The Formation of Massive Star Systems by Accretion

Abstract

Massive stars produce so much light that the radiation pressure they exert on the gas and dust around them is stronger than their gravitational attraction, a condition that has long been expected to prevent them from growing by accretion. We present three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the collapse of a massive prestellar core and find that radiation pressure does not halt accretion. Instead, gravitational and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities channel gas onto the star system through non-axisymmetric disks and filaments that self-shield against radiation, while allowing radiation to escape through optically-thin bubbles. Gravitational instabilities cause the disk to fragment and form a massive companion to the primary star. Radiation pressure does not limit stellar masses, but the instabilities that allow accretion to continue lead to small multiple systems.

Accepted by Science. 28 pages, 8 figures, Science manuscript format, includes both main text and supplementary online material. Figure resolution severely degraded to fit within size limits. For movie and full resolution figures, see http://www.ucolick.org/~krumholz/publications.html

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• Birth of magnetized low-mass protostars and circumstellar disks
• Spin down of protostars through gravitational torques
• Magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Radiative Flows
• Dust-Evacuated Zones Near Massive Stars: Consequences of Dust Dynamics on Star-forming Regions
• Dense gas and exciting sources of the molecular outflow in the AFGL 437 star-forming region
• K-band High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Embedded Massive Protostars
• Multiple outflows in the high-mass cluster forming region, G25.82-0.17
• The onset of stellar multiplicity in massive star formation: A search for low-mass companions of massive young stellar objects with $L^{\prime }$-band adaptive optics imaging
• The little-studied cluster Berkeley 90. III. Cluster parameters
• Discovery of an M-type Companion to the Herbig Ae Star V1787 Ori
• On the mass-function of GWTC-2 binary black hole systems and their progenitors
• Cloud-cloud collision and star formation in G323.18+0.15
• Morphologies of protostellar outflows: An ALMA view
• Report on Optimal Substructure Techniques for Stellar, Gas and Combined Samples
• High-Resolution M-band Spectroscopy of CO towards the Massive Young Stellar Binary W3 IRS5
• The Spatial-Kinematic Structure of the Region of Massive Star Formation S255N on Various Scales
• Proper motions of five OB stars with candidate dusty bow shocks in the Carina Nebula
• The ionizing sources of luminous compact HII regions in the RCW106 and RCW122 clouds
• [Fe II] 1.64 um Imaging Observations of the Outflow Features around Ultracompact H II Regions in the 1st Galactic Quadrant
• Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). VII. Disk candidates around high-mass stars and evidence of anisotropic infall
• Radiation hydrodynamic simulations of massive star formation via gravitationally trapped HII regions - Spherically symmetric ionised accretion flows
• Binary Formation in a 100 $\mu$m-dark Massive Core
• An ALMA view of the Galactic super star cluster RCW38 at 270-AU resolution
• Modeling High-Mass Star Formation and Ultracompact HII Regions
• Dynamic Massive Star Formation: Radio Flux Variability in UCHII Regions
• Herschel Hi-GAL imaging of massive young stellar objects
• Gas dynamics in the star forming region G18.148$-$0.283: Is it a manifestation of two colliding molecular clouds?
• Clustered Star Formation: A Review
• From Gas to Stars over Cosmic Time
• Multiwavelength and astrometric study of the DBS-89-90-91 embedded clusters region
• Capture and Escape: The Dependence of Radiation Forces on Clumping in Dusty Envelopes
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Linear filament and nested cluster evolution tomography (LANCET) I. Capture the evolution of dense gas in 14-parsec filament G316.8
• High-mass stars in Milky Way clusters
• The role of accretion disks in the formation of massive stars
• Massive envelopes and filaments in the NGC 3603 star forming region
• Star Formation at milli-arcsecond resolution
• An Eccentric Massive Protobinary Assembled via a Core-merger Parabolic Encounter
• HOTDISK. Finding Massive Protostellar Disks with Water and Refractory Molecular Species
• The Outcome of the Protoplanetary Disk of Very Massive Stars
• The Carina High-Contrast Imaging Project for massive Stars (CHIPS) I. Methodology and proof of concept on QZ Car ($\equiv$ HD93206)
• Studying The Effect of Radiation Pressure on Evolution of a Population III Stellar Cluster
• Isolated massive star candidates in NGC 4242 with GULP
• Discs and outflows in the early phases of massive star formation: influence of magnetic fields and ambipolar diffusion
• Effect of dust rotational disruption by radiative torques on radiation pressure feedback from massive protostars
• Star Formation with Adaptive Mesh Refinement Radiation Hydrodynamics
• Stellar black holes: cosmic history and feedback at the dawn of the universe