Formation and Evolution of Disks around Young Stellar Objects

Abstract

Recent observations have suggested that circumstellar disks may commonly form around young stellar objects. Although the formation of circumstellar disks can be a natural result of the conservation of angular momentum in the parent cloud, theoretical studies instead show disk formation to be difficult from dense molecular cores magnetized to a realistic level, owing to efficient magnetic braking that transports a large fraction of the angular momentum away from the circumstellar region. We review recent progress in the formation and early evolution of disks around young stellar objects of both low-mass and high-mass, with an emphasis on mechanisms that may bridge the gap between observation and theory, including non-ideal MHD effects and asymmetric perturbations in the collapsing core (e.g., magnetic field misalignment and turbulence). We also address the associated processes of outflow launching and the formation of multiple systems, and discuss possible implications in properties of protoplanetary disks.

arXiv comment57 pages, Space Science Reviews, topical collection Star Formation

References in corpus (207)

• Cold Dark Clouds: The Initial Conditions for Star Formation
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• The Formation of Massive Star Systems by Accretion
• Electric Dipole Radiation from Spinning Dust Grains
• Unveiling the Circumstellar Envelope and Disk: A Sub-Arcsecond Survey of Circumstellar Structures
• On the formation of massive stars
• Modeling Collapse and Accretion in Turbulent Gas Clouds: Implementation and Comparison of Sink Particles in AMR and SPH
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• Cosmic-ray ionization of molecular clouds
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• On the Role of Disks in the Formation of Stellar Systems: A Numerical Parameter Study of Rapid Accretion
• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. I Accretion and Ejection
• Protostellar disk formation and transport of angular momentum during magnetized core collapse
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). II. Multiplicity of Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Collapse of Magnetized Singular Isothermal Toroids: II. Rotation and Magnetic Braking
• Thanatology in Protoplanetary Discs: the combined influence of Ohmic, Hall, and ambipolar diffusion on dead zones
• A 0.2 solar mass protostar with a Keplerian disk in the very young L1527 IRS system
• Circumventing the radiation pressure barrier in the formation of massive stars via disk accretion
• PROSAC: A Submillimeter Array survey of low-mass protostars. II. The mass evolution of envelopes, disks, and stars from the Class 0 through I stages
• Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: The Ideal MHD Limit
• Embedding Lagrangian Sink Particles in Eulerian Grids
• Millimeter-wave polarization of protoplanetary disks due to dust scattering
• The impact of magnetic fields on single and binary star formation
• A Triple Protostar System Formed via Fragmentation of a Gravitationally Unstable Disk
• LIME - a flexible, non-LTE line excitation and radiation transfer method for millimeter and far-infrared wavelengths
• Disk-mediated accretion burst in a high-mass young stellar object
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Protostellar Core Formation
• HYPERION: An open-source parallelized three-dimensional dust continuum radiative transfer code
• Collapse of massive magnetized dense cores using radiation-magneto-hydrodynamics: early fragmentation inhibition
• Magnetic Fields in Dark Cloud Cores: Arecibo OH Zeeman Observations
• The Interplay of Magnetic Fields, Fragmentation and Ionization Feedback in High-Mass Star Formation
• Three-dimensional simulation of massive star formation in the disk accretion scenario
• Simulating star formation in molecular cloud cores I. The influence of low levels of turbulence on fragmentation and multiplicity
• Disk formation during collapse of magnetized protostellar cores
• Mechanism of Magnetic Flux Loss in Molecular Clouds
• Ambipolar diffusion in low-mass star formation. I. General comparison with the ideal MHD case
• The Ubiquity of Micrometer-Sized Dust Grains in the Dense Interstellar Medium
• Near-arcsecond resolution observations of the hot corino of the solar type protostar IRAS 16293-2422
• Formation of a Keplerian disk in the infalling envelope around L1527 IRS: transformation from infalling motions to Kepler motions
• Collapse, outflows and fragmentation of massive, turbulent and magnetized prestellar barotropic cores
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamic Effects and Early Formation of Circumstellar Disks
• Nonideal MHD Effects and Magnetic Braking Catastrophe in Protostellar Disk Formation
• Molecular ions in L1544. I. Kinematics
• The Fragmentation of Magnetized, Massive Star-Forming Cores with Radiative Feedback
• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. II Fragmentation. Is there a fragmentation crisis ?
• Accretion disks in luminous young stellar objects
• An extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC6334I-MM1: quadrupling of the millimeter continuum
• Radiative transfer with POLARIS: I. Analysis of magnetic fields through synthetic dust continuum polarization measurements
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Characterizing young protostellar disks with the CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI survey: large Class 0 disks are rare
• Resolved images of a protostellar outflow launched by an extended disk wind
• Effect of Magnetic Braking on the Circumstellar Disk Formation in a Strongly Magnetized Cloud
• Can non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics solve the magnetic braking catastrophe?
• Toward understanding the formation of multiple systems - A pilot IRAM-PdBI survey of Class 0 objects
• A hot compact dust disk around a massive young stellar object
• Magnetic Fields and Rotations of Protostars
• Gravitational collapse of magnetized clouds. I. Ideal MHD accretion flow
• Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: Ambipolar Diffusion
• Infalling-Rotating Motion and Associated Chemical Change in the Envelope of IRAS 16293-2422 Source A Studied with ALMA
• Protostellar Disk Formation Enabled by Removal of Small Dust Grains
• Fragmentation of a Molecular Cloud Core versus Fragmentation of the Massive Protoplanetary Disk in the Main Accretion Phase
• Magnetic fields during the early stages of massive star formation - I. Accretion and disk evolution
• On the existence of accretion-driven bursts in massive star formation
• Directions of Outflows, Disks, Magnetic Fields, and Rotation of YSOs in Collapsing Molecular Cloud Cores
• Disk-Driven Rotating Bipolar Outflow in Orion Source I
• Protostars: Forges of cosmic rays?
• Effects of Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion on the formation and evolution of the first cores, protostars and circumstellar discs
• Evolution of Protostellar Outflow around Low-mass Protostar
• Conditions for Circumstellar Disk Formation: Effects of Initial Conditions and Sink Treatment
• A Keplerian-like disk around the forming O-type star AFGL 4176
• Does Magnetic Field-Rotation Misalignment Solve the Magnetic Braking Catastrophe in Protostellar Disk Formation?
• Simulating star formation in molecular cores II. The effects of different levels of turbulence
• Rotationally-supported disks around Class I sources in Taurus: disk formation constraints
• Bridging the gap: disk formation in the Class 0 phase with ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic dissipation
• A Feature Movie of SiO Emission 20-100 AU from the Massive Young Stellar Object Orion Source I
• An Unstable Truth: How Massive Stars get their Mass
• The influence of turbulence during magnetized core collapse and its consequences on low-mass star formation
• Magnetically regulated collapse in the B335 protostar ? I. ALMA observations of the polarized dust emission
• Bimodality of circumstellar disk evolution induced by Hall current
• Turbulence-induced disc formation in strongly magnetised cloud cores
• The Origin and Formation of the Circumstellar Disk
• ALMA Observations of the Transition from Infall Motion to Keplerian Rotation around the Late-phase Protostar TMC-1A
• Complex Structure in Class 0 Protostellar Envelopes
• A candidate circumbinary Keplerian disk in G35.20-0.74 N: A study with ALMA
• Magnetically self-regulated formation of early protoplanetary discs
• Direct evidence of dust growth in L183 from MIR light scattering
• First hydrodynamics simulations of radiation forces and photoionization feedback in massive star formation
• The role of turbulent magnetic reconnection on the formation of rotationally supported protostellar disks
• Decoupling of Magnetic Fields in Collapsing Protostellar Envelopes and Disk Formation and Fragmentation
• ALMA Observations of Infalling Flows toward the Keplerian Disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• Disc formation in turbulent massive cores: Circumventing the magnetic braking catastrophe
• Second Core Formation and High Speed Jets: Resistive MHD Nested Grid Simulations
• Massive star formation via high accretion rates and early disk-driven outflows
• Dust growth in the interstellar medium: How do accretion and coagulation interplay?
• Grand Design Spiral Arms in A Young Forming Circumstellar Disk
• Disk Formation in Magnetized Clouds Enabled by the Hall Effect
• ALMA observations of dust polarization and molecular line emission from the Class 0 protostellar source Serpens SMM1
• A Sub-arcsecond Survey Toward Class 0 Protostars in Perseus: Searching for Signatures of Protostellar Disks
• The dependence of star formation on initial conditions and molecular cloud structure
• G11.92-0.61 MM 1: A fragmented Keplerian disk surrounding a proto-O star
• Self-similar Collapse of Rotating Magnetic Molecular Cloud Cores
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): Disk Dust Mass Distributions across Protostellar Evolutionary Classes
• Forming spectroscopic massive proto-binaries by disk fragmentation
• Gravitational collapse of magnetized clouds II. The role of Ohmic dissipation
• Simulating the Formation of Massive Protostars: I. Radiative Feedback and Accretion Disks
• A necklace of dense cores in the high-mass star forming region G35.20-0.74N: ALMA observations
• Unveiling the Evolutionary Sequence from Infalling Envelopes to Keplerian Disks around Low-Mass Protostars
• ALMA survey of Class II protoplanetary disks in Corona Australis: a young region with low disk masses
• The diversity of methanol maser morphologies from VLBI observations
• A chemical solver to compute molecule and grain abundances and non-ideal MHD resistivities in prestellar core collapse calculations
• Disk and Envelope Structure in Class 0 Protostars: II. High Resolution Millimeter Mapping of the Serpens Sample
• A Keplerian Circumbinary Disk around the Protobinary System L1551 NE
• Gas flow and accretion via spiral streamers and circumstellar disks in a young binary protostar
• The Extraordinary Outburst in the Massive Protostellar System NGC6334I-MM1: Emergence of Strong 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers
• Cosmic-ray acceleration in young protostars
• The role of magnetic fields in the formation of protostellar discs
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. VI. Characterizing the Formation Mechanism for Close Multiple Systems
• The Envelope and Embedded Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1157-mm: Dual-wavelength Interferometric Observations and Modeling
• Disk Formation Enabled by Enhanced Resistivity
• A Keplerian disk around Orion Source I, a ~15 Msun YSO
• Observations of Infalling and Rotational Motions on a 1,000-AU Scale around 17 Class 0 and 0/I Protostars: Hints of Disk Growth and Magnetic Braking?
• Disentangling the entangled: Observations and analysis of the triple non-coeval protostellar system VLA1623
• Substructures in the Keplerian disc around the O-type (proto)star G17.64+0.16
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). V. 18 Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• ALMA Observations of the Protostar L1527 IRS: Probing Details of the Disk and the Envelope Structures
• Protostellar Outflows and Radiative Feedback from Massive Stars
• The Impact of Feedback During Massive Star Formation by Core Accretion
• Evolution of Angular Momentum Distribution during Star Formation
• A heat-wave of accretion energy traced by masers in the G358-MM1 high-mass protostar
• Unveiling the physical conditions of the youngest disks: A warm embedded disk in L1527
• Molecular outflow launched beyond the disk edge
• The nonisothermal stage of magnetic star formation. II. Results
• Protostellar Accretion Flows Destabilized by Magnetic Flux Redistribution
• A revised condition for self-gravitational fragmentation of protoplanetary disks
• A Masing Event in NGC6334I: Contemporaneous Flaring of Hydroxyl, Methanol and Water Masers
• The Hall effect in star formation
• Spiral Arms, Infall, and Misalignment of the Circumbinary Disk from the Circumstellar Disks in the Protostellar Binary System L1551 NE
• Chronology of Episodic Accretion in Protostars -- an ALMA survey of the CO and H${}_2$O snowlines
• Discovery of a sub-Keplerian disk with jet around a 20Msun young star. ALMA observations of G023.01-00.41
• Dynamical Collapse of Nonrotating Magnetic Molecular Cloud Cores: Evolution Through Point-Mass Formation
• Massive Outflows Driven by Magnetic Effects in Star Forming Clouds with High Mass Accretion Rates
• Effect of Grain Size on Differential Desorption of Volatile Species and on Non-ideal MHD Diffusivity
• Radio outburst from a massive (proto)star. When accretion turns into ejection
• Disk Masses for Embedded Class I Protostars in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• The VLTI/MIDI survey of massive young stellar objects - Sounding the inner regions around intermediate- and high-mass young stars using mid-infrared interferometry
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Perseus Protostars. Resolving the Sub-Arcsecond Binary System in NGC 1333 IRAS2A
• Disk Properties and Density Structure of the Star-Forming Dense Core B335
• Sub-arcsecond (sub)millimeter imaging of the massive protocluster G358.93-0.03: Discovery of 14 new methanol maser lines associated with a hot core
• Observing Simulated Protostars with Outflows: How Accurate are Protostellar Properties Inferred from SEDs?
• The Massive Protostellar Cluster NGC6334I at 220 AU Resolution: Discovery of Further Multiplicity, Diversity and a Hot Multi-Core
• Giant burst of methanol maser in S255IR-NIRS3
• Jets and outflows of massive protostars - From cloud collapse to jet launching and cloud dispersal
• The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey: First Look at Resolved Candidate Disks around Class 0 and I Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Protostellar collapse induced by compression. II: rotation and fragmentation
• Effect of Angular Momentum Alignment and Strong Magnetic Fields on the Formation of Protostellar Disks
• The extraordinary outburst in the massive protostellar system NGC6334I-MM1: Flaring of the water masers in a north-south bipolar outflow driven by MM1B
• The search for high-mass protostars with ALMA revealed up to kilo-parsec scales (SPARKS): I. Indication for a centrifugal barrier in the environment of a single high-mass envelope
• Apparent disk-mass reduction and planetesimal formation in gravitationally unstable disks in Class 0/I YSOs
• Core fragmentation and Toomre stability analysis of W3(H2O): A case study of the IRAM NOEMA large program CORE
• Ambipolar diffusion in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics
• Observation of rotation in star forming regions: clouds, cores, disks, and jets
• Binary system and jet precession and expansion in G35.20-0.74N
• A Submillimeter Burst of S255IR~SMA1 - The Rise And Fall Of Its Luminosity
• Kinematics around the B335 protostar down to au scales
• Disk Formation in Magnetized Dense Cores with Turbulence and Ambipolar Diffusion
• Massive Star Formation via the Collapse of Subvirial and Virialized Turbulent Massive Cores
• Self-Similar Collapse of Nonrotating Magnetic Molecular Cloud Cores
• Observations of 6.7 GHz Methanol Masers with EAVN I: VLBI Images of the first Epoch of Observations
• Fragmentation and disk formation in high-mass star formation: The ALMA view of G351.77-0.54 at 0.06" resolution
• A multiple system of high-mass YSOs surrounded by disks in NGC7538 IRS1
• Disc formation and fragmentation using radiative non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics
• Hot Molecular Circumstellar Disk around Massive Protostar Orion Source I
• Dynamical Evidence for a Magnetocentrifugal Wind from a 20 Msun Binary Young Stellar Object
• ALMA Observations of Orion Source I at 350 and 660 GHz
• The impact of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics on binary star formation
• Magnetic Flux Expulsion in Star Formation
• Impact of the Hall effect in star formation and the issue of angular momentum conservation
• An Asymmetric Keplerian Disk Surrounding the O-type Protostar IRAS16547$-$4247
• An Ordered Envelope-disk Transition in the Massive Protostellar Source G339.88-1.26
• Does misalignment between magnetic field and angular momentum enhance or suppress circumstellar disk formation?
• Stability of accretion discs threaded by a strong magnetic field
• Orion Source I's disk is salty
• ALMA reveals a candidate hot and compact disk around the O-type protostar IRAS 16547$-$4247
• The Hall effect in accretion flows
• Protostellar Outflows at the EarliesT Stages (POETS). I. Radio thermal jets at high resolution nearby H${}_2$O maser sources
• High-mass star formation at sub-50AU scales
• The first bird's-eye view of a gravitationally unstable accretion disk in high-mass star formation
• Forming chondrules in impact splashes. I. Radiative cooling model
• The Mass Evolution of Protostellar Disks and Envelopes in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Rotating and infalling motion around the high-mass young stellar object Cepheus A-HW2 observed with the methanol maser at 6.7 GHz
• Massive Outflows Driven by Magnetic Effects II: Comparison with Observations
• The magnetic diffusivities in 3D radiative chemo-hydrodynamic simulations of protostellar collapse
• Complex Organic Molecules tracing shocks along the outflow cavity in the high-mass protostar IRAS20126+4104
• ALMA observations of the protostellar disk around the VeLLO IRAS 16253-2429
• Dependence of Hall Coefficient on Grain Size and Cosmic Ray Rate and Implication for Circumstellar Disk Formation
• The first detection of the 232 GHz vibrationally excited H2O maser in Orion KL with ALMA
• Protostellar accretion traced with chemistry: Comparing synthetic C18O maps of embedded protostars to real observations
• The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). III. Extended Radio Emission from Protostars in Perseus
• Radiatively Efficient Magnetized Bondi Accretion
• Impact of the Hall effect in star formation : improving the angular momentum conservation
• A 10-$M_{\odot }$ YSO with a Keplerian disk and a nonthermal radio jet
• Using cm Observations to Constrain the Abundance of Very Small Dust Grains in Galactic Cold Cores
• Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs: IV. The role of disc ablation in massive star formation and its contribution to the stellar upper mass limit
• Line-driven ablation of circumstellar discs: III. Accounting for and analyzing the effects of continuum optical depth
• A Face-on Accretion System in High-Mass Star-Formation: Possible Dusty Infall Streams within 100 AU
• Extremely high excitation SiO lines in disk-outflow system in Orion Source I
• Properties and Keplerian Rotation of the Hot Core IRAS 20126+4104

Cited by in corpus (54)

• Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
• Global Three-Dimensional Simulations of Outer Protoplanetary Disks with Ambipolar Diffusion
• Zooming in on Individual Star Formation: Low- and High-mass Stars
• The Role of Outflows, Radiation Pressure, and Magnetic Fields in Massive Star Formation
• The diverse chemistry of protoplanetary disks as revealed by JWST
• Origin of hydrogen isotopic variations in chondritic water and organics
• The Origin of the Stellar Mass Distribution and Multiplicity
• What is the role of stellar radiative feedback in setting the stellar mass spectrum?
• Formation and evolution of protostellar accretion discs. I. Angular-momentum budget, gravitational self-regulation, and numerical convergence
• From Pebbles and Planetesimals to Planets and Dust: the Protoplanetary Disk--Debris Disk Connection
• Formation and evolution of a protoplanetary disk: combining observations, simulations and cosmochemical constraints
• Probing the physics of star formation (ProPStar): I. First resolved maps of the electron fraction and cosmic-ray ionization rate in NGC 1333
• A Massive Star is Born: How Feedback from Stellar Winds, Radiation Pressure, and Collimated Outflows Limits Accretion onto Massive Stars
• The SEDIGISM survey: a search for molecular outflows
• Testing a New Model of Embedded Protostellar Disks Against Observation: The Majority of Orion Class 0/I Disks Are Likely Warm, Massive, and Gravitationally Unstable
• Failed and delayed protostellar outflows with high mass accretion rates
• A massive Keplerian protostellar disk with flyby-induced spirals in the Central Molecular Zone
• How magnetic field and stellar radiative feedback influences the collapse and the stellar mass spectrum of a massive star forming clump
• An observational correlation between magnetic field, angular momentum and fragmentation in the envelopes of Class 0 protostars?
• VETTAM: A scheme for radiation hydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement using the variable Eddington tensor method
• Constraining the cosmic-ray ionization rate and their spectrum with NIR spectroscopy of dense clouds -- A test-bed for JWST
• Dust coagulation and fragmentation in a collapsing cloud core and their influence on non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects
• Chemical and Physical Characterization of the Isolated Protostellar Source CB68: FAUST. IV
• Taylor-Couette flow for astrophysical purposes
• Constraints on the (re-)orientation of star-disk systems through infall
• Disk fragmentation in high-mass star formation. High-resolution observations towards AFGL 2591-VLA 3
• Mixing is easy: New insights for cosmochemical evolution from pre-stellar core collapse
• The relation between the Mass Accretion Rate and the Disk Mass in Class I Protostars
• A Study of Stellar Spins in 15 Open Clusters
• Protostellar-disc fragmentation across all metallicities
• Growth of Magnetorotational Instability in Circumstellar Disks around Class 0 Protostars
• Increasing mass-to-flux ratio from the dense core to the protostellar envelope around the Class 0 protostar HH 211
• Protostellar disks subject to infall: a one-dimensional inviscid model and comparison with ALMA observations
• Gravitational Fragmentation of Extremely Metal-poor Circumstellar Discs
• Impact of Magnetic Braking on High-mass Close Binary Formation
• No impact of core-scale magnetic field, turbulence, or velocity gradient on sizes of protostellar disks in Orion A
• Birth of magnetized low-mass protostars and circumstellar disks
• On the propagation of Alfvén waves in the dusty interstellar medium. Can we neglect dust inertia in molecular clouds?
• Dynamic role of dust in formation of molecular clouds
• Robustness of Synthetic Observations in Producing Observed Core Properties: Predictions for the TolTEC Clouds to Cores Legacy Survey
• How Does a Protostar Form by Magnetized Gravitational Collapse?
• From small dust to micron-sized aggregates: the influence of structure and composition on the dust optical properties
• The Rotation Dip in the Envelope-Disk Transition of HH 111: Evidence for Magnetic Braking
• Laboratory modeling of MHD accretion disks
• Primary disks and their observational appearance in collapsing magnetic rotating protostellar clouds
• A kinematic study of the disc-outflow system around a high-mass protostar G59.783+0.065 probed by methanol and water masers
• Near-Infrared Polarization from Unresolved Disks Around Brown Dwarfs and Young Stellar Objects
• Protostellar disc structure and dynamics during star formation from cloud-scale initial conditions
• Modelling the Break in the Specific Angular Momentum within the Envelope-Disk Transition Zone
• The nature of ASASSN-24fw's occultation: modelling the event as dimming by optically thick rings around a sub-stellar companion
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System
• Non-ideal MHD and protostellar feedback effects on disc formation and evolution in numerical simulations of star cluster formation
• Effect of dust rotational disruption by radiative torques on radiation pressure feedback from massive protostars
• Gravitoturbulent dynamo in global simulations of gaseous disks