How to Constrain Your M dwarf II: the mass-luminosity-metallicity relation from 0.075 to 0.70$M_{\odot }$

Abstract

The mass-luminosity relation for late-type stars has long been a critical tool for estimating stellar masses. However, there is growing need for both a higher-precision relation and a better understanding of systematic effects (e.g., metallicity). Here we present an empirical relationship between Mks and mass spanning $0.075M_{\odot }<M<0.70M_{\odot }$. The relation is derived from 62 nearby binaries, whose orbits we determine using a combination of Keck/NIRC2 imaging, archival adaptive optics data, and literature astrometry. From their orbital parameters, we determine the total mass of each system, with a precision better than 1% in the best cases. We use these total masses, in combination with resolved Ks magnitudes and system parallaxes, to calibrate the mass-Mks relation. The result can be used to determine masses of single stars with a precision of 2-3%, which we confirm by a comparison to dynamical masses from the literature. The precision is limited by scatter around the best-fit relation beyond mass uncertainties, perhaps driven by intrinsic variation in the mass-Mks relation or underestimated measurement errors. We find the effect of [Fe/H] on the mass-Mks relation is likely negligible for metallicities in the Solar neighborhood (0.0+/-2.2% change in mass per dex change in [Fe/H]). This weak effect is consistent with predictions from the Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database, but inconsistent with those from MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks. A sample of binaries with a wider range of abundances will be required to discern the importance of metallicity in extreme populations (e.g., in the Galactic Halo or thick disk).

arXiv commentPublished in ApJ/AAS Journals. Comments welcome. Code for computing mass posteriors from Ks+distance at https://github.com/awmann/M_-M_K-

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• Stellar atmospheric parameters of FGK-type stars from high-resolution optical and near-infrared CARMENES spectra
• Higher Compact Multiple Occurrence Around Metal-Poor M-Dwarfs and Late K-Dwarfs
• Chemical Properties of the Local Disk and Halo. II. Abundances of 3745 M dwarfs and Subdwarfs from Improved Model Fitting of Low-Resolution Spectra
• TOI-1696: a nearby M4 dwarf with a $3R_{\oplus }$ planet in the Neptunian desert
• A Super-Earth Orbiting Near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around the M4.5-dwarf Ross 508
• A Mass-Magnitude Relation for Low-mass Stars Based on Dynamical Measurements of Thousands of Binary Star Systems
• The LHS 1678 System: Two Earth-Sized Transiting Planets and an Astrometric Companion Orbiting an M Dwarf Near the Convective Boundary at 20 pc
• TOI-1075 b: A Dense, Massive, Ultra-Short Period Hot Super-Earth Straddling the Radius Gap
• TOI-2285b: A 1.7 Earth-radius Planet Near the Habitable Zone around a Nearby M Dwarf
• An 11 Earth-Mass, Long-Period Sub-Neptune Orbiting a Sun-like Star
• Predicting the Yield of Small Transiting Exoplanets around Mid-M and Ultra-Cool Dwarfs in the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey
• TOI 122b and TOI 237b, two small warm planets orbiting inactive M dwarfs, found by \textit{TESS}
• Complete X-ray census of Mdwarfs in the solar Neighborhood I. GJ 745 AB: Coronal-hole Stars in the 10 pc Sample
• Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3
• The POKEMON Speckle Survey of Nearby M Dwarfs. I. New Discoveries
• Fundamental Properties of Late-Type Stars in Eclipsing Binaries
• Metallicity Dependence of Giant Planets around M Dwarfs
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• Dynamical masses for two M1 + mid-M dwarf binaries monitored during the SPHERE-SHINE survey
• Two Planets Straddling the Habitable Zone of The Nearby K Dwarf Gl 414A
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680
• New Time-Resolved, Multi-Band Flares In The GJ 65 System With gPhoton
• Validation and atmospheric exploration of the sub-Neptune TOI-2136b around a nearby M3 dwarf
• Photometric Calibrations of M-dwarf Metallicity with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Bayesian Inference
• Luminaries in the Sky: The TESS Legacy Sample of Bright Stars. I. Asteroseismic detections in naked-eye main-sequence and sub-giant solar-like oscillators
• Radio Burst from a Stellar Coronal Mass Ejection
• Multi-Epoch VLBI of L Dwarf Binary 2MASS J0746+2000AB: Precise Mass Measurements and Confirmation of Radio Emission from Both Components
• Combining Hipparcos and Gaia data for the study of binaries: the BINARYS tool
• Recovering saturated images for high dynamic Kernel-Phase analysis Application to the determination of dynamical masses for the system Gl 494AB
• The K2 & TESS Synergy II: Revisiting 26 systems in the TESS Primary Mission
• The TESS light curve of the eccentric eclipsing binary 1SWASP J011351.29+314909.7 -- no evidence for a very hot M-dwarf companion
• Individual Dynamical Masses of DENIS J063001.4$-$184014AB Reveal A Likely Young Brown Dwarf Triple
• TESS discovery of two super-Earths orbiting the M-dwarf stars TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 near the radius valley
• TOI-1442 b and TOI-2445 b: two potentially rocky ultra-short period planets around M dwarfs
• Revising Properties of Planet-host Binary Systems I.: Methods and Pilot Study
• Discovery of a resolved white dwarf-brown dwarf binary with a small projected separation: SDSS J222551.65+001637.7AB
• A sub-Neptune planet around TOI-1695 discovered and characterized with SPIRou and TESS
• A close-in puffy Neptune with hidden friends: The enigma of TOI 620
• GJ 357 b: A Super-Earth Orbiting an Extremely Inactive Host Star
• Wavelength Dependence of Activity-Induced Photometric Variations for Young Cool Stars in Hyades
• Fundamental Parameters of $\sim$30,000 M dwarfs in LAMOST DR1 Using Data-driven Spectral Modeling
• TOI-1749: an M dwarf with a Trio of Planets including a Near-Resonant Pair
• Orbits and masses of binaries from Speckle Interferometry at SOAR
• Cool and Data-Driven: An Exploration of Optical Cool Dwarf Chemistry with Both Data-Driven and Physical Models
• Reaching the boundary between stellar kinematic groups and very wide binaries. IV. The widest Washington double star systems with rho > 1000 arcsec in Gaia DR3
• Updated orbital monitoring and dynamical masses for nearby M-dwarf binaries
• Estimating the Convective Turnover Time
• Magnetic Inflation and Stellar Mass. V. Intensification and saturation of M dwarf absorption lines with Rossby number
• An Earth-sized Planet around an M5 Dwarf Star at 22 pc
• TOI-4336 A b: A temperate sub-Neptune ripe for atmospheric characterization in a nearby triple M-dwarf system
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• Binaries masses and luminosities with Gaia DR3
• $\pi$ Earth: a 3.14-day Earth-sized Planet from $\text{K2}$'s Kitchen Served Warm by the SPECULOOS Team
• Boyajian's Star B: The co-moving stellar companion to KIC 8462852
• Monitoring of the D Doublet of Neutral Sodium during Transits of Two "Evaporating" Planets
• Characterization of M dwarfs Using Optical Mid-Resolution Spectra for Exploration of Small Exoplanets
• Cyclotron emitting magnetic white dwarfs in post common envelope binaries discovered with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• VVVX near-IR photometry for 99 low-mass stars in the Gaia EDR3 Catalog of Nearby Stars
• The NEID Earth Twin Survey. II. Dynamical Masses in Seven High-acceleration Star Systems
• Evidence of a substellar companion to AB Dor C
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• Contemporaneous Observations of $H\alpha$ Luminosities and Photometric Amplitudes for M Dwarfs
• A Low-mass, Pre-main-sequence Eclipsing Binary in the 40 Myr Columba Association -- Fundamental Stellar Parameters and Modeling the Effect of Star Spots
• A formation pathway for terrestrial planets with moderate water content involving atmospheric-volatile recycling
• FORECASTOR -- I. Finding Optics Requirements and Exposure times for the Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research mission
• Gl 725A b: a potential super-Earth detected with SOPHIE and SPIRou in an M dwarf binary system at 3.5 pc
• Performance of the Stellar Abundances and atmospheric Parameters Pipeline adapted for M dwarfs I. Atmospheric parameters from the spectroscopic module
• NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant
• Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD
• zoomies: A tool to infer stellar age from vertical action in Gaia data
• Kepler's Last Planet Discoveries: Two New Planets and One Single-Transit Candidate from K2 Campaign 19
• Scaling K2 VIII: Short-Period Sub-Neptune Occurrence Rates Peak Around Early-Type M Dwarfs
• TOI-3288 b and TOI-4666 b: two gas giants transiting low-mass stars characterised by NIRPS
• A New Brown Dwarf Orbiting an M star and An Investigation on the Eccentricity Distribution of Transiting Long-Period Brown Dwarfs
• TESS and HARPS-N unveil two planets transiting TOI-1453. A super-Earth and one of the lowest mass sub-Neptunes
• The Solar Neighborhood LII: M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- Presumed Identical Twins Appear Fraternal in Variability, Rotation, H$\alpha$, and X-rays
• M Subdwarf Research III. Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Breaking Parameter Degeneracy
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• Evidence for an Atmosphere on the Ultra-Short Period super-Earth HD 3167 b
• Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs
• Characterization of low-mass companions to $\text{Kepler}$ objects of interest observed with APOGEE-N
• Validation of a Temperate Fourth Planet in the K2-133 Multi-planet System
• Separated twins or just siblings? A multi-planet system around an M dwarf including a cool sub-Neptune
• Discovery of a Highly Eccentric, Chromospherically Active Binary: ASASSN-V J192114.84+624950.8
• A post-common-envelope binary with double-peaked Balmer emission lines from TMTS
• TOI-7166 b: A Habitable Zone mini-Neptune planet around a nearby low-mass star
• Characterisation of the eclipsing post-common-envelope binary TIC 60040774
• Stellar initial mass function in the 100-pc solar neighbourhood
• PHL 5038AB: Is the brown dwarf causing pollution of its white dwarf host star?
• Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions
• TOI-4552 b: A new ultra-short period rocky world revealed by NIRPS and TESS
• GJ 238 b: A 0.57 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting an M2.5 Dwarf Star at 15.2 pc
• A Panchromatic JWST Spectrum of a Giant Starspot on the Fully Convective M-dwarf TOI-3884
• Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate
• Radial Velocities of Low-mass Candidate TWA Members
• Benchmark brown dwarfs -- I. A blue M2 + T5 wide binary and a probable young [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] hierarchical quadruple
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• NIRPS tightens the mass estimate of GJ 3090 b and detects a planet near the stellar rotation period
• A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406
• Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination techniques
• The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars
• Hidden Gems in TESS: sherlock finds two new rocky planets around nearby M dwarfs
• A Catalog of Homogeneously Derived Stellar Parameters for Spectroscopic Survey Stars
• Magnetic geometry of M dwarfs in the southern PLATO field
• Stellar mass and radius estimation using Artificial Intelligence
• Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
• Transit Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VIII: a Pleiades-age association harboring two transiting planetary systems from Kepler
• Searching for GEMS: TOI-5916 b & TOI-6158 b are two Saturn-density planets orbiting M2 dwarfs
• Activity and Rotation of Nearby Field M Dwarfs in the TESS Southern Continuous Viewing Zone