Constraining the Age-Activity Relation for Cool Stars: The SDSS DR5 Low-Mass Star Spectroscopic Sample

Abstract

We present a spectroscopic analysis of over 38,000 low-mass stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 5 (DR5). Analysis of this unprecedentedly large sample confirms the previously detected decrease in the fraction of magnetically active stars (as traced by H-alpha emission) as a function of vertical distance from the Galactic Plane. The magnitude and slope of this effect varies as a function of spectral type. Using simple 1-D dynamical models, we demonstrate that the drop in activity fraction can be explained by thin disk dynamical heating and a rapid decrease in magnetic activity. The timescale for this rapid activity decrease changes according to the spectral type. By comparing our data to the simulations, we calibrate the age-activity relation at each M dwarf spectral type. We also present evidence for a possible decrease in the metallicity as a function of height above the Galactic Plane. In addition to our activity analysis, we provide line measurements, molecular band indices, colors, radial velocities, 3-D space motions and mean properties as a function of spectral type for the SDSS DR5 low-mass star sample.

10 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in AJ

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• 2MASS J20261584-2943124: An Unresolved L0.5 + T6 Spectral Binary
• Parallaxes of southern extremely cool objects III: 118 L \& T dwarfs
• Spectral feature extraction for DB white dwarfs through machine learning applied to new discoveries in the SDSS DR12 and DR14
• Was Proxima captured by alpha Centauri A and B?
• The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey: Understanding the Optically Variable Sky with SEQUELS in SDSS-III
• Discovery And Characterization of Wide Binary Systems With a Very Low Mass Component
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). II. A Low-Mass Companion to the Young M Dwarf GJ 3629 Separated By 0.2"
• Probing the Influence of a Tachocline in Simulated M-Dwarf Dynamos
• Activity and Kinematics of White Dwarf-M Dwarf Binaries from the SUPERBLINK Proper Motion Survey
• TOI 122b and TOI 237b, two small warm planets orbiting inactive M dwarfs, found by \textit{TESS}
• Optical - Near Infrared Photometric Calibration of M-dwarf Metallicity and Its Application
• Liquid Water on Cold Exo-Earths via Basal Melting of Ice Sheets
• The substellar mass function in the central region of the open cluster Praesepe from deep LBT observations
• The Deeper, Wider, Faster Program: Exploring stellar flare activity with deep, fast cadenced DECam imaging via machine learning
• The Brown-dwarf Atmosphere Monitoring (BAM) Project II: Multi-epoch monitoring of extremely cool brown dwarfs
• Low-resolution optical spectra of ultracool dwarfs with OSIRIS/GTC
• An Age Constraint for the Very Low-Mass Stellar/Brown Dwarf Binary 2MASS J03202839-0446358AB
• Spectroscopic signatures of youth in low-mass kinematic candidates of young moving groups
• Discovery of wide low and very low-mass binary systems using Virtual Observatory tools
• Discovery of a nearby young brown dwarf binary candidate
• The GALAH Survey: Lithium-strong KM dwarfs
• Modelling the environment around five ultracool dwarfs via the radio domain
• Detection of lithium in nearby young late-M dwarfs
• Mind the Gap I: H$\alpha$ Activity of M Dwarfs Near the Partially/Fully Convective Boundary and a New H$\alpha$ Emission Deficiency Zone on the Main Sequence
• Photometric Flaring Fraction of M dwarf Stars from the SkyMapper Southern Survey
• Ultracool dwarfs identified using spectra in LAMOST DR7
• A search for lithium in metal-poor L dwarfs
• Search for bright nearby M dwarfs with Virtual Observatory tools
• Cool White Dwarfs Found in the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680
• Probing TRAPPIST-1-like systems with K2
• Lower-than-expected flare temperatures for TRAPPIST-1
• The view from K2: Questioning the traditional view of flaring on early dM stars
• On the detectability of a predicted mesolensing event associated with the high proper motion star VB 10
• Discovery of new members of the nearby young stellar association in Cepheus
• Flare Activity of Wide Binary Stars with Kepler
• Photometric Calibrations of M-dwarf Metallicity with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Bayesian Inference
• A transition of dynamo modes in M dwarfs: narrowing down the spectral range where the transition occurs*
• A spectroscopically confirmed Gaia-selected sample of 318 new young stars within $\sim$200 pc
• TESS discovery of two super-Earths orbiting the M-dwarf stars TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 near the radius valley
• Discovery of the Exceptionally Short Period Ultracool Dwarf Binary LP 413-53AB
• Longitudinally Modulated Dynamo Action in Simulated M-Dwarf Stars
• NASA Probe Study Report: Farside Array for Radio Science Investigations of the Dark ages and Exoplanets (FARSIDE)
• Using Close White Dwarf + M Dwarf Stellar Pairs to Constrain the Flare Rates in Close Stellar Binaries
• The SHARDDS survey: limits on planet occurrence rates based on point sources analysis via the Auto-RSM framework
• The puzzle of the formation of T8 dwarf Ross 458c
• Minute-cadence Observations of the LAMOST Fields with the TMTS: III. Statistic Study of the Flare Stars from the First Two Years
• SNAD catalogue of M-dwarf flares from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Star-Planet Interactions: A Computational View
• Benchmark Transiting Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C: Spitzer Secondary Eclipse Observations Yield Brightness Temperature and mid-T Spectral Class
• Radio Emission from Ultra-Cool Dwarfs
• The GAPS programme at TNG XXVI. Magnetic activity in M stars: spectroscopic monitoring of AD Leonis
• Differences in radio emission from similar M dwarfs in the binary system Ross 867-8
• A homogeneous sample of 34 000 M7-M9.5 dwarfs brighter than $J$=17.5 with accurate spectral types
• Collisions of Terrestrial Worlds: The Occurrence of Extreme Mid-Infrared Excesses around Low-Mass Field Stars
• Characterization of debris disks observed with SPHERE
• Proper motions of Upper Sco T-type candidates
• The Solar Neighborhood. XLIII: Discovery of New Nearby Stars with pm < 0.18 arcsec yr-1 (TINYMO sample)
• Stellar magnetic activity and Star-Planet Interactions (invited review)
• L dwarfs detection from SDSS images using improved Faster R-CNN
• Accretion and activity on the post-common-envelope binary RR~Cae
• Exploring the short-term variability of H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$ emissions in a sample of M dwarfs
• H$\alpha$ Emission From Active Equal-mass, Wide M Dwarf Binaries
• TOI-4336 A b: A temperate sub-Neptune ripe for atmospheric characterization in a nearby triple M-dwarf system
• NICMOS Kernel-Phase Interferometry I: Catalogue of Brown Dwarfs Observed in F110W and F170M
• An HST Transmission Spectrum of the Closest M-Dwarf Transiting Rocky Planet LTT 1445Ab
• Brown Dwarfs as Galactic Chronometers
• A Chandra Study: Are Dwarf Carbon Stars Spun Up and Rejuvenated by Mass Transfer?
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs -- VIII. The first age benchmark L subdwarf, a wide companion to a halo white dwarf
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• Science Commissioning of NIHTS: The Near-infrared High Throughput Spectrograph on the Lowell Discovery Telescope
• The M4.5V flare star AF Psc as seen in K2 engineering data
• A young hierarchical triple system harbouring a candidate debris disc
• Radio stars of the SKA
• Transitions in magnetic behavior at the substellar boundary
• Identification of strong photometric activity in the components of LHS 1070
• Stellar Coronal and Wind Models: Impact on Exoplanets
• New Clues to the Evolution of Dwarf Carbon Stars From Their Variability and X-ray Emission
• Kinematics And Ellipsoidal Motion Of The Mid To Late M-Type Stars
• Detection of an energetic flare from the M5V secondary star in the Polar MQ Dra
• Fast Photometric Variability of Very Low Mass Stars in IC 348: Detection of Superflare in an M-dwarf
• Dynamos and Differential Rotation: Advances at the Crossroads of Analytics, Numerics, and Observations
• The time evolution of the ultraviolet habitable zone
• CFBDS J111807-064016: A new L/T transition brown dwarf in a binary system
• TOI-1743 b, TOI-5799 b, TOI-5799 c and TOI-6223 b: TESS discovery and validation of four super-Earth to Neptune-sized planets around M dwarfs
• Multi-Object and Long-Slit Spectroscopy of Very Low Mass Brown Dwarfs in Orion Nebular Cluster
• The Gran Telescopio Canarias OSIRIS Broad Band First Data Release
• The Most Common Habitable Planets II -- Salty Oceans in Low Mass Habitable Planets and Global Climate Evolution
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• TOI-7166 b: A Habitable Zone mini-Neptune planet around a nearby low-mass star
• RedDots: Planetary masses in the GJ1061 system from planet-planet interaction
• Quantifying the Effect of Short-timescale Stellar Activity Upon Transit Detection in M Dwarfs
• Light Curve Modulation of Low Mass Stars in K2. I. Identification of 508 Fast Rotators in the Solar Neighborhood
• The Stellar Population of the Thin Disk
• Nearly 30,000 late-type main-sequence stars with stellar age from LAMOST DR5
• Using Magnetic Activity and Galactic Dynamics to Constrain the Ages of M Dwarfs
• Bioverse: Potentially Observable Exoplanet Biosignature Patterns Under the UV Threshold Hypothesis for the Origin of Life
• Simultaneous photometric and CARMENES spectroscopic monitoring of fast-rotating M dwarf GJ 3270. Discovery of a post-flare corotating feature
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• Detection and characterisation of two VLM binaries: LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72
• Why M-dwarf flares have limited impact on the atmospheric evaporation of sub-Neptunes and Earth-sized planets
• The Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 Spectroscopic M Dwarf Catalog II: Statistical Parallax Analysis
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). II. Details on Nine Wide Common Proper Motion Very Low-Mass Companions to Nearby Stars
• Spatially Dependent Photometric Activity of M dwarfs in the Solar Cylinder
• Robust detection of CID double stars in SDSS
• Hidden Gems in TESS: sherlock finds two new rocky planets around nearby M dwarfs
• The kinematics of very low mass dwarfs: splinter session summary
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the L Subdwarf SDSS J125637.13-022452.4