GJ 273: On the formation, dynamical evolution and habitability of a planetary system hosted by an M dwarf at 3.75 parsec

Abstract

Planets orbiting low-mass stars such as M dwarfs are now considered a cornerstone in the search for life-harbouring planets. GJ273 is a planetary system orbiting an M dwarf only 3.75 pc away, composed of two confirmed planets, GJ273b and GJ273c, and two promising candidates, GJ273d and GJ273e. Planet GJ273b resides in the habitable zone. Currently, due to a lack of observed planetary transits, only the minimum masses of the planets are known.Despite being an interesting system, the GJ273 planetary system is still poorly studied. We aim at precisely determine the physical parameters of the individual planets, in particular to break the mass--inclination degeneracy to accurately determine the mass of the planets. Moreover, we present thorough characterisation of planet GJ273b in terms of its potential habitability. We explored the planetary formation and hydration phases of GJ273 during the first 100 Myr. Then, we analysed the stability of the system. We also searched for regions which may harbour minor bodies such as an asteroid belt and Kuiper belt analogues. We found that the four-planet configuration of the system allows us to break the mass--inclination degeneracy with the following masses: $2.89\le M_{\mathrm{b}}\le 3.03{\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$, $1.18\le M_{\mathrm{c}}\le 1.24{\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$, $10.80\le M_{\mathrm{d}}\le 11.35{\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$, and $9.30\le M_{\mathrm{e}}\le 9.70{\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$. That is an Earth-mass planet, a super-Earth and two mini-Neptunes. Moreover, GJ273b is found to be an efficient water captor and GJ273c likely a dry planet. Several stable regions are predicted where minor bodies might reside. We comprehensively discuss the habitability of GJ273b.

20 pages, 2 annexes, 12 figures, 3 tables (A&A in press)

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