Stellar, brown dwarf and multiple star properties from a radiation hydrodynamical simulation of star cluster formation

Abstract

We report the statistical properties of stars, brown dwarfs and multiple systems obtained from the largest radiation hydrodynamical simulation of star cluster formation to date that resolves masses down to the opacity limit for fragmentation (a few Jupiter masses). The initial conditions are identical to those of previous barotropic calculations published by Bate, but this time the calculation is performed using a realistic equation of state and radiation hydrodynamics. The calculation uses sink particles to model 183 stars and brown dwarfs, including 28 binaries and 12 higher-order multiple systems, the properties of which are compared the results from observational surveys. We find that the radiation hydrodynamical/sink particle simulation reproduces many observed stellar properties very well. In particular, whereas using a barotropic equation of state produces more brown dwarfs than stars, the inclusion of radiative feedback results in a stellar mass function and a ratio of brown dwarfs to stars in good agreement with observations of Galactic star-forming regions. In addition, many of the other statistical properties of the stars and brown dwarfs are in reasonable agreement with observations, including multiplicity as a function of primary mass, the frequency of very-low-mass binaries, and general trends for the mass ratio and separation distributions of binaries. We also examine the velocity dispersion of the stars, the distributions of disc truncation radii due to dynamical interactions, and coplanarity of orbits and sink particle spins in multiple systems. Overall, the calculation produces a cluster of stars whose statistical properties are difficult to distinguish from observed systems, implying that gravity, hydrodynamics, and radiative feedback are the primary ingredients for determining the origin of the statistical properties of low-mass stars.

Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 33 pages, 23 figures. Animations can be found at http://www.astro.ex.ac.uk/people/mbate/

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• Gravitational Fragmentation of Extremely Metal-poor Circumstellar Discs
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• Chemical tracers in proto-brown dwarfs: CO, ortho-H${}_2$CO, para-H${}_2$CO, HCO${}^{+}$, CS observations
• High-resolution ALMA Study of the Proto-Brown-Dwarf Candidate L328-IRS
• Taking off the edge -- simultaneous filament and end core formation
• Demographics of the M-star Multiple Population in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• A submillimeter search for pre- and proto-brown dwarfs in Chamaeleon II
• Search for Brown Dwarfs in IC 1396 with Subaru HSC: Interpreting the Impact of Environmental Factors on Sub-stellar Population
• Misaligned circumbinary disks as efficient progenitors of interstellar asteroids
• Gravity or turbulence V: Star forming regions undergoing violent relaxation
• Impact of Magnetic Braking on High-mass Close Binary Formation
• Stability of filaments in star-forming clouds and the formation of prestellar cores in them
• On the Binary Frequency of the Lowest Mass Members of the Pleiades with Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3
• No impact of core-scale magnetic field, turbulence, or velocity gradient on sizes of protostellar disks in Orion A
• The Dependence of Prestellar Core Mass Distributions on the Structure of the Parental Cloud
• Misalignment of terrestrial circumbinary planets as an indicator of their formation mechanism
• Early phases in the stellar and substellar formation and evolution: Infrared and submillimeter data in the Barnard 30 dark cloud
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• DIPSY: A new Disc Instability Population SYnthesis, II. The Populations of Companions Formed Through Disc Instability
• Coplanar circumbinary planets can be unstable to large tilt oscillations in the presence of an inner polar planet
• Increasing the census of L and T dwarfs in wide binary and multiple systems using Dark Energy Survey DR1 and Gaia DR2 data
• Radial velocity survey of spatially resolved young, low-mass binaries
• On the mass function of stars growing in a flocculent medium
• Dynamical detection of three triple stellar systems in open clusters
• Formation of free-floating planetary mass objects via circumstellar disk encounters
• Using binary statistics in Taurus-Auriga to distinguish between brown dwarf formation processes
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• Birth of magnetized low-mass protostars and circumstellar disks
• On the role of magnetic fields in star formation
• The influence of the cloud virial parameter on the initial mass function
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry I: Catalogue of Brown Dwarfs Observed in F110W and F170M
• Complex structure of a proto-brown dwarf
• Population III star formation in the presence of turbulence, magnetic fields and ionizing radiation feedback
• Fine structure in the luminosity function in young stellar populations with Gaia DR2
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry II: Demographics of Nearby Brown Dwarfs
• Kinematics of Subclusters in Star Cluster Complexes: Imprint of their Parental Molecular Clouds
• A method to deconvolve mass ratio distribution from binary stars
• The formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• The ExoGRAVITY survey: A K-band spectral library of giant exoplanet and brown dwarf companions
• The 24 Aqr triple system: A closer look at its unique high-eccentricity hierarchical architecture
• Spatial Statistics in Star Forming Regions: Is Star Formation Driven By Column Density Alone?
• Orbital Modeling of HII 1348B: An Eccentric Young Substellar Companion in the Pleiades
• Protostellar spin-up and fast rotator formation through binary star formation
• An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
• The Small Separation A-Star Companion Population: First Results with CHARA/MIRC-X
• The First High-Contrast Images of X-Ray Binaries: Detection of Candidate Companions in the $\gamma$ Cas Analog RX J1744.7$-$2713
• Robustness of Synthetic Observations in Producing Observed Core Properties: Predictions for the TolTEC Clouds to Cores Legacy Survey
• Wide-binary eccentricity distribution in young star clusters: dependence on the binary separation and mass
• Formation of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• The OATMEAL Survey. III. An Aligned Transiting Warm Brown Dwarf and Evidence for Quiescent Brown Dwarf Migration
• Gas and star kinematics in cloud-cloud collisions
• Comparison of Low-Mass and High-Mass Star Formation
• The factors that influence protostellar multiplicity I: Gas temperature, density, and mass in Perseus with Nobeyama
• Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tuc: I. Dynamical model and brown dwarf tidal capture rates
• The bound origin of low-mass stellar binaries
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• A Combined Astrometric and Spectroscopic Study of Metal-Poor Binaries
• Clustered Star Formation: A Review
• The fragmentation of molecular clouds in starburst environments
• Photometric Identification of Unresolved Binary Stars in Nearby Open Star Clusters
• Chemical Tracers of Pre-Brown Dwarf Cores Formed Through Turbulent Fragmentation
• Detection and characterisation of two VLM binaries: LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72
• Star formation in cloud cores -- simulations and observations of dense molecular cores and the formation of solar mass stars
• Disk fraction among free-floating planetary-mass objects in Upper Scorpius
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• From Interstellar Clouds to Stars
• An Eccentric Massive Protobinary Assembled via a Core-merger Parabolic Encounter
• Substellar candidates at the earliest stages: the SUCANES database
• Non-ideal MHD and protostellar feedback effects on disc formation and evolution in numerical simulations of star cluster formation
• Assessing membership projection errors in star forming regions
• Evolving Low- and Intermediate-Mass Binaries: Departures from Classical Theory
• The effects of a compressive velocity pulse on a collapsing turbulent clump
• Unraveling the Spectral Energy Distributions of Clustered YSOs
• Two close binaries across the hydrogen-burning limit in the Praesepe open cluster
• Drifters on the edge of town: $\lambda$ Boötis stars in clusters
• Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters
• Grouped star formation: converting sink particles to stars in hydrodynamical simulations
• Formation of massive multiple-star systems: early migration and mergers
• On the coupled origin of the stellar IMF and multiplicity