Search for Brown Dwarfs in IC 1396 with Subaru HSC: Interpreting the Impact of Environmental Factors on Sub-stellar Population

Abstract

Young stellar clusters are predominantly the hub of star formation and hence, ideal to perform comprehensive studies over the least explored sub-stellar regime. Various unanswered questions like the mass distribution in brown dwarf regime and the effect of diverse cluster environment on brown dwarf formation efficiency still plague the scientific community. The nearby young cluster, IC 1396 with its feedback-driven environment, is ideal to conduct such study. In this paper we adopt a multi-wavelength approach, using deep Subaru HSC, Gaia DR3, Pan-STARRS, UKIDSS/2MASS photometry and machine learning techniques to identify the cluster members complete down to $\sim$ 0.03 M${}_{\odot }$ in the central 22${}^{\prime }$ area of IC 1396. We identify 458 cluster members including 62 brown dwarfs which are used to determine mass distribution in the region. We obtain a star-to-brown dwarf ratio of $\sim$ 6 for a stellar mass range 0.03 -- 1 M${}_{\odot }$ in the studied cluster. The brown dwarf fraction is observed to increase across the cluster as radial distance from the central OB-stars increases. This study also compiles 15 young stellar clusters to check the variation of star-to-brown dwarf ratio relative to stellar density and UV flux ranging within 4-2500 stars pc${}^{-2}$ and 0.7-7.3 G${}_0$ respectively. The brown dwarf fraction is observed to increase with stellar density but the results about the influence of incident UV flux are inconclusive within this range. This is the deepest study of IC 1396 as of yet and it will pave the way to understand various aspects of brown dwarfs using spectroscopic observations in future.

17 pages, 24 figures, 4 tables

References in corpus (47)

• The UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: The astrometric solution
• VOSA: Virtual Observatory SED Analyzer. An application to the Collinder 69 open cluster
• The UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey
• The Optical to Mid-Infrared Extinction Law Based on the APOGEE, Gaia DR2, Pan-STARRS1, SDSS, APASS, 2MASS and WISE Surveys
• The properties of brown dwarfs and low-mass hydrogen-burning stars formed by disc fragmentation
• The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs
• Gravitational fragmentation and the formation of brown dwarfs in stellar clusters
• X-ray Study of Triggered Star Formation and Protostars in IC 1396N
• A Survey for New Members of Taurus from Stellar to Planetary Masses
• Homogeneous study of Herbig Ae/Be stars from spectral energy distributions and Gaia EDR3
• Spectroscopy of brown dwarf candidates in IC 348 and the determination of its substellar IMF down to planetary masses
• The star formation history of Upper Scorpius and Ophiuchus
• The low-mass content of the massive young star cluster RCW 38
• Lupus DANCe. Census of stars and 6D structure with Gaia-DR2 data
• Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in NGC 2024: Constraints on the Substellar Mass Function
• A Survey For Planetary-mass Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus and Perseus Star-forming Regions
• Testing the role of environmental effects on the initial mass function of low-mass stars
• The low-mass Initial Mass Function in the young cluster NGC 6611
• Low mass young stars in the Milky Way unveiled by DBSCAN and Gaia EDR3. Mapping the star forming regions within 1.5 Kpc
• Ruprecht 147 DANCe I. Members, empirical isochrone, luminosity and mass distributions
• The low-mass population in the young cluster Stock 8: Stellar properties and Initial Mass Function
• The low mass star and sub-stellar populations of the 25 Orionis group
• System IMF of the 25 Ori Group from Planetary-Mass Objects to Intermediate/High-Mass Stars
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W-band Filter. I. Filter Design and New Discoveries in Ophiuchus and Perseus
• Formation of freely floating sub-stellar objects via close encounters
• Stellar population of the Rosette Nebula and NGC 2244: application of the probabilistic random forest
• A novel survey for young substellar objects with the W-band filter VI: Spectroscopic census of sub-stellar members and the IMF of $\sigma$ Orionis cluster
• A Census of Star Formation in the Outer Galaxy II: The GLIMPSE360 Field
• HST survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster in the H${}_2$O 1.4 $\mu$m absorption band: I. A census of substellar and planetary mass objects
• Dispersal timescale of protoplanetary disks in the low-metallicity young cluster Dolidze 25
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W-band filter II. The Coolest and Lowest Mass Members of the Serpens-South Star-forming Region
• New low-mass members of Chamaeleon I and $\epsilon$ Cha
• Star Formation Histories from SEDs and CMDs Agree: Evidence for Synchronized Star Formation in Local Volume Dwarf Galaxies over the Past 3 Gyr
• Membership analysis and 3D kinematics of the star-forming complex around Trumpler 37 using Gaia-DR3
• IRAM and Gaia views of multi-episodic star formation in IC1396A: The origin and dynamics of the Class 0 protostar at the edge of an HII region
• New Candidates for Planetary-mass Brown Dwarfs in IC 348
• Spectroscopic substellar initial mass function of NGC 2244
• Star formation in IC1396: Kinematics and subcluster structure revealed by Gaia
• Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey of Cygnus OB2 Complex -- I: Introduction, Photometry and Source Catalog
• What's Behind the Elephant's Trunk? Identifying Young Stellar Objects on the Outskirts of IC1396
• VVVX near-IR photometry for 99 low-mass stars in the Gaia EDR3 Catalog of Nearby Stars
• The first spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs in NGC 2264
• Measuring Young Stars in Space and Time -- II. The Pre-Main-Sequence Stellar Content of N44
• The Initial Mass Function of Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in the W3 Complex

Cited by in corpus (2)

• The substellar population in Corona Australis
• Exploring membership and variability in NGC 7419: An open cluster rich in super giants and Be type stars