The Ages of Stars

Abstract

The age of an individual star cannot be measured, only estimated through mostly model-dependent or empirical methods, and no single method works well for a broad range of stellar types or for a full range in age. This review presents a summary of the available techniques for age-dating stars and ensembles of stars, their realms of applicability, and their strengths and weaknesses. My emphasis is on low-mass stars because they are present from all epochs of star formation in the Galaxy and because they present both special opportunities and problems. The ages of open clusters are important for understanding the limitations of stellar models and for calibrating empirical age indicators. For individual stars, a hierarchy of quality for the available age-dating methods is described. Although our present ability to determine the ages of even the nearest stars is mediocre, the next few years hold great promise as asteroseismology probes beyond stellar surfaces and starts to provide precise interior properties of stars and as models continue to improve when stressed by better observations.

To appear in the 2010 volume of Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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• Asteroseismic age estimates of RGB stars in open clusters. A statistical investigation of different estimation methods
• Age determination of galactic B-type stars in double-lined eclipsing binaries
• Investigating the Upper Scorpius OB association with HERMES. I. The spectroscopic sample and 6D kinematics
• Recent star formation episodes in the Galaxy: impact on its chemical properties and the evolution of its abundance gradient
• Fine Structure of the Age-Chromospheric Activity Relation in Solar-Type Stars: II. H$\alpha$ Line
• A Hierarchical Model for the Ages of Galactic Halo White Dwarfs
• Nature vs. nurture: a Bayesian framework for assessing apparent correlations between planetary orbital properties and stellar ages
• Chemodynamical Properties and Ages of Metal-Poor Stars in S-PLUS
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• Impact of asteroseismology on improving stellar ages determination
• TATOO: a tidal-chronology standalone tool to estimate the age of massive close-in planetary systems
• Unbound stars hold the key to young star cluster history
• Clusters: age scales for stellar physics
• Asteroseismic age constraints on the open cluster NGC 2477 using oscillating stars identified with TESS FFI
• Which Stars can see Earth as a Transiting Exoplanet?
• A Monte Carlo Method for Evaluating Empirical Gyrochronology Models and its Application to Wide Binary Benchmarks
• The NEMESIS Catalogue of Young Stellar Objects for the Orion Star Formation Complex. I. General description of data curation
• Externally irradiated young stars in NGC 3603. A JWST NIRSpec catalogue of pre-main-sequence stars in a massive star formation region
• Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
• Spectral characterization and differential rotation study of active CoRoT stars
• A catalogue of asteroseismically calibrated ages for APOGEE DR17. The predictions of a CatBoost machine learning model based on the [Mg/Ce] chemical clock and other stellar parameters
• Advancing accuracy in age determinations of old-disk stars using an oscillating red giant in an eclipsing binary
• The Interior Structure Constants as an Age Diagnostic for Low-Mass, Pre-Main Sequence Detached Eclipsing Binary Stars
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• StarFlow: Leveraging Normalizing Flows for Stellar Age Estimation in SDSS-V DR19
• Stellar age determination in the Mass-Luminosity Plane
• New stellar age estimates using SPInS based on Gaia DR3 photometry and LAMOST DR8 abundances
• Ages for exoplanet host stars
• Ensemble age inversions for large spectroscopic surveys
• Is planetary inward migration responsible for GJ 504's fast rotation and bright X-ray luminosity? New constraints from eROSITA
• Measuring Long Stellar Rotation Periods (>10 days) from TESS FFI Light Curves is Possible: An Investigation Using TESS and ZTF
• Constraints on Tidal Quality Factor in Kepler Eclipsing Binaries using Tidal Synchronization: A Frequency-Dependent Approach
• High-contrast, high-angular resolution view of the GJ 367 exoplanet system
• ChronoFlow: A Data-Driven Model for Gyrochronology
• The curious case of PDS 11: a nearby, >10 Myr old, classical T Tauri binary system
• Modelling $\delta$ Scuti pulsations: A new grid of p, g, and f modes across pre-main-sequence to post-main-sequence evolution
• Theoretical and Observational Evidence for Coriolis Effects in Coronal Magnetic Fields Via Direct Current Driven Flaring Events
• CEMPlifying reionization
• Tidal Tails of Nearby Open Clusters. II. A Review of Simulated Properties and the Reliability of Observational Catalogues
• Constraining the age of young stellar clusters via the amplitude of photometric variability
• A young spectroscopic binary in a quintuple system part of the Local Association
• Uncertainties in asteroseismic grid-based estimates of the ages of halo stars
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• A bird's eye view of stellar evolution through populations of variable stars in Galactic open clusters
• Exoplanet Occurrence Rate with Age for FGK Stars in Kepler
• The Milky Way in context: The formation of galactic discs and chemical sequences from a cosmological perspective
• MAISTEP -- a new grid-based machine learning tool for inferring stellar parameters I. Ages of giant-planet host stars
• Globular clusters as cosmic clocks: new cosmological hints from their integrated light
• zoomies: A tool to infer stellar age from vertical action in Gaia data
• The strongly irradiated planets in Praesepe
• The Solar Neighborhood L: Spectroscopic Discovery of K Dwarfs Younger Than 1 Gyr and New Binaries within 30 pc
• The rotation of planet-hosting stars
• The 3D Galactocentric velocities of Kepler stars: marginalizing over missing RVs
• The oldest Milky Way stars: New constraints on the age of the Universe and the Hubble constant
• Nearly 30,000 late-type main-sequence stars with stellar age from LAMOST DR5
• A Recent Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Galactic Center Unveiled by the Hypervelocity Stars
• Quantifying chemical and kinematical properties of Galactic disks
• Evolution of Size, Mass, and Density of Galaxies Since Cosmic Dawn
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• Photometric stellar parameters for asteroseismology and Galactic studies
• Apache Point Observatory follow-up of ACcelerating Candidate ExopLanet host Stars (APO ACCELS): Ages for 166 Accelerating Stars in the Northern Hemisphere
• Continuous Habitable Zones: Using Bayesian Methods to Prioritize Characterization of Potentially Habitable Worlds
• HiPERCAM and TESS observations of the rapidly rotating M7V star LP 89--187
• Tidal effects on stellar activity
• Asteroseismology of red giants & galactic archaeology
• Stellar age determination using deep neural networks: Isochrone ages for 1.3 million stars, based on BaSTI, MIST, PARSEC, Dartmouth and SYCLIST evolutionary grids
• Revisiting the Galactic age-metallicity relation from wide white dwarf-main-sequence binaries
• Nuclear astrophysics
• The SAGA so far: reading the history of the Galaxy with asteroseismology
• Potential Habitability as a Stellar Property: Effects of Model Uncertainties and Measurement Precision
• Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). II: Catalog and Analyses of the LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler Stellar Kinematic Properties
• Using a neural network approach and starspots dependent models to predict effective temperatures and ages of young stars
• NGC 147 Corroborates the Break in the Stellar Mass-Stellar Metallicity Relation for Galaxies
• J-PLUS Reconstructing the Milky Way Disc's star formation history with twelve-filter photometry
• Closing remarks and Outlook
• Turning Points in the Age-Metallicity Relations -- Created by Late Satellite Infall and Enhanced by Radial Migration
• Nature vs. Nurture: Investigating the Effects of Measurement Uncertainties in the Assessment of Potential Trends Between Planetary and Stellar Properties
• Relative evolution of eclipsing binaries: A tool to measure globular cluster ages and He abundances
• Search and study of young infrared stellar clusters
• Towards age/rotation/magnetic activity relation with seismology
• The chemodynamical memory of a major merger in a NIHAO-UHD Milky Way analogue -- I. A golden thread through time and space
• Stellar multiplicity and stellar rotation: Insights from APOGEE