Flows, Circulations, and Energy Transport in the Outer and Deep Atmospheres of Synchronous and Non-synchronous Hot Jupiters

Abstract

Recent studies have shown that vertical enthalpy transport can explain the inflated radii of highly irradiated gaseous exoplanets. They have also shown that rotation can influence this transport, leading to highly irradiated, rapidly rotating, objects that are uninflated. Here we explore the underlying flows, including the impact of (non)synchronous rotation. We use DYNAMICO to run a series of long-timescale, HD209-like, atmospheric models at various surface rotation rates. For models that are tidally-locked, we consider rotation rates between $1/16^{\mathrm{th}}$ and $40$ times the rotation rate of HD209, whilst for non-synchronous models we consider the range $1/8^{\mathrm{th}}$ to $4$x. We find that our synchronous models fall into one of three $\Omega$-dependent regimes: at low $\Omega$, we find that the outer atmosphere dynamics are driven by a divergent day-night wind, driving weak vertical transport and the formation of a night-side hot-spot. At intermediate $\Omega$, we find classical hot Jupiter dynamics, whilst at high $\Omega$ we find a strong Coriolis effect that suppresses off-equator dynamics, including the jet-driving standing waves, thus also reducing vertical transport. As for non-synchronicity, when small, we find that it has little effect on dynamics. However as it grows, we find that temporal variations prevents the formation of the persistent structures that drive global dynamics. We find that rotation can significantly impact the atmospheric dynamics of irradiated exoplanets, including vertical advection, which may explain the scatter in the radius-irradiation relation. We have also identified a seemingly robust feature at slow rotation: a night-side hot-spot. As this may have important implications for both the phase curve and atmospheric chemistry, we suggest that this study be followed up with next-generation GCMs that robustly model radiation/chemistry.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (33)

• Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
• Atmospheric circulation of hot Jupiters: Coupled radiative-dynamical general circulation model simulations of HD 189733b and HD 209458b
• Equatorial superrotation on tidally locked exoplanets
• Lack of Inflated Radii for Kepler Giant Planet Candidates Receiving Modest Stellar Irradiation
• A Time-Dependent Radiative Model of HD209458b
• On the Anomalous Radii of the Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• Doppler Signatures of the Atmospheric Circulation on Hot Jupiters
• Three Dimensional Modeling of Hot Jupiter Atmospheric Flows
• Atmospheric Heat Redistribution on Hot Jupiters
• WASP-43b: The closest-orbiting hot Jupiter
• Circumplanetary disk or circumplanetary envelope?
• Advection of potential temperature in the atmosphere of irradiated exoplanets: a robust mechanism to explain radius inflation
• Demarcating circulation regimes of synchronously rotating terrestrial planets within the habitable zone
• Climate of an Ultra hot Jupiter: Spectroscopic phase curve of WASP-18b with HST/WFC3
• WASP-103b: a new planet at the edge of tidal disruption
• The rotational and divergent components of atmospheric circulation on tidally locked planets
• Detection of a Westward Hotspot Offset in the Atmosphere of a Hot Gas Giant CoRoT-2b
• TESS spots a hot Jupiter with an inner transiting Neptune
• Idealised simulations of the deep atmosphere of hot jupiters: Deep, hot, adiabats as a robust solution to the radius inflation problem
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy study of ultra-hot Jupiters HAT-P-57b, KELT-17b, KELT-21b, KELT-7b, MASCARA-1b, and WASP-189b
• KELT-16b: A highly irradiated, ultra-short period hot Jupiter nearing tidal disruption
• Simplified 3D GCM modelling of the irradiated brown dwarf WD0137-349B
• A New Analysis of 8 Spitzer Phase Curves and Hot Jupiter Population Trends: Qatar-1b, Qatar-2b, WASP-52b, WASP-34b, and WASP-140b
• K2-290: a warm Jupiter and a mini-Neptune in a triple-star system
• A Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter Orbiting TIC 237913194
• A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs II. 3D thermochemical modelling of WASP-39b and HD 189733b
• Two long-period transiting exoplanets on eccentric orbits: NGTS-20 b (TOI-5152 b) and TOI-5153 b
• Formation of hot Jupiters through disk migration and evolving stellar tides
• K2-114b and K2-115b: Two Transiting Warm Jupiters
• Temperature Structures Associated with Different Components of the Atmospheric Circulation on Tidally Locked Exoplanets
• Exploring deep and hot adiabats as a potential solution to the radius inflation problem in brown dwarfs: Long-timescale models of the deep atmospheres of KELT-1b, Kepler-13Ab, and SDSS1411B
• Inflation of Migrated Hot Jupiters
• Evidence of Radius Inflation in Radiative GCM Models of WASP-76b due to the Advection of Potential Temperature