A Library of Self-Consistent Simulated Exoplanet Atmospheres

Abstract

We present a publicly available library of model atmospheres with radiative-convective equilibrium Pressure-Temperature ($P$-$T$) profiles fully consistent with equilibrium chemical abundances, and the corresponding emission and transmission spectrum with R$\sim$5000 at 0.2 $\mu$m decreasing to R$\sim$35 at 30 $\mu$m, for 89 hot Jupiter exoplanets, for four re-circulation factors, six metallicities and six C/O ratios. We find the choice of condensation process (local/rainout) alters the $P$-$T$ profile and thereby the spectrum substantially, potentially detectable by JWST. We find H${}^{-}$ opacity can contribute to form a strong temperature inversion in ultra-hot Jupiters for C/O ratios $\ge$ 1 and can make transmission spectra features flat in the optical, alongside altering the entire emission spectra. We highlight how adopting different model choices such as thermal ionisation, opacities, line-wing profiles and the methodology of varying the C/O ratio, effects the $P$-$T$ structure and the spectrum. We show the role of Fe opacity to form primary/secondary inversion in the atmosphere. We use WASP-17b and WASP-121b as test cases to demonstrate the effect of grid parameters across their full range, while highlighting some important findings, concerning the overall atmospheric structure, chemical transition regimes and their observables. Finally, we apply this library to the current transmission and emission spectra observations of WASP-121b, which shows H${}_2$O and tentative evidence for VO at the limb, and H${}_2$O emission feature indicative of inversion on the dayside, with very low energy redistribution, thereby demonstrating the applicability of library for planning and interpreting observations of transmission and emission spectrum.

26 pages, 19 figures in the main paper. 13 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables in the supplementary material attached with the main paper here. Accepted for Publication in MNRAS. Full grid of model P-T profiles, chemical abundances, transmission and emission spectra, contribution functions are available here, https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1zCCe6HICuK2nLgnYJFal7W4lyunjU4JE

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Cited by in corpus (11)

• Analysis of a JWST NIRSpec Lab Time Series: Characterizing Systematics, Recovering Exoplanet Transit Spectroscopy, and Constraining a Noise Floor
• Diurnal variations in the stratosphere of the ultrahot giant exoplanet WASP-121b
• Observability of signatures of transport-induced chemistry in clear atmospheres of hot gas giant exoplanets
• A Comprehensive Analysis of WASP-17b's Transmission Spectrum from Space-Based Observations
• Retrieval study of cool, directly imaged exoplanet 51 Eri b
• GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet
• Evidence of a Clear Atmosphere for WASP-62b: the Only Known Transiting Gas Giant in the JWST Continuous Viewing Zone
• Transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: a featureless spectrum for the low-density transiting exoplanet WASP-88b
• High-resolution Emission Spectroscopy of the Ultrahot Jupiter KELT-9b: Little Variation in Day- and Nightside Emission Line Contrasts
• Why is it So Hot in Here? Exploring Population Trends in $\text{Spitzer}$ Thermal Emission Observations of Hot Jupiters using Planet-Specific Self-Consistent Atmospheric Models
• A variational model for the hyperfine resolved spectrum of VO in its ground electronic state