Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation

Abstract

Recent discoveries of transiting giant exoplanets around M-dwarf stars (GEMS), aided by the all-sky coverage of TESS, are starting to stretch theories of planet formation through the core-accretion scenario. Recent upper limits on their occurrence suggest that they decrease with lower stellar masses, with fewer GEMS around lower-mass stars compared to solar-type. In this paper, we discuss existing GEMS both through confirmed planets, as well as protoplanetary disk observations, and a combination of tests to reconcile these with theoretical predictions. We then introduce the \textit{Searching for GEMS} survey, where we utilize multi-dimensional nonparameteric statistics to simulate hypothetical survey scenarios to predict the required sample size of transiting GEMS with mass measurements to robustly compare their bulk-density with canonical hot-Jupiters orbiting FGK stars. Our Monte-Carlo simulations predict that a robust comparison requires about 40 transiting GEMS (compared to the existing sample of $\sim$ 15) with 5-$\sigma$ mass measurements. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of existing occurrence estimates for GEMS, and provide a brief description of our planned systematic search to improve the occurrence rate estimates for GEMS.

16 pages + references, including 7 figures. Accepted in AAS Journals

References in corpus (109)

• Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: measuring effective temperature, bolometric luminosity, mass, and radius
• ESPRESSO@VLT -- On-sky performance and first results
• The Solar Neighborhood XVII: Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9m Program -- Twenty New Members of the RECONS 10 Parsec Sample
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Gaia Early Data Release 3 -- Catalogue validation
• Astrometric exoplanet detection with Gaia
• Precision Stellar Characterization of FGKM Stars using an Empirical Spectral Library
• The Mass of KOI-94d and a Relation for Planet Radius, Mass, and Incident Flux
• Towards Chemical Constraints on Hot Jupiter Migration
• The Exoplanet Mass-Ratio Function from the MOA-II Survey: Discovery of a Break and Likely Peak at a Neptune Mass
• Exploring The Frequency Of Close-In Jovian Planets Around M Dwarfs
• Mass-Metallicity Trends in Transiting Exoplanets from Atmospheric Abundances of H${}_2$O, Na, and K
• Formation of Jupiter using opacities based on detailed grain physics
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). IV. Planetary systems around low-mass stars
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• SPIRou: nIR velocimetry & spectropolarimetry at the CFHT
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs V. Luminosities, colours, and spectral energy distributions
• Vetting of 384 TESS Objects of Interest with TRICERATOPS and Statistical Validation of 12 Planet Candidates
• Rapid Formation of Gas Giant Planets around M Dwarf Stars
• A perspective from extinct radionuclides on a Young Stellar Object: The Sun and its accretion disk
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- Planet occurrence rates from a subsample of 71 stars
• The 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era
• HATS-6b: A Warm Saturn Transiting an Early M Dwarf Star, and a Set of Empirical Relations for Characterizing K and M Dwarf Planet Hosts
• The L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-Sized Planets Orbiting a Nearby M-dwarf
• A giant exoplanet orbiting a very low-mass star challenges planet formation models
• The Mass Budget of Planet Forming Discs: Isolating the Epoch of Planetesimal Formation
• Occurrence Rates of Planets Orbiting M Stars: Applying ABC to Kepler DR25, Gaia DR2, and 2MASS Data
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• Observational evidence for two distinct giant planet populations
• Metallicities of M Dwarf Planet Hosts from Spectral Synthesis
• A comprehensive radial velocity error budget for next generation Doppler spectrometers
• Occurrence rate of hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs based on TESS data
• The occurrence rate of giant planets orbiting low-mass stars with TESS
• Jupiter's inhomogeneous envelope
• The SPHINX M-dwarf Spectral Grid. I. Benchmarking New Model Atmospheres to Derive Fundamental M-Dwarf Properties
• Gaia Early Data Release 3. Building the Gaia DR3 source list -- Cross-match of Gaia observations
• A Comparison of Stellar Elemental Abundance Techniques and Measurements
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XII. The abundance signature of M dwarf stars with planets
• A sub-Neptune sized planet transiting the M2.5-dwarf G 9-40: Validation with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• TESS-Gaia Light Curve: a PSF-based TESS FFI light curve product
• Temperatures and Metallicities of M dwarfs in the APOGEE Survey
• Growth after the streaming instability: from planetesimal accretion to pebble accretion
• The Occurrence Rate of Terrestrial Planets Orbiting Nearby Mid-to-late M Dwarfs from TESS Sectors 1-42
• RV-detected planets around M dwarfs: Challenges for core accretion models
• Chemical Abundances of M-dwarfs from the APOGEE Survey. I. The Exoplanet Hosting Stars Kepler-138 and Kepler-186
• Peter Pan Disks: Long-lived Accretion Disks Around Young M Stars
• Jupiter's heavy-element enrichment expected from formation models
• MASSIVE: A Bayesian analysis of giant planet populations around low-mass stars
• SteParSyn: A Bayesian code to infer stellar atmospheric parameters using spectral synthesis
• Stellar Characterization of M-dwarfs from the APOGEE Survey: A Calibrator Sample for the M-dwarf Metallicities
• Do Metal-Rich Stars Make Metal-Rich Planets? New Insights on Giant Planet Formation from Host Star Abundances
• Setting the Stage for Planet Formation: Measurements and Implications of the Fundamental Disk Properties
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XV. Planetary occurrence rates around early-M dwarfs
• Planet formation around M dwarfs via disc instability: Fragmentation conditions and protoplanet properties
• ODUSSEAS: A machine learning tool to derive effective temperature and metallicity for M dwarf stars
• TOI-5205 b: A Short-period Jovian Planet Transiting a Mid-M Dwarf
• Connecting substellar and stellar formation. The role of the host star's metallicity
• A physically motivated and empirically calibrated method to measure effective temperature, metallicity, and Ti abundance of M dwarfs
• Investigating the Planet-Metallicity Correlation for Hot Jupiters
• Detailed Chemical Abundances for a Benchmark Sample of M Dwarfs from the APOGEE Survey
• The Mass Accretion Rate and Stellar Properties in Class I Protostars
• HATS-74Ab, HATS-75b, HATS-76b and HATS-77b: Four Transiting Giant Planets around K and M Dwarfs
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• Massive discs around low-mass stars
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- A deep learning approach to determine fundamental parameters of target stars
• A warm Jupiter transiting an M dwarf: A TESS single transit event confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• Synthetic Evolution Tracks of Giant Planets
• Target Prioritization and Observing Strategies for the NEID Earth Twin Survey
• Measuring the Dust Masses of Protoplanetary Disks in Lupus with ALMA: Evidence that Disks can be Optically Thick at 3 mm
• On the underestimation of dust mass in protoplanetary disks: Effects of disk structure and dust properties
• How to make giant planets via pebble accretion
• N-body simulations of planet formation via pebble accretion II. How various giant planets form
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Two Saturn-mass planets orbiting active stars
• Elemental abundances of nearby M dwarfs based on high-resolution near-infrared spectra obtained by the Subaru/IRD survey: Proof of concept
• Testing a New Model of Embedded Protostellar Disks Against Observation: The Majority of Orion Class 0/I Disks Are Likely Warm, Massive, and Gravitationally Unstable
• TOI-3235 b: a transiting giant planet around an M4 dwarf star
• Disc population synthesis: Decrease in the solid mass reservoir through pebble drift
• Towards a new era in giant exoplanet characterisation
• MAROON-X: The first two years of EPRVs from Gemini North
• An M dwarf accompanied by a close-in giant orbiter with SPECULOOS
• The mass determination of TOI-519 b: a close-in giant planet transiting a metal-rich mid-M dwarf
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• Constraining the origin of giant exoplanets via elemental abundance measurements
• Substructures in Compact Disks of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Not-so-fine hyperfine-split vanadium lines in cool star spectra
• Determining Dust Properties in Protoplanetary Disks: SED-derived Masses and Settling With ALMA
• A metallicity study of F, G, K and M dwarfs in the Coma Berenices open cluster from the APOGEE survey
• Peter Pan Discs: finding Neverland's parameters
• Characterisation of 92 Southern TESS Candidate Planet Hosts and a New Photometric [Fe/H] Relation for Cool Dwarfs
• The Influence of 10 Unique Chemical Elements in Shaping the Distribution of Kepler Planets
• The interplay between pebble and planetesimal accretion in population synthesis models and its role in giant planet formation
• Exploring the possibility of Peter Pan discs across stellar mass
• A dynamical mass for GJ 463 b: A massive super-Jupiter companion beyond the snow line of a nearby M dwarf
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• A giant planet shaping the disk around the very low-mass star CIDA 1
• Protostellar-disc fragmentation across all metallicities
• The Solar Neighborhood XLVII: Comparing M Dwarf Models with Hubble Space Telescope Dynamical Masses and Spectroscopy
• The statistical properties of protostellar discs and their dependence on metallicity
• Low-metallicity Young Clusters in the Outer Galaxy. III. Sh 2-127
• Filling in the Gaps: Can Gravitationally Unstable Discs Form the Seeds of Gas Giant Planets?
• Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in a Marginally Gravitationally Unstable Disk. II. Migration, Merging, and Ejection
• The unusual M-dwarf Warm Jupiter TOI-1899~b: Refinement of orbital and planetary parameters
• TOI-5375 B: A Very Low Mass Star at the Hydrogen-Burning Limit Orbiting an Early M-type Star
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Planet Formation

Cited by in corpus (7)

• The bulk metallicity of giant planets around M stars
• The First Spin-Orbit Obliquity of an M dwarf/brown dwarf System: An eccentric and aligned TOI-2119 b
• GEMS JWST: Transmission spectroscopy of TOI-5205b reveals significant stellar contamination and a metal-poor atmosphere
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• The Formation of Double Hot Jupiter Systems through von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Migration
• Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
• Searching for GEMS: TOI-5916 b & TOI-6158 b are two Saturn-density planets orbiting M2 dwarfs