Turbulent Gas in Lensed Planck-selected Starbursts at redshifts 1-3.5

Abstract

Dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift (1 < z < 3) represent the most intense star-forming regions in the Universe. Key aspects to these processes are the gas heating and cooling mechanisms. Although it is well known that these galaxies are gas-rich, little is known about the gas excitation conditions. Here we examine these processes in a sample of 24 strongly lensed star-forming galaxies identified by the \textit{Planck} satellite (LPs) at z ~ 1.1 - 3.5. We analyze 162 CO rotational transitions (ranging from Jupper = 1 - 12) and 37 atomic carbon fine-structure lines ([CI]) in order to characterize the physical conditions of the gas in sample of LPs. We simultaneously fit the CO and [CI] lines, and the dust continuum emission, using two different non-LTE, radiative transfer models. The first model represents a two component gas density, while the second assumes a turbulence driven log-normal gas density distribution. These LPs are among the most gas-rich, infrared (IR) luminous galaxies ever observed (${\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}$L${}_{\mathrm{IR}(8-1000\mu \mathrm{m})}\sim 10^{13-14.6}$\Lsun; $<{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}$M${}_{\mathrm{ISM}}>=2.7\pm 1.2\times 10^{12}$ \Msun, with ${\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}\sim 10-30$ the average lens magnification factor). Our results suggest that the turbulent ISM present in the LPs can be well-characterized by a high turbulent velocity dispersion ($<\Delta V_{\mathrm{turb}}>\sim 100$ \kms) and gas kinetic temperature to dust temperature ratios $<T_{\mathrm{kin}}$/$T_{\mathrm{d}}>\sim 2.5$, sustained on scales larger than a few kpc. We speculate that the average surface density of the molecular gas mass and IR luminosity ${\Sigma }_{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{ISM}}}$ $\sim 10^{3-4}$ \Msun pc${}^{-2}$ and ${\Sigma }_{{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{IR}}}$ $\sim 10^{11-12}$ \Lsun kpc${}^{-2}$, arise from both stellar mechanical feedback and a steady momentum injection from the accretion of intergalactic gas.

54 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (as of Oct. 30, 2020). Please feel free to view the supplementary figures here (which can later be found online in the ApJ after the full publication procedure): https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1CN3rqlUDcNi5JSDH2GhFk_SLSlo10han?usp=sharing

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