The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs

Abstract

We present final Spitzer trigonometric parallaxes for 361 L, T, and Y dwarfs. We combine these with prior studies to build a list of 525 known L, T, and Y dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun, 38 of which are presented here for the first time. Using published photometry and spectroscopy as well as our own follow-up, we present an array of color-magnitude and color-color diagrams to further characterize census members, and we provide polynomial fits to the bulk trends. Using these characterizations, we assign each object a $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ value and judge sample completeness over bins of $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and spectral type. Except for types $\ge$ T8 and $T_{\mathrm{eff}}<$ 600K, our census is statistically complete to the 20-pc limit. We compare our measured space densities to simulated density distributions and find that the best fit is a power law ($dN/dM\propto M^{-\alpha }$) with $\alpha =0.6\pm 0.1$. We find that the evolutionary models of Saumon & Marley correctly predict the observed magnitude of the space density spike seen at 1200K $<T_{\mathrm{eff}}<$ 1350K, believed to be caused by an increase in the cooling timescale across the L/T transition. Defining the low-mass terminus using this sample requires a more statistically robust and complete sample of dwarfs $\ge$Y0.5 and with $T_{\mathrm{eff}}<$ 400K. We conclude that such frigid objects must exist in substantial numbers, despite the fact that few have so far been identified, and we discuss possible reasons why they have largely eluded detection.

arXiv comment101 pages, 31 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

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• Exploring the Extremes: Characterizing a New Population of Old and Cold Brown Dwarfs
• Retrieval Study of Brown Dwarfs Across the L-T Sequence
• Little Red Dots or Brown Dwarfs? NIRSpec Discovery of Three Distant Brown Dwarfs Masquerading as NIRCam-Selected Highly-Reddened AGNs
• Methane Emission From a Cool Brown Dwarf
• On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
• JWST/NIRCam discovery of the first Y+Y brown dwarf binary: WISE J033605.05$-$014350.4
• The Enigmatic Brown Dwarf WISEA J153429.75-104303.3 (aka "The Accident")
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XIII. A faint, distant, and cold brown dwarf
• The origin of free-floating planets
• VIRAC2: NIR Astrometry and Time Series Photometry for 500M+ Stars from the VVV and VVVX Surveys
• The HST large programme on $\omega$ Centauri -- V. Exploring the Ultracool Dwarf Population with Stellar Atmosphere and Evolutionary Modelling
• What Are Those Tiny Things? A First Study of Compact Star Clusters in the SMACS0723 Field with JWST
• The Oceanus Moving Group: A New 500 Myr-Old Host for the Nearest Brown Dwarf
• A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered Through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9
• Physical properties and trigonometric distance of the peculiar dwarf WISE J181005.5$-$101002.3
• An Improved Near-Infrared Spectrum of the Archetype Y Dwarf WISEP J182831.08+265037.8
• Beyond the Local Volume. I. Surface Densities of Ultracool Dwarfs in Deep HST/WFC3 Parallel Fields
• Redder than Red: Discovery of an Exceptionally Red L/T Transition Dwarf
• Ultracool dwarfs in Gaia DR3
• Direct-imaging Discovery of a Substellar Companion Orbiting the Accelerating Variable Star, HIP 39017
• Predicting the Yield of Small Transiting Exoplanets around Mid-M and Ultra-Cool Dwarfs in the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey
• Discovery of CWISE J052306.42-015355.4, an Extreme T Subdwarf Candidate
• Rogue planets and brown dwarfs: Predicting the populations of free-floating planetary mass objects observable with JWST
• JWST Observations of the Enigmatic Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650: I. Limits to a Binary Companion
• Physical Parameters and Properties of 20 Cold Brown Dwarfs in JWST
• Identification of a turnover in the initial mass function of a young stellar cluster down to 0.5 M${}_J$
• Silicate Precursor Silane detected in Cold Low-Metallicity Brown Dwarf
• Discovery of 16 New Members of the Solar Neighborhood using Proper Motions from CatWISE2020
• Beyond the Local Volume. II. Population Scaleheights and Ages of Ultracool Dwarfs in Deep HST/WFC3 Parallel Fields
• The puzzle of the formation of T8 dwarf Ross 458c
• Joint Survey Processing I: Compact oddballs in the COSMOS field -- low-luminosity Quasars at z > 6?
• Ultracool dwarfs candidates based on six years of the Dark Energy Survey data
• Probing the Milky Way stellar and brown dwarf initial mass function with modern microlensing observations
• Search for Brown Dwarfs in IC 1396 with Subaru HSC: Interpreting the Impact of Environmental Factors on Sub-stellar Population
• A Search for Predicted Astrometric Microlensing Events by Nearby Brown Dwarfs
• CWISE J014611.20-050850.0AB: The Widest Known Brown Dwarf Binary in the Field
• LSST Survey Strategies and Brown Dwarf Parallaxes
• The Sonora Substellar Atmosphere Models VI. Red Diamondback: Extending Diamondback with SPHINX for Brown Dwarf Early Evolution
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs -- VIII. The first age benchmark L subdwarf, a wide companion to a halo white dwarf
• Optical constraints on the coldest metal-poor population
• Long-term 4.6$\mu$m Variability in Brown Dwarfs and a New Technique for Identifying Brown Dwarf Binary Candidates
• Mysteries of Capotauro: investigating the puzzling nature of an extreme F356W-dropout
• Exoplanet Occurrence Rates from Microlensing Surveys
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• Near-infrared spectroscopic characterisation of Gaia ultra-cool dwarf candidates; Spectral types and peculiarities
• The Sonora Brown Dwarf Atmosphere and Evolution Models I. Model Description and Application to Cloudless Atmospheres in Rainout Chemical Equilibrium
• Identifying and characterizing ultracool dwarfs ejected from post-encounter disintegrating systems
• Direct Imaging Discovery of Giant Exoplanet $\beta$ Pictoris d: A Decade-Long Game of Hide-and-Seek
• Atmospheric model-trained machine learning selection and classification of ultracool TY dwarfs
• Benchmark brown dwarfs -- I. A blue M2 + T5 wide binary and a probable young [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] hierarchical quadruple
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample -- IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• Substellar Hyades Candidates from the UKIRT Hemisphere Survey
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• Time-resolved JWST Retrieval Analysis of the Coldest Brown Dwarf: Temperature and Chemical Variations in WISE 0855-07
• Extensive Lensing Survey of Optical and Near-Infrared Dark Objects (El Sonido): HST H-Faint Galaxies behind 101 Lensing Clusters
• Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• WISEA J052305.94-015356.1: A New EsdT Candidate
• Trigonometric parallaxes of two T dwarfs with Keck and ShaneAO astrometry
• Enhanced thermal radiation from a tidally heated exomoon with a single hot spot
• Astrometric planet search around southern ultracool dwarfs IV. Relative motion of the FORS2/VLT CCD chips
• Disentangling the Signatures of Blended-Light Atmospheres in L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs