Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines

Abstract

(abridged) We present the IRAM-30m observations of multiple-J CO and CI line emission in a sample of redshift ~2-4 Herschel-ATLAS SMGs. A non-negligible effect of differential lensing is found for the CO emission lines, which could have caused significant underestimations of the linewidths, hence of the dynamical masses. The CO SLEDs are found to be similar to those of the local starburst-dominated ULIRGs and of the previously studied SMGs. After correcting for lensing amplification, we derived the global properties of the bulk of molecular gas in the SMGs using non-LTE radiative transfer modelling. The gas thermal pressure is found to be correlated with star formation efficiency. Further decomposing the CO SLEDs into two excitation components, we find a low-excitation component, which is less correlated with star formation, and a high-excitation one which is tightly related to the on-going star-forming activity. Additionally, tight linear correlations between the FIR and CO line luminosities have been confirmed for the $J\ge 5$ CO lines, implying that these CO lines are good tracers of star formation. The [CI](2-1) lines follow the tight linear correlation between the luminosities of the [CI](2-1) and the CO(1-0) line found in local starbursts, indicating that CI lines could serve as good total molecular gas mass tracers for high-redshift SMGs. The total mass of the molecular gas reservoir, $(1-30)\times 10^{10}{M}_{\odot }$, suggests a typical molecular gas depletion time ~20-100 Myr and a gas to dust mass ratio ${\delta }_{\mathrm{GDR}}$~30-100. The ratio between CO line luminosity and the dust mass appears to be slowly increasing with redshift for the SMGs, which need to be further confirmed. Finally, through comparing the linewidth of CO and H2O lines, we find that they agree well in almost all our SMGs, confirming that the emitting regions are co-spatially located.

A&A in press, 22 pages plus 20 pages of appendix (1 long table plus figures), 13 figures and 7 tables in main text; minor edits

References in corpus (35)

• Cosmic Star Formation History
• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• The Detection of a Population of Submillimeter-Bright, Strongly-Lensed Galaxies
• COLD GASS, an IRAM Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Galaxies: II. The non-universality of the Molecular Gas Depletion Timescale
• Intense Star Formation within Resolved Compact Regions in a Galaxy at z=2.3
• Evolution of the dust emission of massive galaxies up to z=4 and constraints on their dominant mode of star formation
• CO excitation of normal star forming galaxies out to z=1.5 as regulated by the properties of their interstellar medium
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: High resolution 870um source counts
• Dynamical Properties of z~2 Star Forming Galaxies and a Universal Star Formation Relation
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Information from Large-scale sub-mm Surveys of Extragalactic Sources
• Highly-excited CO emission in APM08279+5255 at z=3.9
• The Herschel-ATLAS Data Release 1 Paper I: Maps, Catalogues and Number Counts
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• Star formation relations and CO SLEDs across the J-ladder and redshift
• ALMA spectroscopic survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Continuum number counts, resolved 1.2-mm extragalactic background, and properties of the faintest dusty star forming galaxies
• The Herschel-ATLAS: a sample of 500μm-selected lensed galaxies over 600 square degrees
• Effective destruction of CO by cosmic rays: implications for tracing H${}_2$ gas in the Universe
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies
• An ALMA survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Spectroscopic redshifts
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• HCN Observations of Dense Star-Forming Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Molecular Gas in the Halo Fuels the Growth of a Massive Cluster Galaxy at High Redshift
• Modelling [CI] emission from turbulent molecular clouds
• Size bias and differential lensing of strongly lensed, dusty galaxies identified in wide-field surveys
• Molecular gas heating mechanisms, and star formation feedback in merger/s tarbursts: NGC 6240 and Arp 193 as case studies
• HerMES: The Rest-Frame UV Emission and A Lensing Model for the z=6.34 Luminous Dusty Starburst Galaxy HFLS3
• Submillimeter H2O and H2O+ emission in lensed ultra- and hyper-luminous infrared galaxies at z ~ 2-4
• Modeling the H2O submillimeter emission in extragalactic sources
• Physical conditions of molecular gas in the Circinus galaxy: Multi-J CO and CI 1-0 observations
• Herschel-ATLAS and ALMA: HATLAS J142935.3-002836, a lensed major merger at redshift 1.027
• BR1202-0725: An Extreme Multiple Merger at z = 4.7
• Gas and Dust in the Taffy Galaxies: Ugc12914/15
• Measuring Star-formation Rate and Far-Infrared Color in High-redshift Galaxies Using the CO (7-6) and [NII] 205 micron Lines
• The CO line SED and atomic carbon in IRAS F10214+4724
• CO luminosity - line width correlation of sub-millimeter galaxies and a possible cosmological application

Cited by in corpus (76)

• Turbulent Gas in Lensed Planck-selected Starbursts at redshifts 1-3.5
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• Dust, CO and [CI]: Cross-calibration of molecular gas mass tracers in metal-rich galaxies across cosmic time
• Spatially Resolved Interstellar Medium and Highly-Excited Dense Molecular Gas in the Most Luminous Quasar at z=6.327
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• An ALMA multi-line survey of the ISM in two quasar host-companion galaxy pairs at $z>6$
• CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping
• The ALMA-ALPAKA survey I: high-resolution CO and [CI] kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.5-3.5
• NOEMA redshift measurements of bright Herschel galaxies
• CO excitation, molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field in local and high-redshift galaxies
• CO Emission in Infrared-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VII. Atomic carbon and molecular gas in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2 to 4
• Sub-millimetre compactness as a critical dimension to understand the Main Sequence of star-forming galaxies
• Probing the full CO spectral line energy distribution (SLED) in the nuclear region of a quasar-starburst system at $z=6.003$
• CO, H2O, H2O+ line and dust emission in a z = 3.63 strongly lensed starburst merger at sub-kiloparsec scales
• High gas fraction in a CO-selected main-sequence galaxy at $z>3$
• Molecular Line Observations in Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 6.9
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: ALMA-Herschel Joint Study of Lensed Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies across $z\simeq 0.5-6$
• Close-up view of a luminous star-forming galaxy at z=2.95
• A High-Resolution Investigation of the Multi-Phase ISM in a Galaxy during the First Two Billion Years
• The Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) I: redshifts of bright gravitationally-lensed galaxies from the Herschel ATLAS
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• VLA Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• ALMA Observations of Atomic Carbon [C I] (${{}^3\mathrm{P}}_1\to {{}^3\mathrm{P}}_0$) and Low-$J$ CO Lines in the Starburst Galaxy NGC 1808
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [I] Overview
• The redshift and star formation mode of AzTEC2: a pair of massive galaxies at $z=4.63$
• High resolution modeling of [CII], [CI], [OIII] and CO line emission from the ISM and CGM of a star forming galaxy at z ~ 6.5
• IRAM 30m-EMIR Redshift Search of z = 3-4 Lensed Dusty Starbursts selected from the HerBS sample
• Missing Giants: Predictions on Dust-Obscured Galaxy Stellar Mass Assembly Throughout Cosmic Time
• First detection of the 448 GHz ortho-H2O line at high redshift: probing the structure of a starburst nucleus at z = 3.63
• VLA and ALMA observations of the lensed radio-quiet quasar SDSS J0924+0219: a molecular structure in a 3 microJy radio source
• The Carbon-to-H${}_2$, CO-to-H${}_2$ Conversion Factors and Carbon Abundance on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• PASSAGES: The Large Millimeter Telescope and ALMA Observations of Extremely Luminous High Redshift Galaxies Identified by the Planck
• Suppressed CO emission and high G/D ratios in z=2 galaxies with sub-solar gas-phase metallicity
• An ALMA view of 11 Dusty Star Forming Galaxies at the peak of Cosmic Star Formation History
• Observations of neutral carbon in 29 high-z lensed dusty star forming galaxies and the comparison of gas mass tracers
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• High resolution spectral imaging of CO(7-6), [CI](2-1) and continuum of three high-z lensed dusty star-forming galaxies using ALMA
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• Molecular gas properties of Planck-selected protocluster candidates at z~1.3-3
• A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48
• SUNRISE: The rich molecular inventory of high-redshift dusty galaxies revealed by broadband spectral line surveys
• An ACA Survey of [CI] ${}^3{P}_1{-}^3{P}_0$, CO $J=4-3$, and Dust Continuum in Nearby U/LIRG
• The cold interstellar medium of a normal sub-$L^{\star }$ galaxy at the end of reionization
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• Where infall meets outflows: turbulent dissipation probed by CH${}^{+}$ and Ly$\alpha$ in the starburst/AGN galaxy group SMM J02399$-$0136 at z$\sim$2.8
• ALMA resolves the first strongly-lensed Optical/NIR-dark galaxy
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• Source structure and molecular gas properties from high-resolution CO imaging of SPT-selected dusty star-forming galaxies
• Detection of H2O and OH+ in z>3 Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• Discovery of a protocluster core associated with an enormous Ly$\alpha$ Nebula at $z=2.3$
• Molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94: a massive, main-sequence galaxy at $z\approx 2$
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• A SCUBA-2 Selected Herschel-SPIRE Dropout and the Nature of this Population
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• The COSMOS-Web ring: Spectroscopic confirmation of the background source at z = 5.1
• Anatomy of the Class I protostar L1489 IRS with NOEMA - II. A disk replenished by a massive streamer
• The Way of Water: ALMA resolves H2O emission lines in a strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxy at z $\sim$ 3.1
• Massive molecular gas reservoir in a luminous sub-millimeter galaxy during cosmic noon
• Central concentration of warm and dense molecular gas in a strongly lensed submillimeter galaxy at z=6
• Milky Way-Like Gas Excitation in an Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at $z=1.6$
• The effects of stellar feedback on molecular clumps in the Lagoon Nebula (M8)
• A possible relation between global CO excitation and massive molecular outflows in local ULIRGs
• Modeling submillimeter galaxies in cosmological simulations: Contribution to the cosmic star formation density and predictions for future surveys
• Water emission tracing active star formation from the Milky Way to high-$z$ galaxies
• PRUSSIC III -- ALMA and NOEMA survey of dense gas in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• The molecular-gas properties in the gravitationally lensed merger HATLAS J142935.3-002836
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• Beetroots: spatially-regularized Bayesian inference of physical parameter maps -- Application to Orion
• HerS-3: An Exceptional Einstein Cross Reveals a Massive Dark Matter Halo
• Resolved Neutral Outflow from a Lensed Dusty Star Forming Galaxy at z=2.09
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Kiloparsec-scale imaging of the CO(1-0)-traced cold molecular gas reservoir in a z~3.4 submillimeter galaxy
• The Photometric Analysis of the Environment Around Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2$