Turbulent Gas in Lensed Planck-selected Starbursts at redshifts 1-3.5

Abstract

Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift (1 < z < 3) represent the most intense star-forming regions in the Universe. Key aspects to these processes are the gas heating and cooling mechanisms. Although it is well known that these galaxies are gas-rich, little is known about the gas excitation conditions. Here we examine these processes in a sample of 24 strongly lensed star-forming galaxies identified by the \textit{Planck} satellite (LPs) at z ~ 1.1 - 3.5. We analyze 162 CO rotational transitions (ranging from Jupper = 1 - 12) and 37 atomic carbon fine-structure lines ([CI]) in order to characterize the physical conditions of the gas in sample of LPs. We simultaneously fit the CO and [CI] lines, and the dust continuum emission, using two different non-LTE, radiative transfer models. The first model represents a two component gas density, while the second assumes a turbulence driven log-normal gas density distribution. These LPs are among the most gas-rich, infrared (IR) luminous galaxies ever observed (${\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}$L${}_{\mathrm{IR}(8-1000\mu \mathrm{m})}\sim 10^{13-14.6}$\Lsun; $<{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}$M${}_{\mathrm{ISM}}>=2.7\pm 1.2\times 10^{12}$ \Msun, with ${\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}\sim 10-30$ the average lens magnification factor). Our results suggest that the turbulent ISM present in the LPs can be well-characterized by a high turbulent velocity dispersion ($<\Delta V_{\mathrm{turb}}>\sim 100$ \kms) and gas kinetic temperature to dust temperature ratios $<T_{\mathrm{kin}}$/$T_{\mathrm{d}}>\sim 2.5$, sustained on scales larger than a few kpc. We speculate that the average surface density of the molecular gas mass and IR luminosity ${\Sigma }_{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{ISM}}}$ $\sim 10^{3-4}$ \Msun pc${}^{-2}$ and ${\Sigma }_{{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{IR}}}$ $\sim 10^{11-12}$ \Lsun kpc${}^{-2}$, arise from both stellar mechanical feedback and a steady momentum injection from the accretion of intergalactic gas.

arXiv comment54 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (as of Oct. 30, 2020). Please feel free to view the supplementary figures here (which can later be found online in the ApJ after the full publication procedure): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1CN3rqlUDcNi5JSDH2GhFk_SLSlo10han?usp=sharing

References in corpus (310)

• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-Forming Galaxies
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• Binary companions of evolved stars in APOGEE DR14: Search method and catalog of ~5,000 companions
• The physical properties of star forming galaxies in the low redshift universe
• Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• Theory of Star Formation
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• Star Formation in AEGIS Field Galaxies since z=1.1 : The Dominance of Gradually Declining Star Formation, and the Main Sequence of Star-Forming Galaxies
• The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems
• The reversal of the star formation-density relation in the distant universe
• A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: I. Galaxy Mergers & Quasar Activity
• Rotating Nuclear Rings and Extreme Starbursts in Ultraluminous Galaxies
• Interstellar Turbulence I: Observations and Processes
• A Redshift Survey of the Submillimeter Galaxy Population
• GOODS-Herschel: an infrared main sequence for star-forming galaxies
• Cool Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• A General Theory of Turbulence-Regulated Star Formation, From Spirals to ULIRGs
• Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
• A Study of the Gas-Star Formation Relation over Cosmic Time
• The Star-formation Mass Sequence out to z=2.5
• The Molecular Interstellar Medium in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies
• Very High Gas Fractions and Extended Gas Reservoirs in z=1.5 Disk Galaxies
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• Constraining the Low-Mass Slope of the Star Formation Sequence at 0.5<z<2.5
• The lesser role of starbursts for star formation at z=2
• Submillimeter Galaxies
• Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• Radiation Pressure Supported Starburst Disks and AGN Fueling
• Submillimeter Galaxies at z~2: Evidence for Major Mergers & Constraints on Lifetimes, IMF and CO-H2 Conversion Factor
• The Dark Molecular Gas
• Molecular Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Disk Galaxies
• The Relation Between Optical Extinction and Hydrogen Column Density in the Galaxy
• Mass loss from hot massive stars
• PHIBSS: Unified Scaling Relations of Gas Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions
• Combined CO & Dust Scaling Relations of Depletion Time and Molecular Gas Fractions with Cosmic Time, Specific Star Formation Rate and Stellar Mass
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• The KMOS^3D Survey: design, first results, and the evolution of galaxy kinematics from 0.7<z<2.7
• The Formation of Massive Star Systems by Accretion
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor From Infrared Dust Emission Across the Local Group
• Stellar Feedback in Galaxies and the Origin of Galaxy-scale Winds
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies Since z=2 as Probed by Their Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions
• High-resolution Millimeter Imaging of Submillimeter Galaxies
• A Universal, Local Star Formation Law in Galactic Clouds, Nearby Galaxies, High-Redshift Disks, and Starbursts
• ISM masses and the star formation law at Z = 1 to 6 // ALMA observations of dust continuum in 145 galaxies in the COSMOS survey field
• The Spectrum of the Isotropic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission Derived From First-Year Fermi Large Area Telescope Data
• A survey of molecular gas in luminous sub-millimetre galaxies
• Self-Regulated Star Formation in Galaxies via Momentum Input from Massive Stars
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• The Evolution of the Star-forming Interstellar Medium across Cosmic Time
• The Detection of a Population of Submillimeter-Bright, Strongly-Lensed Galaxies
• The Star Formation Law in Atomic and Molecular Gas
• The deepest Herschel-PACS far-infrared survey: number counts and infrared luminosity functions from combined PEP/GOODS-H observations
• The 1% Concordance Hubble Constant
• Regulation of Star Formation Rates in Multiphase Galactic Disks: a Thermal/Dynamical Equilibrium Model
• Defining the intrinsic AGN infrared spectral energy distribution and measuring its contribution to the infrared output of composite galaxies
• Diagnostics of irradiated dense gas in galaxy nuclei. II. A grid of XDR and PDR models
• A General Model for the CO-H2 Conversion Factor in Galaxies with Applications to the Star Formation Law
• A 158 Micron [CII] Line Survey of Galaxies at z ~ 1 to 2: An Indicator of Star Formation in the Early Universe
• Regularity underlying complexity: a redshift-independent description of the continuous variation of galaxy-scale molecular gas properties in the mass-star formation rate plane
• Evolution of Interstellar Medium, Star Formation, and Accretion at High Redshift
• Evolution of the dusty infrared luminosity function from z=0 to z=2.3 using observations from Spitzer
• Extragalactic millimeter-wave sources in South Pole Telescope survey data: source counts, catalog, and statistics for an 87 square-degree field
• An ALMA Survey of Submillimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: The Redshift Distribution and Evolution of Submillimeter Galaxies
• Interstellar Turbulence II: Implications and Effects
• The Relation Between SFR and Stellar Mass for Galaxies at 3.5 $\le z\le$ 6.5 in CANDELS
• A Unified Model for Galactic Discs: Star Formation, Turbulence Driving, and Mass Transport
• The Big Problems in Star Formation: the Star Formation Rate, Stellar Clustering, and the Initial Mass Function
• Feedback, Disk Self-regulation and Galaxy Formation
• Black hole accretion and star formation as drivers of gas excitation and chemistry in Mrk231
• Kiloparsec-scale dust disks in high-redshift luminous submillimeter galaxies
• Turbulent Flow-Driven Molecular Cloud Formation: A Solution to the Post-T Tauri Problem?
• One-Point Probability Distribution Functions of Supersonic Turbulent Flows in Self-Gravitating Media
• The Structure of the Interstellar Medium of Star Forming Galaxies
• ALMA redshifts of millimeter-selected galaxies from the SPT survey: The redshift distribution of dusty star-forming galaxies
• The contribution of starbursts and normal galaxies to infrared luminosity functions at z < 2
• The metallicity dependence of the CO {\rightarrow} H_2 conversion factor in z>1 star forming galaxies
• Star Formation in Galaxy Mergers with Realistic Models of Stellar Feedback & the Interstellar Medium
• The Evolution of ISM Mass Probed by Dust Emission -- ALMA Observations at z = 0.3 to 2
• Observations of Arp 220 using Herschel-SPIRE: An Unprecedented View of the Molecular Gas in an Extreme Star Formation Environment
• Validation of the equilibrium model for galaxy evolution to z~3 through molecular gas and dust observations of lensed star-forming galaxies
• Molecular and atomic gas along and across the main sequence of star-forming galaxies
• Low CO Luminosities in Dwarf Galaxies
• On the Relationship Between Molecular Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Abundances in Molecular Clouds
• Density Fluctuations in MHD Turbulence: Spectra, Intermittency and Topology
• Protostellar Turbulence Driven by Collimated Outflows
• GOODS-Herschel: The far-infrared view of star formation in AGN host galaxies since z~3
• Cosmic Chemical Evolution
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: ALMA resolves the rest-frame far-infrared emission of sub-millimeter galaxies
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Survey Description
• Radio Imaging of the Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission Region in the Central Engine of a Radio Galaxy
• The Epoch of Disk Settling: z~1 to Now
• Stellar populations dominated by massive stars in dusty starburst galaxies across cosmic time
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Information from Large-scale sub-mm Surveys of Extragalactic Sources
• A unified empirical model for infrared galaxy counts based on observed physical evolution of distant galaxies
• The SINS/zC-SINF survey of z~2 galaxy kinematics: SINFONI adaptive optics-assisted data and kiloparsec-scale emission line properties
• Numerical simulations of compressively driven interstellar turbulence: I. Isothermal gas
• Highly-excited CO emission in APM08279+5255 at z=3.9
• Magnetic Fields in Starburst Galaxies and The Origin of the FIR-Radio Correlation
• The molecular gas in Luminous Infrared Galaxies I: CO lines, extreme physical conditions, and their drivers
• ISM properties in hydrodynamic galaxy simulations: Turbulence cascades, cloud formation, role of gravity and feedback
• Gravitational Lens Models Based on Submillimeter Array Imaging of Herschel-selected Strongly Lensed Sub-millimeter Galaxies at z>1.5
• Supersonic turbulence in the ISM: stellar extinction determinations as probes of the structure and dynamics of dark clouds
• ALMA Imaging and Gravitational Lens Models of South Pole Telescope-Selected Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshifts
• The CI lines as tracers of molecular gas, and their prospects at high redshifts
• Submillimetre and far-infrared spectral energy distributions of galaxies: the luminosity-temperature relation and consequences for photometric redshifts
• High-redshift star formation in the ALMA era
• The effect of violent star formation on the state of the molecular gas in M82
• The Global Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds. I: Model Formulation and Quasi-Equilibrium Behavior
• The Formation of Submillimetre-Bright Galaxies from Gas Infall over a Billion Years
• Gas and Dust in the Cloverleaf Quasar at Redshift 2.5
• Modeling CO Emission: I. CO as a Column Density Tracer and the X-Factor in Molecular Clouds
• The Exciting Lives of Giant Molecular Clouds
• Characterisation of SCUBA-2 450um and 850um-selected Galaxies in the COSMOS Field
• Building the cosmic infrared background brick by brick with Herschel/PEP
• HerMES: Candidate Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies and Lensing Statistics at Submillimeter Wavelengths
• Molecular gas in extreme star-forming environments: the starbursts Arp220 and NGC6240 as case studies
• Collisional Excitation of the [CII] Fine Structure Transition in Interstellar Clouds
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• Star formation relations and CO SLEDs across the J-ladder and redshift
• What Phase of the Interstellar Medium Correlates with the Star Formation Rate?
• The molecular gas in Luminous Infrared Galaxies II: extreme physical conditions, and their effects on the X_{co} factor
• Is Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium Driven by Feedback or Gravity? An Observational Test
• The Evolution and Origin of Ionized Gas Velocity Dispersion from $z\sim 2.6$ to $z\sim 0.6$ with KMOS${}^{3D}$
• Dependence of Interstellar Turbulent Pressure on Supernova Rate
• Mechanical AGN Feedback: Controlling the Thermodynamical Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO luminosity functions and the molecular gas content of galaxies through cosmic history
• The Most Luminous Galaxies Discovered by WISE
• A Mechanism for Stimulating AGN Feedback by Lifting Gas in Massive Galaxies
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon at High Redshift
• COLDz: Shape of the CO Luminosity Function at High Redshift and the Cold Gas History of the Universe
• Warm molecular hydrogen in the Spitzer SINGS galaxy sample
• Sub-kpc ALMA imaging of compact star-forming galaxies at z~2.5: revealing the formation of dense galactic cores in the progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies
• Star Formation in Extreme Environments: The Effects of Cosmic Rays and Mechanical Heating
• The evolution of CNO isotopes: a new window on cosmic star-formation history and the stellar IMF in the age of ALMA
• GOODS-Herschel~: Gas-to-dust mass ratios and CO-to-H_2 conversion factors in normal and starbursting galaxies at high-z
• Dust temperature and CO-to-H2 conversion factor variations in the SFR-M* plane
• Modeling CO Emission: II. The Physical Characteristics that Determine the X factor in Galactic Molecular Clouds
• The role of star-formation and AGN in dust heating of z = 0.3-2.8 galaxies - I. Evolution with redshift and luminosity
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey IX: Data Release 2 and Outer Galaxy Extension
• The Spectral Energy Distribution of CO lines in M82
• X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - III. Calibration of the Lx-SFR relation up to redshift z$\simeq$1.3
• ISM properties of a Massive Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy discovered at z ~ 7
• Evidence for CO shock excitation in NGC 6240 from Herschel SPIRE spectroscopy
• The redshift distribution of dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT survey
• On the dust temperatures of high redshift galaxies
• Gas Dynamics in the Luminous Merger NGC 6240
• Planck early results. XXI. Properties of the interstellar medium in the Galactic plane
• The Herschel-ATLAS: a sample of 500μm-selected lensed galaxies over 600 square degrees
• Effective destruction of CO by cosmic rays: implications for tracing H${}_2$ gas in the Universe
• A Ten Billion Solar Mass Outflow of Molecular Gas Launched by Radio Bubbles in the Abell 1835 Brightest Cluster Galaxy
• Blind detections of CO J = 1--0 in 11 H-ATLAS galaxies at z = 2.1--3.5 with the GBT/Zpectrometer
• VLA and ALMA Imaging of Intense, Galaxy-Wide Star Formation in z ~ 2 Galaxies
• L'CO/LFIR Relations with CO Rotational Ladders of Galaxies Across the Herschel SPIRE Archive
• A Theory for the Excitation of CO in Star Forming Galaxies
• SILCC-Zoom: The dynamical and chemical evolution of molecular clouds
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: Multi-wavelength Properties of ALMA-identified Submillimeter Galaxies in UKIDSS-UDS
• Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS): II. Cold Molecular Gas Evolution out to Redshift 6
• ALMA observations of atomic carbon in z~4 dusty star-forming galaxies
• The Brightest Galaxies in the Dark Ages: Galaxies' Dust Continuum Emission During the Reionization Era
• Luminous Infrared Galaxies with the Submillimeter Array: II. Comparing the CO(3-2) Sizes and Luminosities of Local and High-Redshift Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Black hole in the West Nucleus of Arp 220
• Mutual influence of supernovae and molecular clouds
• The Complete Redshift Distribution of Dusty Star-forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• Extreme Cosmic-Ray-Dominated-Regions: a new paradigm for high star formation density events in the Universe
• ALMA spectroscopic survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: CO luminosity functions and the evolution of the cosmic density of molecular gas
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Molecular gas reservoirs in high-redshift galaxies
• A Survey of Atomic Carbon [C I] in High-redshift Main-Sequence Galaxies
• Multiple CO Transitions, CI, and HCN from the Cloverleaf Quasar
• Molecular Star Formation Rate Indicators in Galaxies
• Assessing Radiation Pressure as a Feedback Mechanism in Star-Forming Galaxies
• Is molecular gas necessary for star formation?
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: CO Excitation and Atomic Carbon in Star-Forming Galaxies at $z=1-3$
• High-J CO Versus Far-Infrared Relations in Normal and Starburst Galaxies
• Testing massive star evolution, star-formation history and feedback at low metallicity : Spectroscopic analysis of OB stars in the SMC Wing
• On linear dust-gas streaming instabilities in protoplanetary discs
• The KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS): the origin of disk turbulence in z~0.9 star-forming galaxies
• Demonstrating A New Census of INfrared Galaxies with ALMA (DANCING-ALMA). I. FIR Size and Luminosity Relation at z = 0-6 Revealed with 1034 ALMA Sources
• Molecular depletion times and the CO-to-H2 conversion factor in metal-poor galaxies
• Planck's Dusty GEMS: Gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies discovered with the Planck survey
• ALMA Resolves the Nuclear Disks of Arp 220
• CI emission in Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies as a molecular gas mass tracer
• Atomic carbon at redshift ~2.5
• The relative impact of photoionizing radiation and stellar winds on different environments
• Gas, dust and stars in the SCUBA galaxy, SMM J02399-0136: the EVLA reveals a colossal galactic nursery
• ALMACAL I: First dual-band number counts from a deep and wide ALMA submm survey, free from cosmic variance
• The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: blank-field number counts of 450um-selected galaxies and their contribution to the cosmic infrared background
• HerMES: ALMA Imaging of Herschel-selected Dusty Star-forming Galaxies
• Supernova feedback in a local vertically stratified medium: interstellar turbulence and galactic winds
• The CO Luminosity Density at High-z (COLDz) Survey: A Sensitive, Large Area Blind Search for Low-J CO Emission from Cold Gas in the Early Universe with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array
• Irradiated ISM: Discriminating between Cosmic Rays and X-rays
• A Molecular Line Scan in the Hubble Deep Field North: Constraints on the CO Luminosity Function and the Cosmic H2 Density
• Strong biases in infrared-selected gravitational lenses
• Discovery of four apparently cold dusty galaxies at z=3.62-5.85 in the COSMOS field: direct evidence of CMB impact on high-redshift galaxy observables
• Submillimetre line spectrum of the Seyfert galaxy NGC1068 from the Herschel-SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer
• ALMA observations of cold molecular gas filaments trailing rising radio bubbles in PKS0745-191
• Thermal SZ fluctuations in the ICM: probing turbulence and thermodynamics in Coma cluster with $Planck$
• Using [CI] to probe the Interstellar Medium in z~2.5 Sub-Millimeter Galaxies
• Atomic Carbon in Galaxies
• A Herschel Space Observatory Spectral Line Survey of Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies from 194 to 671 Microns
• PHIBSS: molecular gas, extinction, star formation and kinematics in the z=1.5 star forming galaxy EGS13011166
• The Role of Galactic Winds on Molecular Gas Emission from Galaxy Mergers
• Modelling [CI] emission from turbulent molecular clouds
• Large turbulent reservoirs of cold molecular gas around high-redshift starburst galaxies
• Simulating Electron Transport and Synchrotron Emission in Radio Galaxies: Shock Acceleration and Synchrotron Aging in Axis-Symmetric Flows
• Molecular gas in low-metallicity starburst galaxies: Scaling relations and the CO-to-H${}_2$ conversion factor
• Molecules in galaxies
• Size bias and differential lensing of strongly lensed, dusty galaxies identified in wide-field surveys
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• 400 pc Imaging of a Massive Quasar Host Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.6
• Submillimeter Observations of Millimeter Bright Galaxies Discovered by the South Pole Telescope
• Herschel-PACS Observations of Far-IR CO Line Emission in NGC 1068: Highly Excited Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Disk
• An ALMA survey of submillimeter galaxies in the COSMOS field: Multiwavelength counterparts and redshift distribution
• Warm Molecular Hydrogen in the Galactic Wind of M82
• Molecular gas heating mechanisms, and star formation feedback in merger/s tarbursts: NGC 6240 and Arp 193 as case studies
• Atomic Carbon in M82: Physical conditions derived from simultaneous observations of the [CI] fine structure submillimeter wave transitions
• The far-infrared emitting region in local galaxies and QSOs: Size and scaling relations
• Mass Transport and Turbulence in Gravitationally Unstable Disk Galaxies II: The Effects of Star Formation Feedback
• Neutral Atomic Carbon in Centers of Galaxies
• The Strikingly Uniform, Highly Turbulent Interstellar Medium of the Most Luminous Galaxy in the Universe
• Giant molecular clouds and massive star formation in the southern milky way
• CO(1-0) survey of high-z radio galaxies: alignment of molecular halo gas with distant radio sources
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Observations of Extremely Luminous High-z Sources Identified by Planck
• CO(1-0) line imaging of massive star-forming disc galaxies at z=1.5-2.2
• The WISSH QSOs project IX. Cold gas content and environment of luminous QSOs at z~2.4-4.7
• A Total Molecular Gas Mass Census in z~2-3 Star-forming Galaxies: Low-J CO Excitation Probes of Galaxies' Evolutionary States
• VLA-ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (VLASPECS): Total Cold Gas Masses and CO Line Ratios for z=2-3 "Main Sequence" Galaxies
• Neutral carbon and CO in 76 (U)LIRGs and starburst galaxy centers A method to determine molecular gas properties in luminous galaxies
• CI and CO in the nearby spiral galaxies IC 342 and Maffei 2
• Galaxy metallicities depend primarily on stellar mass and molecular gas mass
• Planck's dusty GEMS. VI. Multi-J CO excitation and interstellar medium conditions in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2-4
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The nature of the faintest dusty star-forming galaxies
• Deceptively cold dust in the massive starburst galaxy GN20 at $z\sim 4$
• A molecular line scan in the Hubble Deep Field North
• The evolution of the star formation activity per halo mass up to redshift ~ 1.6 as seen by Herschel
• Star formation laws and thresholds from ISM structure and turbulence
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• ALMA view of a massive spheroid progenitor: a compact rotating core of molecular gas in an AGN host at z=2.226
• An Analysis of ALMA Deep Fields and the Perceived Dearth of High-z Galaxies
• The Molecular Gas Reservoirs of $z\sim 2$ Galaxies: A comparison of CO(1-0) and dust-based molecular gas masses
• The Herschel Bright Sources (HerBS): Sample definition and SCUBA-2 observations
• Spitzer IRAC Infrared Colours of Submillimetre-bright Galaxies
• Luminosity Functions of Local Infrared Galaxies with AKARI: Implications to the Cosmic Star Formation History and AGN Evolution
• Radiative and mechanical feedback into the molecular gas of NGC 253
• SILCC-ZOOM: The early impact of ionizing radiation on forming molecular clouds
• Warm Molecular Gas in Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Central molecular zones in galaxies: 12CO-to-13CO ratios, carbon budget, and X factors
• Herschel-PACS spectroscopy of IR-bright galaxies at high redshift
• Plateau de Bure High-z Blue-Sequence Survey 2 (PHIBSS2): Search for Secondary Sources, CO Luminosity Functions in the Field, and the Evolution of Molecular Gas Density through Cosmic Time
• X-ray Emission from an Expanding Supergiant Shell in IC 2574
• The molecular gas content in obscured AGN at z > 1
• NOEMA redshift measurements of bright Herschel galaxies
• CO Emission in Infrared-Selected Active Galactic Nuclei
• Submillimeter flux as a probe of molecular ISM mass in high-$z$ galaxies
• Impact of galactic shear and stellar feedback on star formation
• The Red Radio Ring: a gravitationally lensed hyperluminous infrared radio galaxy at z=2.553 discovered through citizen science
• Total Molecular Gas Masses of Planck - Herschel Selected Strongly Lensed Hyper Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VII. Atomic carbon and molecular gas in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2 to 4
• The AGN-Star Formation Connection: Future Prospects with JWST
• The roles of radiation and ram pressure in driving galactic winds
• The differential magnification of high-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• Planck's dusty GEMS. IV. Star formation and feedback in a maximum starburst at z=3 seen at 60-pc resolution
• Probing the Interstellar Medium of z~1 Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies through Interferometric Observations of CO and Spitzer Mid-infrared Spectroscopy
• Radio continuum size evolution of star-forming galaxies over 0.35 < z < 2.25
• CO, H2O, H2O+ line and dust emission in a z = 3.63 strongly lensed starburst merger at sub-kiloparsec scales
• Molecular cooling in the diffuse interstellar medium
• Direct measurement of the [CI] luminosity to molecular gas mass conversion factor in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• MIPS J142824.0+352619: A Hyperluminous Starburst Galaxy at z=1.325
• Constraints on the Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate in the $z\sim 2.3$ Lensed Galaxies SMM J2135$-$0102 and SDP 17b from Observations of OH${}^{+}$ and H${}_2$O${}^{+}$
• Ultra-bright CO and [CI] emission in a lensed z=2.04 submillimeter galaxy with extreme molecular gas properties
• On the redshift distribution and physical properties of ACT-selected DSFGs
• Shock generated vorticity in the interstellar medium and the origin of the stellar initial mass function
• PLCK G165.7+67.0: Analysis of a Massive Lensing Cluster in a Hubble Space Telescope Census of Submillimeter Giant Arcs Selected Using Planck/Herschel
• Imaging the Molecular Interstellar Medium in a Gravitationally Lensed Star-forming Galaxy at z=5.7
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. I. The unmagnetized and zero-feedback limit
• ALMACAL II: Extreme star-formation-rate densities in a pair of dusty starbursts at $z=3.442$ revealed by ALMA 20-milliarcsec resolution imaging
• HerMES: Spectral Energy Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at z >4
• Atomic carbon as a powerful tracer of molecular gas in the high-redshift Universe: perspectives for ALMA
• Large-scale turbulent driving regulates star formation in high-redshift gas-rich galaxies
• Extreme conditions in the molecular gas of lensed star-forming galaxies at z~3
• [CI](1-0) and [CI](2-1) in resolved local galaxies
• Planck's dusty GEMS. V. Molecular wind and clump stability in a strongly lensed star-forming galaxy at z=2.2
• A magnified view of circumnuclear star formation and feedback around an AGN at z=2.6
• SHARP -- VI. Evidence for CO (1-0) molecular gas extended on kpc-scales in AGN star forming galaxies at high redshift
• A non-corotating gas component in an extreme starburst at z=4.3
• Entropy Driven Winds: Outflows and Fountains Lifted Gently by Buoyancy
• The redshift and star formation mode of AzTEC2: a pair of massive galaxies at $z=4.63$
• IRAM 30m-EMIR Redshift Search of z = 3-4 Lensed Dusty Starbursts selected from the HerBS sample
• The ISM Properties and Gas Kinematics of a Redshift 3 Massive Dusty Star-forming Galaxy
• The Discovery of a New Massive Molecular Gas Component Associated with the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J02399-0136
• Hot and Turbulent Gas in Clusters
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. III. A massive lensing galaxy with a bottom-heavy stellar initial mass function at z=1.5
• Spectroscopic confirmation and velocity dispersions for twenty Planck galaxy clusters at 0.16<z<0.78
• Suppressed CO emission and high G/D ratios in z=2 galaxies with sub-solar gas-phase metallicity
• The "Red Radio Ring": Ionised and Molecular Gas in a Starburst/Active Galactic Nucleus at $z\sim 2.55$
• Discovery of a lensed ultrabright submillimeter galaxy at z=2.0439
• Molecular Gas Kinematics and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly-Lensed Quasar Host Galaxy RXS J1131-1231
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: CO(J = 3 - 2) mapping and lens modeling of an ACT-selected dusty star-forming galaxy
• Source structure and molecular gas properties from high-resolution CO imaging of SPT-selected dusty star-forming galaxies
• COLDz: Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array discovery of a gas-rich galaxy in COSMOS
• High dense gas fraction in a gas-rich star-forming galaxy at z = 1.2
• A near/mid infrared search for ultra-bright submillimetre galaxies: Searching for Cosmic Eyelash Analogues
• Dynamical Properties of Molecular-forming Gas Clumps in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• The Energetics of Launching the Most Powerful Jets in Quasars: A Study of 3C82
• Astrophysics with radioactive isotopes
• Introduction to Astronomy with Radioactivity

Cited by in corpus (60)

• Dust, CO and [CI]: Cross-calibration of molecular gas mass tracers in metal-rich galaxies across cosmic time
• CO excitation, molecular gas density and interstellar radiation field in local and high-redshift galaxies
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Starbursts in the main sequence reveal compact star formation regulating galaxy evolution prequenching
• Molecular Line Observations in Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 6.9
• Sub-Millimetre Galaxies with Webb: Near-Infrared Counterparts and Multi-wavelength Morphology
• High Molecular-Gas to Dust Mass Ratios Predicted in Most Quiescent Galaxies
• The Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) I: redshifts of bright gravitationally-lensed galaxies from the Herschel ATLAS
• The subthermal excitation of the C{\sc i} lines in the molecular gas reservoirs of galaxies: its significance and potential utility
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• A comprehensive view of the interstellar medium in a quasar host galaxy at z~6.4
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• VLA Legacy Survey of Molecular Gas in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at High Redshift
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [I] Overview
• Probing cold gas in a massive, compact star-forming galaxy at z=6
• PRUSSIC I - a JVLA survey of HCN/HCO+/HNC (1-0) emission in z$\sim$3 dusty galaxies: Low dense-gas fractions in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• PASSAGES: The Large Millimeter Telescope and ALMA Observations of Extremely Luminous High Redshift Galaxies Identified by the Planck
• Observations of neutral carbon in 29 high-z lensed dusty star forming galaxies and the comparison of gas mass tracers
• The effect of active galactic nuclei on the cold interstellar medium in distant star-forming galaxies
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• Molecular gas and star formation in nearby starburst galaxy mergers
• High resolution spectral imaging of CO(7-6), [CI](2-1) and continuum of three high-z lensed dusty star-forming galaxies using ALMA
• Resolved CO(1-0) emission and gas properties in luminous dusty star forming galaxies at z=2-4
• The cold interstellar medium of a normal sub-$L^{\star }$ galaxy at the end of reionization
• Modelling high-resolution ALMA observations of strongly lensed dustystar forming galaxies detected by Herschel
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• The cold molecular gas in z$\gtrsim$6 quasar host galaxies
• APEX at the QSO MUSEUM: molecular gas reservoirs associated with $z\sim$3 quasars and their link to the extended Ly$\alpha$ emission
• Molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94: a massive, main-sequence galaxy at $z\approx 2$
• A search for candidate strongly-lensed dusty galaxies in the Planck satellite catalogues
• High-z Sudoku: A diagnostic tool for identifying robust (sub)mm redshifts
• CI and CO in Nearby Spiral Galaxies -- I. Line Ratio and Abundance Variations at ~ 200 pc Scales
• Metallicity dependence of the CO-to-H${}_2$ and the [CI]-to-H${}_2$ conversion factors in galaxies
• CO Excitation and Line Energy Distributions in Gas-selected Galaxies
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• Ionized Carbon in Galaxies: The [C II] 158 $\mu$m Line as a Total Molecular Gas Mass Tracer Revisited
• Revealing the hidden cosmic feast: A z=4.3 galaxy group hosting two optically dark, efficiently star-forming galaxies
• PRUSSIC II -- ALMA imaging of dense-gas tracers in SDP.81: Evidence for low mechanical heating and a sub-solar metallicity in a z=3.04 dusty galaxy
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Massive molecular gas reservoir in a luminous sub-millimeter galaxy during cosmic noon
• CO(1--0) imaging reveals 10-kiloparsec molecular gas reservoirs around star-forming galaxies at high redshift
• Milky Way-Like Gas Excitation in an Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at $z=1.6$
• DESHIMA 2.0: Rapid redshift surveys and multi-line spectroscopy of dusty galaxies
• PRUSSIC III -- ALMA and NOEMA survey of dense gas in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• The Einstein ring GAL-CLUS-022058s: a Lensed Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at z=1.4796
• "Dust Giant": Extended and Clumpy Star-Formation in a Massive Dusty Galaxy at $z=1.38$
• A possible relation between global CO excitation and massive molecular outflows in local ULIRGs
• Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies
• Vz-GAL: Probing Cold Molecular Gas in Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z=1-6
• Hot Diggity Dog: Simultaneous CO and Dust Modeling of the Most Luminous WISE Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxy Unveils Extreme Molecular Gas Excitation
• PASSAGES: The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon
• Molecular gas content and high excitation of a massive main-sequence galaxy at z = 3
• Tight correlation of star formation with [Ci] and CO lines across cosmic time
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• GRB host galaxies with strong H${}_2$ absorption: CO-dark molecular gas at the peak of cosmic star formation
• Predicting the resolved CO emission of $z=1-3$ star-forming galaxies
• Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk
• Possible Ongoing Merger Discovered by Photometry and Spectroscopy in the Field of the Galaxy Cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0
• The LMT 2 Millimeter Receiver System (B4R). I. Overview and Results of Science Demonstration
• Kiloparsec-scale imaging of the CO(1-0)-traced cold molecular gas reservoir in a z~3.4 submillimeter galaxy