The Origin and Formation of the Circumstellar Disk

Abstract

The formation and evolution of the circumstellar disk in the collapsing molecular cloud is investigated from the prestellar stage resolving both the molecular cloud core and the protostar itself. In the collapsing cloud, the first adiabatic core appears prior to the protostar formation. Reflecting the thermodynamics of the collapsing gas, the first core is much more massive than the protostar. When the molecular cloud has no angular momentum, the first core falls onto the protostar and disappears a few years after the protostar formation. On the other hand, when the molecular cloud has an angular momentum, the first core does not disappear even after the protostar formation, and directly evolves into the circumstellar disk with a Keplerian rotation. There are two paths for the formation of the circumstellar disk. When the initial cloud has a considerably small rotational energy, two nested disks appear just after the protostar formation. During the early main accretion phase, the inner disk increases its size and merges with the outer disk (i.e. first core) to form a single circumstellar disk with a Keplerian rotation. On the other hand, when the molecular cloud has a rotational energy comparable to observations, a single Keplerian disk that corresponds to the first core already exists prior to the protostar formation. In such a cloud, the first core density gradually increases, maintaining the Keplerian rotation and forms the protostar inside it. Thus, the protostar is born in the Keplerian disk. In other words, a massive disk already exists before the protostar formation. In each case, the protostar at its formation is already surrounded by a massive circumstellar disk. The circumstellar disk is about 10-100 times more massive than the protostar in the main accretion disk. Such disks are favourable sites for the formation of binary companions and gas-giant planets.

29 pages, 12 figures, Submitted to MNRAS. For high resolution figures see http://www2-tap.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~machidam/astro-ph/Origin-of-Disk.pdf

References in corpus (6)

• Magnetic processes in a collapsing dense core. II Fragmentation. Is there a fragmentation crisis ?
• Magnetic Fields and Rotations of Protostars
• Formation Scenario for Wide and Close Binary Systems
• Second Core Formation and High Speed Jets: Resistive MHD Nested Grid Simulations
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics Simulation of Proto-Stellar Collapse: Two-Component Molecular Outflow
• Evolution of Rotating Molecular Cloud Core with Oblique Magnetic Field

Cited by in corpus (91)

• Stellar, brown dwarf and multiple star properties from a radiation hydrodynamical simulation of star cluster formation
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Protostellar disk formation and transport of angular momentum during magnetized core collapse
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Protostellar Core Formation
• Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Collapse: Non-Ideal Magnetohydrodynamic Effects and Early Formation of Circumstellar Disks
• Effect of Magnetic Braking on the Circumstellar Disk Formation in a Strongly Magnetized Cloud
• Signs of Early-Stage Disk Growth Revealed with ALMA
• Protostellar Disk Formation Enabled by Removal of Small Dust Grains
• Collapse of a molecular cloud core to stellar densities: stellar core and outflow formation in radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations
• Effects of Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion on the formation and evolution of the first cores, protostars and circumstellar discs
• Conditions for Circumstellar Disk Formation: Effects of Initial Conditions and Sink Treatment
• Evolution of Protostellar Outflow around Low-mass Protostar
• Bridging the gap: disk formation in the Class 0 phase with ambipolar diffusion and Ohmic dissipation
• Bimodality of circumstellar disk evolution induced by Hall current
• Zoom-Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks starting from GMC scales
• Decoupling of Magnetic Fields in Collapsing Protostellar Envelopes and Disk Formation and Fragmentation
• Protostellar birth with ambipolar and ohmic diffusion
• The Formation of Population III Stars in Gas Accretion Stage: Effects of Magnetic Fields
• A chemical solver to compute molecule and grain abundances and non-ideal MHD resistivities in prestellar core collapse calculations
• A Keplerian Circumbinary Disk around the Protobinary System L1551 NE
• Detection of a Magnetized Disk around a Very Young Protostar
• The Envelope and Embedded Disk around the Class 0 Protostar L1157-mm: Dual-wavelength Interferometric Observations and Modeling
• Exposed Long-lifetime First-core: A New Model of First Cores Based on Radiation Hydrodynamics
• There is no magnetic braking catastrophe: Low-mass star cluster and protostellar disc formation with non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics
• The Jeans Mass as a Fundamental Measure of Self-Gravitating Disc Fragmentation and Initial Fragment Mass
• Formation and Evolution of Disks around Young Stellar Objects
• Effects of radiation transfer on the structure of self-gravitating disks, their fragmentation and evolution of the fragments
• The impact of the Hall effect during cloud core collapse:implications for circumstellar disk evolution
• Planetesimal Formation In Self-Gravitating Discs
• Impact of Protostellar Outflow on Star Formation: Effects of Initial Cloud Mass
• Transition from the Infalling Envelope to the Keplerian Disk around L1551 IRS 5
• Massive Outflows Driven by Magnetic Effects in Star Forming Clouds with High Mass Accretion Rates
• A Spitzer Five-Band Analysis of the Jupiter-Sized Planet TrES-1
• Angular Momentum Exchange by Gravitational Torques and Infall in the Circumbinary Disk of the Protostellar System L1551 NE
• Active-Region Tilt Angles: Magnetic Versus White-Light Determinations of Joy's Law
• The First Two Thousand Years of Star Formation
• Disks and Outflows in CO Rovibrational Emission from Embedded, Low-Mass Young Stellar Objects
• Burst occurrence in young massive stellar objects
• Survival of interstellar molecules to prestellar dense core collapse and early phases of disk formation
• ALMA observations of the very young Class 0 protostellar system HH 211-mms: a 30-au dusty disk with a disk-wind traced by SO?
• Effect of Angular Momentum Alignment and Strong Magnetic Fields on the Formation of Protostellar Disks
• Protoplanetary disk birth in massive star forming clumps: the essential role of the magnetic field
• Two Extreme Young Objects in Barnard 1-b
• The influence of the turbulent perturbation scale on prestellar core fragmentation and disk formation
• Accretion Phase of Star Formation in Clouds with Different Metallicities
• Disc formation and fragmentation using radiative non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics
• Gravitational instabilities in a protosolar-like disc I: dynamics and chemistry
• Synthetic Observations of Magnetic Fields in Protostellar Cores
• Chemistry in the First Hydrostatic Core Stage By Adopting Three-Dimensional Radiation Hydrodynamic Simulations
• Formation and Early Evolution of Circumstellar Disks in Turbulent Molecular Cloud Cores
• Origin of Misalignments: Protostellar Jet, Outflow, Circumstellar Disc, and Magnetic Field
• Ionization: a possible explanation for the difference of mean disk sizes in star-forming regions
• Hall effect-driven formation of gravitationally unstable discs in magnetized molecular cloud cores
• A Pseudodisk Threaded with a Toroidal and Pinched Poloidal Magnetic Field Morphology in the HH 211 Protostellar System
• The dynamical state of the First Hydrostatic Core Candidate Cha-MMS1
• Early evolution of disk, outflow, and magnetic field of young stellar objects: Impact of dust model
• On the episodic excursions of massive protostars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• Failed and delayed protostellar outflows with high mass accretion rates
• ALMA observations of the protostellar disk around the VeLLO IRAS 16253-2429
• Dependence of Hall Coefficient on Grain Size and Cosmic Ray Rate and Implication for Circumstellar Disk Formation
• Magnetic field and early evolution of circumstellar disks
• Evidence for Infalling Gas of Low Angular Momentum towards the L1551 NE Keplerian Circumbinary Disk
• Classification of the Circumstellar Disk Evolution During the Main Accretion Phase
• Testing protostellar disk formation models with ALMA observations
• An inflationary disk phase to explain extended protoplanetary dust disks
• Dust coagulation and fragmentation in a collapsing cloud core and their influence on non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects
• Kinematics of a young low-mass star forming core: Understanding the evolutionary state of the First Core Candidate L1451-mm
• Different Modes of Star Formation: Gravitational Collapse of Magnetically Subcritical Cloud
• Growth of Massive Disk and Early Disk Fragmentation in the Primordial Star Formation
• Constraint on ion-neutral drift velocity in the Class 0 protostar B335 from ALMA observations
• Gravitational instabilities in a protosolar-like disc II: continuum emission and mass estimates
• Possible Counter Rotation between the Disk and Protostellar Envelope around the Class I Protostar IRAS 04169+2702
• Mixing is easy: New insights for cosmochemical evolution from pre-stellar core collapse
• High-resolution ammonia mapping of the very young protostellar core Chamaeleon-MMS1
• FERIA: Flat Envelope Model with Rotation and Infall under Angular Momentum Conservation
• Implementation of dust particles in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulation: Dust dynamics in a collapsing cloud core
• Growth of Magnetorotational Instability in Circumstellar Disks around Class 0 Protostars
• A Lower Angular Momentum Limit for Self-Gravitating Protostellar Disc Fragmentation
• A turbulent origin for the complex envelope kinematics in the young low-mass core Per-Bolo 58
• Formation of low mass protostars and their circumstellar disks
• ALMA Observations of SMM11 Reveal an Extremely Young Protostar in Serpens Main Cluster
• Dust Motion and Possibility of Dust Growth in a Growing Circumstellar Disk
• VLA and NOEMA view of the Bok Globule CB 17: the starless nature of a proposed FHSC candidate
• Driving Conditions of Protostellar Outflows in Different Star-Forming Environments
• The evolution of the surface brightness of a star cluster as a result of residual star-forming gas expulsion
• Birth of magnetized low-mass protostars and circumstellar disks
• Insights into the first and second hydrostatic core stages from numerical simulations
• Star-forming environments in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics simulations I: Clump extraction and properties
• Late encounter-events as a source of disks and spiral structures -- Forming second generation disks
• Modelling dust coagulation, dynamical drag and turbulent mixing during star and disc formation
• Dust coagulation during the early stages of star formation: molecular cloud collapse and first hydrostatic core evolution