Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits

Abstract

To aid in the physical interpretation of planetary radii constrained through observations of transiting planets, or eventually direct detections, we compute model radii of pure hydrogen-helium, water, rock, and iron planets, along with various mixtures. Masses ranging from 0.01 Earth masses to 10 Jupiter masses at orbital distances of 0.02 to 10 AU are considered. For hydrogen-helium rich planets, our models are the first to couple planetary evolution to stellar irradiation over a wide range of orbital separations (0.02 to 10 AU) through a non-gray radiative-convective equilibrium atmosphere model. Stellar irradiation retards the contraction of giant planets, but its effect is not a simple function of the irradiation level: a planet at 1 AU contracts as slowly as a planet at 0.1 AU. For hydrogen-helium planets, we consider cores up to 90% of the total planet mass, comparable to those of Uranus and Neptune. If "hot Neptunes" have maintained their original masses and are not remnants of more massive planets, radii of 0.30-0.45 times Jupiter's radius are expected. Water planets are ~40-50% larger than rocky planets, independent of mass. Finally, we provide tables of planetary radii at various ages and compositions, and for ice-rock-iron planets we fit our results to analytic functions, which will allow for quick composition estimates, given masses and radii, or mass estimates, given only planetary radii. These results will assist in the interpretation of observations for both the current transiting planet surveys as well as upcoming space missions, including CoRoT and Kepler.

Published in The Astrophysical Journal 2007 April. This revision corrects coefficient errors in equations 7 and 8. Erratum sent to ApJ

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• Cluster Difference Imaging Photometric Survey. II. TOI 837: A Young Validated Planet in IC 2602
• HAT-P-28b and HAT-P-29b: Two Sub-Jupiter Mass Transiting Planets
• Discovery of three new transiting hot Jupiters: WASP-161 b, WASP-163 b and WASP-170 b
• HAT-P-15b: A 10.9-day Extrasolar Planet Transiting a Solar-type Star
• Broad-band transmission spectrum and K-band thermal emission of WASP-43b as observed from the ground
• Predicted diversity in water content of terrestrial exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
• The mass-radius relation of exoplanets, revisited
• Ensemble analysis of open cluster transit surveys: upper limits on the frequency of short-period planets consistent with the field
• The low density transiting exoplanet WASP-15b
• Physical properties and radius variations in the HAT-P-5 planetary system from simultaneous four-colour photometry
• Bulk composition of the transiting hot Neptune around GJ 436
• Interior characterization in multiplanetary systems: TRAPPIST-1
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. III. The transiting planetary system WASP-2
• Precise Estimates of the Physical Parameters for the Exoplanet System HD-17156 Enabled by HST FGS Transit and Asteroseismic Observations
• A New Model of Roche-lobe Overflow for Short-Period Gaseous Planets and Binary Stars
• TOI-677 b: A Warm Jupiter (P=11.2d) on an eccentric orbit transiting a late F-type star
• A Joint Mass-Radius-Period Distribution of Exoplanets
• A Quasi-Stationary Solution to Gliese 436b's Eccentricity
• Magnetic shielding of exomoons beyond the circumplanetary habitable edge
• HATS-9b and HATS-10b: Two Compact Hot Jupiters in Field 7 of the K2 Mission
• The Transit Light Curve Project. XII. Six Transits of the Exoplanet XO-2b
• The HD 40307 Planetary System: Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes?
• Kepler423b: a half-Jupiter mass planet transiting a very old solar-like star
• The Transit Light Curve Project. X. A Christmas Transit of HD 17156b
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Short-Period Single-Planet Systems
• WASP-38b: A Transiting Exoplanet in an Eccentric, 6.87d Period Orbit
• WASP-37b: a 1.8 MJ exoplanet transiting a metal-poor star
• Detailed Abundances of Stars with Small Planets Discovered by Kepler I: The First Sample
• HATS-8b: A Low-Density Transiting Super-Neptune
• GJ 273: On the formation, dynamical evolution and habitability of a planetary system hosted by an M dwarf at 3.75 parsec
• Exoplanet Chemistry
• HAT-P-10b: A light and moderately hot Jupiter transiting a K dwarf
• Thermal Emission and Tidal Heating of the Heavy and Eccentric Planet XO-3b
• A Correlation Between Stellar Activity and the Surface Gravity of Hot Jupiters
• Transit timing variation and activity in the WASP-10 planetary system
• Investigating the physical properties of transiting hot Jupiters with the 1.5-m Kuiper Telescope
• Effects of Mg/Si on Exoplanetary Refractory Oxygen Budget
• Tidal Decay and Stable Roche-Lobe Overflow of Short-Period Gaseous Exoplanets
• MESS (Multi-purpose Exoplanet Simulation System): A Monte Carlo tool for the statistical analysis and prediction of exoplanets search results
• HATS-5b: A Transiting hot-Saturn from the HATSouth Survey
• Ultra Short Period Planets in K2: SuPerPiG Results for Campaigns 0-5
• The role of rotation in the evolution of dynamo generated magnetic fields in Super Earths
• High precision transit observations of the exoplanet WASP-13b with the RISE instrument
• A Precise Estimate of the Radius of the Exoplanet HD 149026b from Spitzer Photometry
• WASP-50b: a hot Jupiter transiting a moderately active solar-type star
• WFIRST-AFTA Coronagraph Science Yield Modeling with EXOSIMS
• Chemical Timescales in the Atmospheres of Highly Eccentric Exoplanets
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates IV. KOI-196b: a non-inflated hot-Jupiter with a high albedo
• Detecting Transits of Planetary Companions to Giant Stars
• Deep MMT Transit Survey of the Open Cluster M37 IV: Limit on the Fraction of Stars With Planets as Small as 0.3 R_J
• Lithium Enrichment Signatures of Planetary Engulfment Events in Evolved Stars
• Machine learning inference of the interior structure of low-mass exoplanets
• Refined physical properties of the HAT-P-13 planetary system
• On planetary mass determination in the case of super-Earths orbiting active stars. The case of the CoRoT-7 system
• Interior structure models of GJ 436b
• Interstellar object 'Oumuamua as an extinct fragment of an ejected cometary planetesimal
• Parameters and Predictions for the Long-Period Transiting Planet HD 17156b
• Explorations into the Viability of Coupled Radius-Orbit Evolutionary Models for Inflated Planets
• The Homogeneous Study of Transiting Systems (HoSTS) I. The Pilot Study of WASP-13
• NGTS-11 b / TOI-1847 b: A transiting warm Saturn recovered from a TESS single-transit event
• Photometric Phase Variations of Long-Period Eccentric Planets
• Theoretical Radii of Extrasolar Giant Planets: the Cases of TrES-4, XO-3b, and HAT-P-1b
• Independent confirmation and refined parameters of the hot Jupiter XO-5b
• A PSF-based approach to Kepler/K2 data. II. Exoplanet candidates in Praesepe (M 44)
• The K2-ESPRINT Project V: a short-period giant planet orbiting a subgiant star
• HST/STIS Lyman-alpha observations of the quiet M dwarf GJ436: Predictions for the exospheric transit signature of the hot neptune GJ436b
• Looking for Super-Earths in the HD 189733 System: A Search for Transits in Most Space-Based Photometry
• Atmospheric Retrieval for Direct Imaging Spectroscopy of Gas Giants In Reflected Light II: Orbital Phase and Planetary Radius
• On the Formation and Chemical Composition of Super Earths
• The 0.5M${}_J$ transiting exoplanet WASP-13b
• TOI-1235 b: a keystone super-Earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early M dwarfs
• Slow Cooling and Fast Reinflation for Hot Jupiters
• HAT-P-25b: a Hot-Jupiter Transiting a Moderately Faint G Star
• K2-66b and K2-106b: Two extremely hot sub-Neptune-size planets with high densities
• The TESS-Keck Survey I: A Warm Sub-Saturn-mass Planet and a Caution about Stray Light in TESS Cameras
• A lower mass for the exoplanet WASP-21b
• ExoMDN: Rapid characterization of exoplanet interior structures with Mixture Density Networks
• TrES-5: A Massive Jupiter-sized Planet Transiting A Cool G-dwarf
• Exomoons in the habitable zones of M dwarfs
• Theoretical vs. observational uncertainties: composition of giant exoplanets
• Super Earth Explorer: A Coronagraphic Off-Axis Space Telescope
• Signatures of a planet-planet impacts phase in exoplanetary systems hosting giant planets
• The detectability of habitable exomoons with Kepler
• HATS-74Ab, HATS-75b, HATS-76b and HATS-77b: Four Transiting Giant Planets around K and M Dwarfs
• Accretion Rates of Planetesimals by Protoplanets Embedded in Nebular Gas
• Transit Observations of the WASP-10 System
• A Survey for Very Short-Period Planets in the Kepler Data
• The Kepler-454 System: A Small, Not-rocky Inner Planet, a Jovian World, and a Distant Companion
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• The Centurion 18 telescope of the Wise Observatory
• Characterization of the HD 17156 planetary system
• Caught in the Act: Core-powered Mass-loss Predictions for Observing Atmospheric Escape
• Revisiting the Long-Period Transiting Planets from Kepler
• In hot water: effects of temperature-dependent interiors on the radii of water-rich super-Earths
• Transmission spectroscopy for the warm sub-Neptune HD3167c: evidence for molecular absorption and a possible high metallicity atmosphere
• Constraining the interior of extrasolar giant planets with the tidal Love number k_2 using the example of HAT-P-13b
• Simultaneous follow-up of planetary transits: revised physical properties for the planetary systems HAT-P-16 and WASP-21
• Atmospheric escape by magnetically driven wind from gaseous planets
• The Pale Green Dot: A Method to Characterize Proxima Centauri b using Exo-Aurorae
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VI. Non-detection of sodium with HARPS on the bloated super-Neptune WASP-127b
• Characterization of potentially habitable planets: Retrieval of atmospheric and planetary properties from emission spectra
• Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
• A feature-rich transmission spectrum for WASP-127b
• Challenges to Constraining Exoplanet Masses via Transmission Spectroscopy
• Accretion of Saturn's Inner Mid-sized Moons from a Massive Primordial Ice Ring
• Accounting for non-ideal mixing effects in the hydrogen-helium equation of state
• The TESS-Keck Survey. VIII. Confirmation of a Transiting Giant Planet on an Eccentric 261 day Orbit with the Automated Planet Finder Telescope
• Dusty tails of evaporating exoplanets. II. Physical modelling of the KIC 12557548b light curve
• A warm Jupiter transiting an M dwarf: A TESS single transit event confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• Physical properties of the WASP-67 planetary system from multi-colour photometry
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXVII. Reassessment of a young planetary system with HARPS-N: is the hot Jupiter V830 Tau b really there?
• Synthetic Evolution Tracks of Giant Planets
• Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation. I.: A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semi-analytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Identifying Young $Kepler$ Planet Host Stars from Keck-HIRES Spectra of Lithium
• A Super-Earth Orbiting the Nearby Sun-like Star HD 1461
• K2-290: a warm Jupiter and a mini-Neptune in a triple-star system
• Radiative Thrusters on Close-in Extrasolar Planets
• Escaping Helium and a Highly Muted Spectrum Suggest a Metal-Enriched Atmosphere on Sub-Neptune GJ3090b from JWST Transit Spectroscopy
• Tidal decay and orbital circularization in close-in two-planet systems
• A Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter Orbiting TIC 237913194
• Plasma physics and planetary astrophysics
• The sub-Saturn Mass Transiting Planet HAT-P-12b
• Limits on the Orbits and Masses of Moons around Currently-Known Transiting Exoplanets
• On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
• A Revised Orbital Ephemeris for HAT-P-9b
• Shallower radius valley around low-mass hosts: Evidence for icy planets, collisions or high-energy radiation scatter
• Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets
• A giant planet transiting a 3-Myr protostar with a misaligned disk
• pt5m - a 0.5m robotic telescope on La Palma
• K2-146: Discovery of Planet c, Precise Masses from Transit Timing, and Observed Precession
• Removal of Hot Saturns in Mass-Radius Plane by Runaway Mass Loss
• HATS-25b through HATS-30b: A Half-dozen New Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATSouth Survey
• TOI-2525 b and c: A pair of massive warm giant planets with a strong transit timing variations revealed by TESS
• Lucky Imaging of transiting planet host stars with LuckyCam
• The initial physical conditions of Kepler-36 b & c
• The Transit Transmission Spectrum of a Cold Gas Giant Planet
• TOI-5005 b: A super-Neptune in the savanna near the ridge
• The Hunt for Planet Nine: Atmosphere, Spectra, Evolution, and Detectability
• Color Classification of Extrasolar Giant Planets: Prospects and Cautions
• Re-inflation of warm and hot Jupiters
• The Origin of Heavy Element Content Trend in Giant Planets via Core Accretion
• The effect of close-in giant planets' evolution on tidal-induced migration of exomoons
• The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets
• Physical properties of the WASP-44 planetary system from simultaneous multi-colour photometry
• Illuminating Hot Jupiters in caustic crossing
• The nature of the giant exomoon candidate Kepler-1625 b-i
• Mass Constraints of the WASP-47 Planetary System from Radial Velocities
• Dynamical instabilities in systems of multiple short-period planets are likely driven by secular chaos: a case study of Kepler-102
• On the Inclination Dependence of Exoplanet Phase Signatures
• Theoretical predictions of melting behaviors of hcp iron up to 4000 GPa
• Ground-based, Near-infrared Exospectroscopy. II. Tentative Detection of Emission From the Extremely Hot Jupiter WASP-12b
• Effects of Magnetic Fields on the Location of the Evaporation Valley for Low-Mass Exoplanets
• EPIC247098361b: a transiting warm Saturn on an eccentric $P=11.2$ days orbit around a $V=9.9$ star
• Qatar Exoplanet Survey : Qatar-3b, Qatar-4b and Qatar-5b
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. VIII. WASP-22, WASP-41, WASP-42 and WASP-55
• Models of Warm Jupiter Atmospheres: Observable Signatures of Obliquity
• Improved parameters for the transiting planet HD 17156b: a high-density giant planet with a very eccentric orbit
• NGTS-2b: An inflated hot-Jupiter transiting a bright F-dwarf
• The Effect of Multiple Heat Sources on Exomoon Habitable Zones
• Refined physical properties and g',r',i',z',J,H,K transmission spectrum of WASP-23b from the ground
• HAT-P-56b: An inflated massive Hot Jupiter transiting a bright F star followed up with K2 Campaign 0 observations
• WASP-54b, WASP-56b and WASP-57b: Three new sub-Jupiter mass planets from SuperWASP
• MAGRATHEA: an open-source spherical symmetric planet interior structure code
• Monitoring the young planet host V1298 Tau with SPIRou: planetary system and evolving large-scale magnetic field
• On the structure and evolution of planets and their host stars $-$ effects of various heating mechanisms on the size of giant gas planets
• Towards a new era in giant exoplanet characterisation
• A comparative study of WASP-67b and HAT-P-38b from WFC3 data
• Detectability of Exoplanet Periastron Passage in the Infra-Red
• Information in the Reflected Light Spectra of Widely Separated Giant Exoplanets
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXV. CoRoT-27b: a massive and dense planet on a short-period orbit
• Beyond the exoplanet mass-radius relation
• Kepler-432 b: a massive warm Jupiter in a 52-day eccentric orbit transiting a giant star
• Photo-evaporation of close-in gas giants orbiting around G and M stars
• Impact of photoevaporative mass loss on masses and radii of water-rich sub/super-Earths
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• The Effect of Clouds as an Additional Opacity Source on the Inferred Metallicity of Giant Exoplanets
• K2-114b and K2-115b: Two Transiting Warm Jupiters
• The first planet detected in the WTS: an inflated hot-Jupiter in a 3.35 day orbit around a late F-star
• The mass determination of TOI-519 b: a close-in giant planet transiting a metal-rich mid-M dwarf
• Discovery of WASP-113b and WASP-114b, two inflated hot-Jupiters with contrasting densities
• The Magellan/PFS Exoplanet Search: A 55-day period dense Neptune transiting the bright ($V=8.6$) star HD 95338
• Exploring H${}_2$O Prominence in Reflection Spectra of Cool Giant Planets
• TOI-1728b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a warm super Neptune orbiting an M dwarf host
• Super-Earths: A New Class of Planetary Bodies
• TOI-532b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a Large Super Neptune in the Neptune Desert orbiting a metal-rich M dwarf host
• On the Nature of Small Planets around the Coolest Kepler Stars
• K2-140b and K2-180b - Characterization of a hot Jupiter and a mini-Neptune from the K2 mission
• Instability of mass transfer in a planet-star system
• Three long period transiting giant planets from TESS
• Physical properties of the planetary systems WASP-45 and WASP-46 from simultaneous multi-band photometry
• When, where, and how many planets end up in first-order resonances?
• Modeling the Orbital Sampling Effect of Extrasolar Moons
• Discovery of WASP-65b and WASP-75b: Two Hot Jupiters Without Highly Inflated Radii
• Role of magma oceans in controlling carbon and oxygen of sub-Neptune atmospheres
• Evidence of a Sub-Saturn around EPIC~211945201
• K2-265 b: A Transiting Rocky Super-Earth
• Can close-in giant exoplanets preserve detectable moons?
• GASTLI: An open-source coupled interior-atmosphere model to unveil gas giant composition
• K2-139 b: a low-mass warm Jupiter on a 29-day orbit transiting an active K0 V star
• Exploring formation scenarios for the exomoon candidate Kepler 1625b I
• A much lower density for the transiting extrasolar planet WASP-7
• CEMP stars: possible hosts to carbon planets in the early universe
• Dust traps as planetary birthsites: basics and vortex formation
• Quantitative estimates of the surface habitability of Kepler-452b
• HATS-31b Through HATS-35b: Five Transiting Hot Jupiters Discovered by the HATSouth Survey
• Revising the Giant Planet Mass-Metallicity Relation: Deciphering the Formation Sequence of Giant Planets
• Three planets transiting the evolved star EPIC 249893012: a hot 8.8-M${}_{\oplus }$ super-Earth and two warm 14.7 and 10.2-M${}_{\oplus }$ sub-Neptunes
• TOI-2046b, TOI-1181b and TOI-1516b, three new hot Jupiters from \textit{TESS}: planets orbiting a young star, a subgiant and a normal star
• The influence of host star activity evolution on the population of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Two warm, low-density sub-Jovian planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns 13 and 14
• HATS-43b, HATS-44b, HATS-45b, and HATS-46b: Four Short Period Transiting Giant Planets in the Neptune-Jupiter Mass Range
• HAT-P-42b and HAT-P-43b. Two Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATNet Survey
• HATS-22b, HATS-23b and HATS-24b: Three new transiting Super-Jupiters from the HATSouth Project
• EPIC 201498078b: A low density Super Neptune on an eccentric orbit
• Radio Emission from Red-Giant Hot Jupiters
• A Framework for Characterizing Transmission Spectra of Exoplanets with Circumplanetary Rings
• Distinguishing Between Stellar and Planetary Companions With Phase Monitoring
• TOI-1268b: the youngest, hot, Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet
• Follow-up Observations of the Neptune Mass Transiting Extrasolar Planet HAT-P-11b
• Physical Properties of the Transiting Planetary System TrES-3
• ELODIE metallicity-biased search for transiting Hot Jupiters V. An intermediate-period Jovian planet orbiting HD45652
• Hydrodynamics and survivability during post-main-sequence planetary engulfment
• Cloud Parameterizations and their Effect on Retrievals of Exoplanet Reflection Spectroscopy
• Continuous reorientation of synchronous terrestrial planets controlled by mantle convection
• Constraining Exoplanet Metallicities and Aerosols with ARIEL: An Independent Study by the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) Team
• The three regimes of atmospheric evaporation for super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• K2-287b: an Eccentric Warm Saturn transiting a G-dwarf
• On the Inclination and Habitability of the HD 10180 System
• WASP-14 b: Transit Timing analysis of 19 light curves
• K2-291 b: A rocky super-Earth in a 2.2 day orbit
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. I. Confirmation of an Eccentric, Cool Jupiter With an Interior Earth-sized Planet Orbiting Kepler-1514
• TOI-1842b: A Transiting Warm Saturn Undergoing Re-Inflation around an Evolving Subgiant
• Impact of Tides on the Potential for Exoplanets to Host Exomoons
• EPIC229426032 b and EPIC246067459 b: discovery and characterization of two new transiting hot Jupiters from K2
• HATS-13b and HATS-14b: two transiting hot Jupiters from the HATSouth survey
• An investigation of a super-Earth exoplanet with a greenhouse-gas atmosphere using a general circulation model
• Improved Orbital Parameters and Transit Monitoring for HD 156846b
• Stability Constrained Characterization of Multiplanet Systems
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• Analysis of new high-precision transit light curves of WASP-10 b: starspot occultations, small planetary radius, and high metallicity
• An intermediate-luminosity-optical-transient (ILOT) model for the young stellar object ASASSN-15qi
• The Exosphere as a Boundary: Origin and Evolution of Airless Bodies in the Inner Solar System and Beyond Including Planets with Silicate Atmospheres
• HATS-39b, HATS-40b, HATS-41b, and HATS-42b: Three Inflated Hot Jupiters and a Super-Jupiter Transiting F Stars
• TOI-2285b: A 1.7 Earth-radius Planet Near the Habitable Zone around a Nearby M Dwarf
• Larger and faster: revised properties and a shorter orbital period for the WASP-57 planetary system from a pro-am collaboration
• How Complete Are Surveys for Nearby Transiting Hot Jupiters?
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. II. Discovery of a Failed Hot Jupiter on a 2.7 Year, Highly Eccentric Orbit
• Discovering the Growth Histories of Exoplanets: The Saturn Analog HD 149026b
• Estimating dayside effective temperatures of hot Jupiters and associated uncertainties through Gaussian process regression
• Searching for the Transit of the Earth--mass exoplanet Proxima~Centauri~b in Antarctica: Preliminary Result
• An independent discovery of two hot Jupiters from the K2 mission
• Hot-Jupiter Core Mass from Roche-lobe Overflow
• Day and night side core cooling of a strongly irradiated giant planet
• Effects of Planetesimal Scattering: Explaining the Observed Offsets from Period Ratios 3:2 and 2:1
• TOI-4562 b: A highly eccentric temperate Jupiter analog orbiting a young field star
• Exoplanetary Geophysics -- An Emerging Discipline
• Detection and Characterization of Extrasolar Planets through Doppler Spectroscopy
• Atmospheric characterization of cold exoplanets using a 1.5-m coronagraphic space telescope
• Properties of Sub-Neptune Atmospheres: TOI-270 System
• Cyclic Transit Probabilities of Long-Period Eccentric Planets Due to Periastron Precession
• Atmospheric mass loss of extrasolar planets orbiting magnetically active host stars
• TOI-954 b and K2-329 b: Short-Period Saturn-Mass Planets that Test whether Irradiation Leads to Inflation
• Exoplanet atmosphere evolution: emulation with neural networks
• Sub-Jovian desert of exoplanets at its boundaries. Parameter dependence along the main sequence
• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• Tidal Response and Shape of Hot Jupiters
• From the stellar properties of HD219134 to the internal compositions of its transiting exoplanets
• HST/STIS capability for Love number measurement of WASP-121b
• Ground-based detection of the near-infrared emission from the dayside of WASP-5b
• K2-113b: A dense hot-Jupiter transiting a solar analogue
• Updated Planetary Mass Constraints of the Young V1298 Tau System Using MAROON-X
• Evolution of steam worlds: energetic aspects
• HATS-50b through HATS-53b: four transiting hot Jupiters orbiting G-type stars discovered by the HATSouth survey
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey: III. Recovery and Confirmation of a Temperate, Mildly Eccentric, Single-Transit Jupiter Orbiting TOI-2010
• Hyades Member K2-136c: The Smallest Planet in an Open Cluster with a Precisely Measured Mass
• TOI-5344 b: A Saturn-like planet orbiting a super-Solar metallicity M0 dwarf
• TOI-837b is a Young Saturn-sized Exoplanet with a Massive 70 $M_{\oplus }$ Core
• HAT-P-58b -- HAT-P-64b: Seven Planets Transiting Bright Stars
• A Distinct Population of Small Planets: Sub-Earths
• KPS-1b: the first transiting exoplanet discovered using an amateur astronomer's wide-field CCD data
• Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs
• Orbital decay of short-period gas giants under evolving tides
• The effect of cloudy atmospheres on the thermal evolution of warm giant planets from an interior modelling perspective
• Simulating Reflected Light Exoplanet Spectra of the Promising Direct Imaging Target, $\upsilon$ Andromedae d, with a New, Fast Sampling Method Using the Planetary Spectrum Generator
• NGTS 15b, 16b, 17b and 18b: four hot Jupiters from the Next Generation Transit Survey
• TESS Giants Transiting Giants V -- Two hot Jupiters orbiting red-giant hosts
• Methane Planets and their Mass-Radius Relation
• A New Method for Characterizing Very-Low-Mass Companions with Low Resolution Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• The unusual M-dwarf Warm Jupiter TOI-1899~b: Refinement of orbital and planetary parameters
• Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- I. The detection limits of starspot anomalies in TESS light curves
• A New Definition of Exoplanet Habitability: Introducing the Photosynthetic Habitable Zone
• Monitoring of transiting exoplanets and their host stars with small aperture telescopes
• The influence of general-relativity effects, dynamical tides and collisions on planet-planet scattering close to the star
• A Holistic and Probabilistic Approach to the Ground-based Data of HAT-P-19 System
• Warm Jupiters Beyond the Tidal Synchronization Limit May Exhibit a Wide Range of Secondary Eclipse Depths
• Constraining the Bulk Composition of Disintegrating Exoplanets Using Combined Transmission Spectra from JWST and SPICA
• Formation of Giant Planets
• Unveiling the Planet Population at Birth
• Three Warm Jupiters orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837, TOI-5027 and one sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328
• TOI-837 b: characterisation, formation and evolutionary history of an infant warm Saturn-mass planet
• XUV irradiation of young planetary atmospheres. Results from a joint XMM-Newton and HST observation of HIP67522
• The highly inflated giant planet WASP-174b
• K2-280b -- a low density warm sub-Saturn around a mildly evolved star
• Transit least-squares survey -- III. A $1.9R_{\oplus }$ transit candidate in the habitable zone of Kepler-160 and a nontransiting planet characterized by transit-timing variations
• Microphysical Prescriptions for Parameterized Water Cloud Formation on Ultra-cool Substellar Objects
• An Approximation for the Capture Radius of Gaseous Protoplanets
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXIV: An inner eccentric sub-Neptune and an outer sub-Neptune-mass candidate around BD+00 444 (TOI-2443)
• Why hot Jupiters can be large but not too large
• Two transiting hot Jupiters from the WASP survey: WASP-150b and WASP-176b
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. XIX. The transiting temperate giant planet KOI-3680b
• PICASO 4.0: Clouds and Photochemistry in Climate Models of Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets
• The discovery of three hot Jupiters, NGTS-23b, 24b and 25b, and updated parameters for HATS-54b from the Next Generation Transit Survey
• Possible Evidence for the Presence of Volatiles on the Warm Super-Earth TOI-270 b
• HATS-59b,c: A Transiting Hot Jupiter and a Cold Massive Giant Planet Around a Sun-Like Star
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in Extra-Solar Planetary Systems
• HATS-15 b and HATS-16 b: Two massive planets transiting old G dwarf stars
• Formation of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes from rings of planetesimals
• The inflated, eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-4914 b orbiting a metal-poor star, and the hot Jupiters TOI-2714 b and TOI-2981 b
• Updated Studies on Exomoons in the HD 23079 System
• A fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach for Exo-Planetary Habitability
• GEMS JWST: Transmission spectroscopy of TOI-5205b reveals significant stellar contamination and a metal-poor atmosphere
• Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- II
• An extended low-density atmosphere around the Jupiter-sized planet WASP-193 b
• NGTS-21b: An Inflated Super-Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-poor K dwarf
• The "Drake equation" of exomoons -- a cascade of formation, stability and detection
• Inflated hot Jupiters: Inferring average atmospheric velocity via Ohmic models coupled with internal dynamo evolution
• Discovery and characterization of a dense sub-Saturn TOI-6651b
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXV. Precise density measurement of TOI-1430 b, a young planet with an evaporating atmosphere
• Simultaneous multicolour transit photometry of hot Jupiters HAT-P-19b, HAT-P-51b, HAT-P-55b, and HAT-P-65b
• Lessons from Hubble and Spitzer: 1D Self-Consistent Model Grids for 19 Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra
• The Impact of Irradiation on the Radius and Thermal Evolution of Transiting Brown Dwarfs
• Geoastronomy: Rocky planets as the Lavosier-Lomonosov Bridge from the non-living to the living world
• Following up TESS Single Transits With Archival Photometry and Radial Velocities
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. VI: Confirmation of a Long-Period Giant Planet Discovered with a Single TESS Transit
• Tidal evolution in multiple planet systems: application to Kepler-62 and Kepler-186
• Galactic planetary science
• TOI-3568 b: a super-Neptune in the sub-Jovian desert
• TOI-1199 b and TOI-1273 b: Two new transiting hot Saturns detected and characterized with SOPHIE and TESS
• Chemical evolution of an evaporating lava pool
• Estimation of the tidal heating in the TRAPPIST-1 planets. Influence of the internal structure
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIX. A characterisation study of the $\sim$300 Myr old multi-planetary system orbiting the star BD+40 2790 (TOI-2076)
• gaspery: Optimized Scheduling of Radial Velocity Follow-Up Observations for Active Host Stars
• Understanding exoplanet formation, structure and evolution in 2010
• The Dynamics of Co-orbital Giant Exomoons -- Applications for the Kepler-1625 b and Kepler-1708 b Satellite Systems
• Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars
• Null transit detections of 68 radial velocity exoplanets observed by TESS
• RAPOC : the Rosseland and Planck opacity converter. A user-friendly and fast opacity program for Python
• On the parameter refinement of inflated exoplanets with large radius uncertainty based on TESS observations
• Spitzer phase curve observations and circulation models of the inflated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b
• A new statistical method for characterizing the atmospheres of extrasolar planets
• BD-14 3065b (TOI-4987b): from giant planet to brown dwarf: evidence for deuterium burning in old age?
• Flows, Circulations, and Energy Transport in the Outer and Deep Atmospheres of Synchronous and Non-synchronous Hot Jupiters
• Possible formation pathways for the low density Neptune-mass planet HAT-P-26b
• On the Utility of Transmission Color Analysis I: Differentiating Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Characterizing Exoplanets for Assessing Their Potential Habitability
• Cloudy solutions for the clear skies of WASP-80b: 3D cloud feedback on the atmosphere and spectra of a warm Jupiter
• Impact of rotation on synthetic mass-radius relationships of two-layer rocky planets and water worlds
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• KOI-3158: The oldest known system of terrestrial-size planets
• How does the shape of the stellar spectrum affect the Raman scattering features in the albedo of exoplanets?
• A Validated Low-to-Intermediate Mass Planetary Interior Structure Model and New Mass-Radius Relations
• Horizontal transport as a source of disequilibrium chemistry on the nightside of a hot exoplanet
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• Rapid and Predictive Planet Population Synthesis Model (RAPPS) I. Upgraded model and resulting synthetic populations
• A planet-host ratio relation to synthesize microlensing and transiting exoplanet demography from Roman
• A sub-Saturn Mass-Radius Desert for Planets with Equilibrium Temperature Less than 600 K
• Hidden water in magma ocean exoplanets
• Detecting water ice and vapor disks originating from icy planetary bodies around white dwarfs with future PRIMA observations
• A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• TOI-3757 b: A low density gas giant orbiting a solar-metallicity M dwarf
• Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
• The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density
• Using observations of escaping H/He to constrain the atmospheric composition of sub-Neptunes