 0.2-0.9$
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [I] Overview
• COSMOS2020: Identification of High-z Protocluster Candidates in COSMOS
• The clustering of submillimeter galaxies detected with ALMA
• In pursuit of giants: II. Evolution of dusty quiescent galaxies over the last six billion years from the hCOSMOS survey
• The NEWFIRM HETDEX Survey: Photometric Catalog and a Conservative Sample of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z=3-5 over 17.5 deg^2 in the SHELA Field
• On the Nature of AGN and Star Formation Enhancement in the $z=3.1$ SSA22 Protocluster: The HST WFC3 IR View
• Molecular gas in radio galaxies in dense Mpc-scale environments at $z=0.4-2.6$
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• The Manhattan Suite: Accelerated galaxy evolution in the early Universe
• A millimeter-wave redshift search for the unlensed HyLIRG, HS1700.850.1
• The COSMOS-Web deep galaxy group catalog up to $z=3.7$
• Using the Star Forming Main Sequence To Explore Quiescent Galaxies Across Cosmic Time
• ASW${}^2$DF: Census of the obscured star formation in a galaxy cluster in formation at $z=2.2$
• The slippery slope of dust attenuation curves: Correlation of dust attenuation laws with star-to-dust compactness up to z = 4
• SCUBA Observations of High Redshift Radio Galaxies
• A new method to search for high redshift clusters using photometric redshifts
• COALAS III: The ATCA CO(1-0) look at the growth and death of H$\alpha$ emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16
• GalaPy, the highly optimised C++/Python spectral modelling tool for galaxies -- I. Library presentation and photometric fitting
• VST-GAME: Galaxy Assembly as a function of Mass and Environment with VST. Photometric assessment and density field of MACSJ0416
• Probing the Mpc-scale environment of hyperluminous infrared galaxies at 2<z<4
• Environments of a sample of AzTEC submillimetre galaxies in the COSMOS field
• Cluster candidates with massive quiescent galaxies at $z\sim 2$
• CO luminosity-Linewidth correlation of low and high redshift galaxies and its possible cosmological utilization
• An ALMA spectroscopic survey of the Planck high-redshift object PLCK G073.4-57.5 confirms two protoclusters