The Mass-Metallicity Relation for Giant Planets

Abstract

Exoplanet discoveries of recent years have provided a great deal of new data for studying the bulk compositions of giant planets. Here we identify 47 transiting giant planets ($20M_{\oplus }<M<20M_{\mathrm{J}}$) whose stellar insolation is low enough ($F_{\ast }<2\times 10^8\text{erg}{\text{s}}^{-1}{\text{cm}}^{-2}$, or roughly $T_{\text{eff}}<1000$) that they are not affected by the hot Jupiter radius inflation mechanism(s). We compute a set of new thermal and structural evolution models and use these models in comparison with properties of the 47 transiting planets (mass, radius, age) to determine their heavy element masses. A clear correlation emerges between the planetary heavy element mass $M_z$ and the total planet mass, approximately of the form $M_z\propto \sqrt{M}$. This finding is consistent with the core accretion model of planet formation. We also study how stellar metallicity [Fe/H] affects planetary metal-enrichment and find a weaker correlation than has been previously reported from studies with smaller sample sizes. We confirm a strong relationship between the planetary metal-enrichment relative to the parent star $Z_{\mathrm{planet}}/Z_{\mathrm{star}}$ and the planetary mass, but see no relation in $Z_{\mathrm{planet}}/Z_{\mathrm{star}}$ with planet orbital properties or stellar mass. The large heavy element masses of many planets ($>50$ $M_{\oplus }$) suggest significant amounts of heavy elements in H/He envelopes, rather than cores, such that metal-enriched giant planet atmospheres should be the rule. We also discuss a model of core-accretion planet formation in a one-dimensional disk and show that it agrees well with our derived relation between mass and $Z_{\mathrm{planet}}/Z_{\mathrm{star}}$.

Accepted to The Astrophysical Journal. This revision adds a substantial amount of discussion; the results are the same

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