How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: measuring effective temperature, bolometric luminosity, mass, and radius

Abstract

Precise and accurate parameters for late-type (late K and M) dwarf stars are important for characterization of any orbiting planets, but such determinations have been hampered by these stars' complex spectra and dissimilarity to the Sun. We exploit an empirically calibrated method to estimate spectroscopic effective temperature ($T_{\mathrm{eff}}$) and the Stefan-Boltzmann law to determine radii of 183 nearby K7-M7 single stars with a precision of 2-5%. Our improved stellar parameters enable us to develop model-independent relations between $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ or absolute magnitude and radius, as well as between color and $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$. The derived $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$-radius relation depends strongly on [Fe/H], as predicted by theory. The relation between absolute $K_S$ magnitude and radius can predict radii accurate to $\simeq$3%. We derive bolometric corrections to the $V{R}_C{I}_{C}grizJH{K}_S$ and Gaia passbands as a function of color, accurate to 1-3%. We confront the reliability of predictions from Dartmouth stellar evolution models using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo to find the values of unobservable model parameters (mass, age) that best reproduce the observed effective temperature and bolometric flux while satisfying constraints on distance and metallicity as Bayesian priors. With the inferred masses we derive a semi-empirical mass-absolute magnitude relation with a scatter of 2% in mass. The best-agreement models over-predict stellar $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$s by an average of 2.2% and under-predict stellar radii by 4.6%, similar to differences with values from low-mass eclipsing binaries. These differences are not correlated with metallicity, mass, or indicators of activity, suggesting issues with the underlying model assumptions e.g., opacities or convective mixing length.

36 pages, 23 figures, 7 tables. ApJ in press. Machine readable version of Tables 5-7 included with ancillary data

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• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- A deep learning approach to determine fundamental parameters of target stars
• Stellar parametrization of LAMOST M dwarf stars
• Constraining atmospheric parameters and surface magnetic fields with $\text{ZeeTurbo}$: an application to SPIRou spectra
• The Far Ultraviolet M-dwarf Evolution Survey. I. The Rotational Evolution of High-Energy Emissions
• The K2-ESPRINT Project III: A Close-in Super-Earth around a Metal-rich Mid-M Dwarf
• Biosignature Anisotropy Modeled on Temperate Tidally Locked M-dwarf Planets
• TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
• Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars IV: Updated Properties for 86 Cool Dwarfs Observed During Campaigns 1-17
• The Ages of Galactic Bulge Stars with Realistic Uncertainties
• TOI-1759 b: a transiting sub-Neptune around a low mass star characterized with SPIRou and TESS
• Discovery of a Transiting Adolescent Sub-Neptune Exoplanet with K2
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Stable radial-velocity variations at the rotation period of AD~Leonis -- A test case study of current limitations to treating stellar activity
• Three K2 Campaigns Yield Rotation Periods for 1013 Stars in Praesepe
• Target Prioritization and Observing Strategies for the NEID Earth Twin Survey
• Investigating magnetic activity in very stable stellar magnetic fields: long-term photometric and spectroscopic study of the fully convective M4 dwarf V374 Peg
• The Rotation-Activity Correlations in K and M dwarfs. II. New constraints on the dynamo mechanisms in late-K and M dwarfs before and at the transition to complete convection
• Gaia Gaps and the Physics of Low-Mass Stars. I. The Fully Convective Boundary
• Planet Detectability in the Alpha Centauri System
• Stellar and Planetary Characterization of the Ross 128 Exoplanetary System from APOGEE Spectra
• The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc
• Elemental Abundances of M Dwarfs Based on High-Resolution Near-Infrared Spectra: Verification by Binary Systems
• Absolute densities in exoplanetary systems: photodynamical modelling of Kepler-138
• A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at Thirty Parsecs
• Monitoring the large-scale magnetic field of AD~Leo with SPIRou, ESPaDOnS and Narval. Toward a magnetic polarity reversal?
• The Gaia EDR3 view of Johnson-Kron-Cousins standard stars: the curated Landolt and Stetson collections
• Examining the relationships between colour, $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, and [M/H] for APOGEE K and M dwarfs
• K2-146: Discovery of Planet c, Precise Masses from Transit Timing, and Observed Precession
• A Second Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700
• LHS 1815b: The First Thick-Disk Planet Detected By TESS
• Precision angular diameters for 16 southern stars with VLTI/PIONIER
• Company for the ultra-high density, ultra-short period sub-Earth GJ 367 b: discovery of two additional low-mass planets at 11.5 and 34 days
• Estimating the atmospheric properties of 44 M dwarfs from SPIRou spectra
• Stellar Properties of Active G and K Stars: Exploring the Connection Between Starspots and Chromospheric Activity
• Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets
• A giant planet transiting a 3-Myr protostar with a misaligned disk
• The TIME Table: Rotation and Ages of Cool Exoplanet Host Stars
• The Factory and the Beehive III: PTFEB132.707+19.810, a Low-Mass Eclipsing Binary in Praesepe Observed by PTF and K2
• Doppler Constraints on Planetary Companions to Nearby Sun-like Stars: An Archival Radial Velocity Survey of Southern Targets for Proposed NASA Direct Imaging Missions
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XIII. Two planets around M-dwarfs Gl617A and Gl96
• The Mass-Activity relationships in M and K dwarfs. I. Stellar parameters of our sample of M and K dwarfs
• Cleaning our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
• A new sample of warm extreme debris disks from the ALLWISE catalog
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Wolf 1069 b: Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby, very low-mass star
• Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf
• Early evolutionary tracks of low-mass stellar objects in modified gravity
• Hot Rocks Survey I : A possible shallow eclipse for LHS 1478 b
• HAZMAT II: Ultraviolet Variability of Low-Mass Stars in the GALEX Archive
• Kojima-1Lb Is a Mildly Cold Neptune around the Brightest Microlensing Host Star
• TOI-3884 b: A rare 6-R${}_{\oplus }$ planet that transits a low-mass star with a giant and likely polar spot
• Spatially Resolved Stellar Spectroscopy of the Ultra-diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44. III. Evidence for an Unexpected Star-Formation History
• Estimating the Ultraviolet Emission of M dwarfs with Exoplanets from Ca II and H$\alpha$
• The EBLM Project VI. The mass and radius of five low-mass stars in F+M binaries discovered by the WASP survey
• Fine structures of radio bursts from flare star AD Leo with FAST observations
• Photospheric properties and fundamental parameters of M dwarfs
• Discovery and Precise Characterization by the MEarth Project of LP 661-13, an Eclipsing Binary Consisting of Two Fully Convective Low-mass Stars
• Elemental abundances of nearby M dwarfs based on high-resolution near-infrared spectra obtained by the Subaru/IRD survey: Proof of concept
• Estimating fundamental parameters of nearby M dwarfs from SPIRou spectra
• Revised extinctions and radii for 1.5 million stars observed by APOGEE, GALAH, and RAVE
• The Rotational Evolution of Young, Binary M Dwarfs
• Stellar Superflares Observed Simultaneously with Kepler and XMM-Newton
• Searching for Giant Exoplanets around M-dwarf Stars (GEMS) I: Survey Motivation
• TOI-1231 b: A Temperate, Neptune-Sized Planet Transiting the Nearby M3 Dwarf NLTT 24399
• Determination of spectroscopic parameters for 313 M dwarf stars from their APOGEE Data Release 16 H-band spectra
• Deep Long Asymmetric Occultation in EPIC 204376071
• Stellar Rotation and Structure of the $\alpha$ Persei Complex: When Does Gyrochronology Start to Work?
• Stellar & Planetary Parameters for K2's Late Type Dwarf Systems from C1 to C5
• The Gold Standard: Accurate Stellar and Planetary Parameters for Eight Kepler M dwarf Systems Enabled by Parallaxes
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IX: a flat transmission spectrum and a highly eccentric orbit for the young Neptune K2-25b as revealed by Spitzer
• HAZMAT. VII. The Evolution of Ultraviolet Emission with Age and Rotation for Early M Dwarf Stars
• TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley
• Kepler-1649b: An Exo-Venus in the Solar Neighborhood
• An eclipsing double-line spectroscopic binary at the stellar/substellar boundary in the Upper Scorpius OB association
• Chemo-kinematic ages of eccentric-planet-hosting M dwarf stars
• An M dwarf accompanied by a close-in giant orbiter with SPECULOOS
• Theoretical uncertainties on the radius of low- and very-low mass stars
• Mass determination of the 1:3:5 near-resonant planets transiting GJ 9827 (K2-135)
• Absolute parameters for AI Phoenicis using WASP photometry
• The mass determination of TOI-519 b: a close-in giant planet transiting a metal-rich mid-M dwarf
• Flares and rotation of M dwarfs with habitable zones accessible to TESS planet detections
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Rubidium abundances in nearby cool stars
• A Habitable-Zone Earth-Sized Planet Rescued from False Positive Status
• TOI 540 b: A Planet Smaller than Earth Orbiting a Nearby Rapidly Rotating Low-mass Star
• Planetary system around LTT 1445A unveiled by ESPRESSO: Multiple planets in a triple M-dwarf system
• Stellar Atmospheric Parameters of M-type Stars from LAMOST DR8
• Effective Temperatures of Low-Mass Stars from High-Resolution H-band Spectroscopy
• The TWA 3 Young Triple System: Orbits, Disks, Evolution
• Bioverse: The Habitable Zone Inner Edge Discontinuity as an Imprint of Runaway Greenhouse Climates on Exoplanet Demographics
• Using JWST transits and occultations to determine $\sim 1\%$ stellar radii and temperatures of low-mass stars
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - III. The halo transitional brown dwarfs
• Spectroscopic Orbits of Eleven Nearby, Mid-to-Late M Dwarf Binaries
• A Bright Short Period M-M Eclipsing Binary from the KELT Survey: Magnetic Activity and the Mass-Radius Relationship for M-dwarfs
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XV. A Warm Neptune around the M-dwarf Gl378
• The KOBE experiment: K-dwarfs Orbited By habitable Exoplanets. Project goals, target selection and stellar characterization
• On the mechanism of polarised metrewave stellar emission
• Flare activity and photospheric analysis of Proxima Centauri
• Unusual Isotopic Abundances in a Fully-Convective Stellar Binary
• New Constraints on Early-Type Galaxy Assembly from Spectroscopic Metallicities of Globular Clusters in M87
• TOI-2119: A transiting brown dwarf orbiting an active M-dwarf from NASA's TESS mission
• Comparative high-resolution spectroscopy of M dwarfs -- exploring non-LTE effects
• K2-288Bb: A Small Temperate Planet in a Low-mass Binary System Discovered by Citizen Scientists
• ODUSSEAS: Upgraded version with new reference scale and parameter determinations for 82 planet-host M dwarf stars in SWEET-Cat
• Assessing $TESS$'s Yield of Rocky Planets Around Nearby M Dwarfs
• Revising Properties of Planet-Host Binary Systems. III. There is No Observed Radius Gap For Kepler Planets in Binary Star Systems
• TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136
• Rossby numbers of fully and partially convective stars
• K2-155: A Bright Metal-Poor M Dwarf with Three Transiting Super-Earths
• Characterisation of 92 Southern TESS Candidate Planet Hosts and a New Photometric [Fe/H] Relation for Cool Dwarfs
• Abundance Derivations for the Secondary Stars in Cataclysmic Variables from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• The Flaring TESS Objects of Interest: Flare Rates for all Two Minute Cadence TESS Planet Candidates
• Analysis of the TiO isotopologues in stellar optical spectra
• Planetary parameters, XUV environments and mass-loss rates for nearby gaseous planets with X-ray detected host-stars
• Global Analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey
• The Influence of 10 Unique Chemical Elements in Shaping the Distribution of Kepler Planets
• Was Proxima captured by alpha Centauri A and B?
• Stellar Characterization and Radius Inflation of Hyades M Dwarf Stars From the APOGEE Survey
• Magellan/PFS Radial Velocities of GJ 9827, a late K dwarf at 30 pc with Three Transiting Super-Earths
• TOI-1696: a nearby M4 dwarf with a $3R_{\oplus }$ planet in the Neptunian desert
• Chemical Properties of the Local Disk and Halo. II. Abundances of 3745 M dwarfs and Subdwarfs from Improved Model Fitting of Low-Resolution Spectra
• GJ 806 (TOI-4481): A bright nearby multi-planetary system with a transiting hot, low-density super-Earth
• Measuring Model-independent Masses and Radii of Single-Lined Eclipsing Binaries: Analytic Precision Estimates
• Optical and Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Content of M Dwarfs: Testing Models with Barnard's Star
• GJ 3090 b: one of the most favourable mini-Neptune for atmospheric characterisation
• The occurrence rate of exoplanets orbiting ultracool dwarfs as probed by K2
• The LHS 1678 System: Two Earth-Sized Transiting Planets and an Astrometric Companion Orbiting an M Dwarf Near the Convective Boundary at 20 pc
• A Super-Earth Orbiting Near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around the M4.5-dwarf Ross 508
• A low-mass eclipsing binary within the fully convective zone from the NGTS
• TOI-1075 b: A Dense, Massive, Ultra-Short Period Hot Super-Earth Straddling the Radius Gap
• Complete X-ray census of Mdwarfs in the solar Neighborhood I. GJ 745 AB: Coronal-hole Stars in the 10 pc Sample
• Predicting the Yield of Small Transiting Exoplanets around Mid-M and Ultra-Cool Dwarfs in the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey
• TOI-2285b: A 1.7 Earth-radius Planet Near the Habitable Zone around a Nearby M Dwarf
• TOI 122b and TOI 237b, two small warm planets orbiting inactive M dwarfs, found by \textit{TESS}
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• Rotation at the Fully Convective Boundary: Insights from Wide WD + MS Binary Systems
• Metallicity Dependence of Giant Planets around M Dwarfs
• The Rotation of M Dwarfs Observed by the Apache Point Galactic Evolution Experiment
• Neglected X-ray discovered polars: II: The peculiar eclipsing binary HY Eridani
• Searching for the near infrared counterpart of Proxima c using multi-epoch high contrast SPHERE data at VLT
• Estimating $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$, radius and luminosity of M-dwarfs using high resolution optical and NIR spectral features
• NGTS clusters survey -- III: A low-mass eclipsing binary in the Blanco 1 open cluster spanning the fully convective boundary
• The Enigmatic and Ephemeral M Dwarf System KOI 6705: Cheshire Cat or Wild Goose?
• GJ 3929: High Precision Photometric and Doppler Characterization of an Exo-Venus and its Hot, Mini-Neptune-mass Companion
• Using autoencoders and deep transfer learning to determine the stellar parameters of 286 CARMENES M dwarfs
• Characterization of the Wolf 1061 Planetary System
• Two planetary systems with transiting Earth-size and super-Earth planets orbiting late-type dwarf stars
• Nearby Young, Active, Late-type Dwarfs in Gaia's First Data Release
• Qatar Exoplanet Survey: Qatar-6b -- a grazing transiting hot Jupiter
• Simulations for Planning Next-Generation Exoplanet Radial Velocity Surveys
• The Solar Neighborhood XLVII: Comparing M Dwarf Models with Hubble Space Telescope Dynamical Masses and Spectroscopy
• Exclusion of Stellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars
• Data-Driven Spectroscopy of Cool Stars at High Spectral Resolution
• Lyman-$\alpha$ Observations of High Radial Velocity Low-Mass Stars Ross 1044 and Ross 825
• White dwarf - main sequence star collisions from wide triples in the field
• A collage of small planets from the Lick Carnegie Exoplanet Survey : Exploring the super-Earth and sub-Neptune mass regime
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680
• Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b
• Confirmation of the Long-Period Planet Orbiting Gliese 411 and the Detection of a New Planet Candidate
• An Extreme-mass Ratio, Short-period Eclipsing Binary Consisting of a B Dwarf Primary and a Pre-main Sequence M Star Companion Discovered by KELT
• KOI-3890: A high mass-ratio asteroseismic red-giant$+$M-dwarf eclipsing binary undergoing heartbeat tidal interactions
• Measuring the Local ISM along the Sight Lines of the Two Voyager Spacecraft with HST/STIS
• The Magnetic Binary GJ 65: A Test of Magnetic Diffusivity Effects
• Validation and atmospheric exploration of the sub-Neptune TOI-2136b around a nearby M3 dwarf
• The binary system of the spinning-top Be star Achernar
• Evidence of radius inflation in stars approaching the slow-rotator sequence
• M Dwarf Activity in the Pan-STARRS 1 Medium-Deep Survey: First Catalog and Rotation Periods
• A detailed understanding of the rotation-activity relationship using the 300 Myr old open cluster NGC 3532
• Photometric Calibrations of M-dwarf Metallicity with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Bayesian Inference
• Absolute Ca II H & K and H-alpha flux measurements of low-mass stars: Extending $R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{\prime }$ to M dwarfs
• Magnetic Fields of M Dwarfs from the Pleiades Open Cluster
• Ages and metallicities of quiescent galaxies: confronting broadband ($UVJ$) colours with stellar absorption lines
• 44 New & Known M Dwarf Multiples In The SDSS-III/APOGEE M Dwarf Ancillary Science Sample
• Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared
• Understanding Physical Properties of Young M-dwarfs: NIR spectroscopic studies
• The Terrestrial Planet Formation around M Dwarfs: In-situ, Inward Migration or Reversed Migration
• TOI-1442 b and TOI-2445 b: two potentially rocky ultra-short period planets around M dwarfs
• A spectroscopically confirmed Gaia-selected sample of 318 new young stars within $\sim$200 pc
• Vortex fiber nulling for exoplanet observations: conceptual design, theoretical performance, and initial scientific yield predictions
• The K2 & TESS Synergy II: Revisiting 26 systems in the TESS Primary Mission
• TESS discovery of two super-Earths orbiting the M-dwarf stars TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 near the radius valley
• Age and metal gradients in massive quiescent galaxies at $0.6\lesssim z\lesssim 1.0$: implications for quenching and assembly histories
• TOI-1749: an M dwarf with a Trio of Planets including a Near-Resonant Pair
• GJ 357 b: A Super-Earth Orbiting an Extremely Inactive Host Star
• Effects of flares on the habitable zones of M dwarfs accessible to TESS planet detections
• Cool and Data-Driven: An Exploration of Optical Cool Dwarf Chemistry with Both Data-Driven and Physical Models
• Direct Spectral Detection: An Efficient Method to Detect and Characterize Binary Systems
• Revising Properties of Planet-host Binary Systems I.: Methods and Pilot Study
• An Early Catalog of Planet Hosting Multiple Star Systems of Order Three and Higher
• Wavelength Dependence of Activity-Induced Photometric Variations for Young Cool Stars in Hyades
• A close-in puffy Neptune with hidden friends: The enigma of TOI 620
• Fundamental Parameters of $\sim$30,000 M dwarfs in LAMOST DR1 Using Data-driven Spectral Modeling
• Three small transiting planets around the M dwarf host star LP 358-499
• Robo-AO Kepler Asteroseismic Survey. I. Adaptive optics imaging of 99 asteroseismic Kepler dwarfs and subgiants
• Magnetic Inflation and Stellar Mass. V. Intensification and saturation of M dwarf absorption lines with Rossby number
• An Earth-sized Planet around an M5 Dwarf Star at 22 pc
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XII: A Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companion to a Young Taurus M Dwarf Star
• Collisions of Terrestrial Worlds: The Occurrence of Extreme Mid-Infrared Excesses around Low-Mass Field Stars
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- A deep transfer learning method to determine Teff and [M/H] of target stars
• Location and energy of electrons producing the radio bursts from AD Leo observed by FAST in December 2021
• A Harsh Test of Far-Field Scrambling with the Habitable Zone Planet Finder and the Hobby Eberly Telescope
• TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with HPF
• The independent discovery of planet candidates around low mass stars and astrophysical false positives from the first two TESS sectors
• Archival VLT/NaCo multiplicity investigation of exoplanet host stars
• Aliasing in the Radial Velocities of YZ Ceti: An Ultra-Short Period for YZ Ceti c?
• A transiting M-dwarf showing beaming effect in the field of Ruprecht 147
• Study of Jupiter's Interior with Quadratic Monte Carlo Simulations
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• Fundamental effective temperature measurements for eclipsing binary stars -- IV. Selection of new benchmark stars and first results for HD 22064
• Revising Properties of Planet-host Binary Systems II: Apparent Near-Earth Analog Planets in Binaries Are Often Sub-Neptunes
• Characterization of M dwarfs Using Optical Mid-Resolution Spectra for Exploration of Small Exoplanets
• Boyajian's Star B: The co-moving stellar companion to KIC 8462852
• The effective temperature -- radius relationship of M-dwarfs
• Chemical evolution imprints in the rare isotopes of nearby M dwarfs
• Simultaneous X-ray and optical variability of M dwarfs observed with eROSITA and TESS
• Hot Star Extension to the Hubble Space Telescope Stellar Spectral Library
• Contemporaneous Observations of $H\alpha$ Luminosities and Photometric Amplitudes for M Dwarfs
• Measuring the Stellar and Planetary Properties of the 51 Eridani System
• The NEID Earth Twin Survey. II. Dynamical Masses in Seven High-acceleration Star Systems
• Applied Machine-Learning Models to Identify Spectral Sub-Types of M Dwarfs from Photometric Surveys
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). III. A Very Red L6 Benchmark Brown Dwarf around a Young M5 Dwarf
• An M dwarf Companion to an F-type Star in a young main-sequence binary
• A Low-mass, Pre-main-sequence Eclipsing Binary in the 40 Myr Columba Association -- Fundamental Stellar Parameters and Modeling the Effect of Star Spots
• A transiting super-Earth close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of an M0 dwarf star
• Classification of low-luminosity stellar X-ray sources in the field of the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Searching for Hot Water World Candidates with CHEOPS: Refining the radii and analysing the internal structures and atmospheric lifetimes of TOI-238 b and TOI-1685 b
• Confirming the Tidal Tails of the Young Open Cluster Blanco 1 with TESS Rotation Periods
• J1832.4-1627, the first eclipsing stream-fed intermediate polar
• The Ages of Optically Bright Sub-Clusters in the Serpens Star-Forming Region
• The rotation-activity relation of M dwarfs: From K2 to TESS and PLATO
• Independent validation of the temperate Super-Earth HD79211 b using HARPS-N
• Starspots as the origin of ultrafast drifting radio bursts from an active M dwarf
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib
• The high-energy environment of the heavy sub-Earth GJ 367 b indicates likely complete evaporation of its atmosphere
• Analysis of Solar-like X-Class Flare on Wolf 359 Observed Simultaneously with TESS and XMM-Newton
• First eROSITA-TESS results for M dwarfs: Mass dependence of the X-ray activity rotation relation and an assessment of sensitivity limits
• Correlating Intrinsic Stellar Parameters with Mg II Self-Reversal Depths
• Performance of the Stellar Abundances and atmospheric Parameters Pipeline adapted for M dwarfs I. Atmospheric parameters from the spectroscopic module
• Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD
• G 68-34: A Double-Lined M-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary in a Hierarchical Triple System
• Gl 725A b: a potential super-Earth detected with SOPHIE and SPIRou in an M dwarf binary system at 3.5 pc
• NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant
• Variables in the Southern Polar Region Evryscope 2016 Dataset
• TOI-3288 b and TOI-4666 b: two gas giants transiting low-mass stars characterised by NIRPS
• A New Method for Calibration of Gain Variation in Detector System
• Scaling K2 VIII: Short-Period Sub-Neptune Occurrence Rates Peak Around Early-Type M Dwarfs
• A New Brown Dwarf Orbiting an M star and An Investigation on the Eccentricity Distribution of Transiting Long-Period Brown Dwarfs
• The first evidence of tidally induced activity in a brown dwarf-M dwarf pair: A Chandra study of the NLTT 41135/41136 system
• A photometric study of NSVS 7453183: a probable quadruple system with long-term surface activity
• Kepler's Last Planet Discoveries: Two New Planets and One Single-Transit Candidate from K2 Campaign 19
• TESS Discovery of Twin Planets near 2:1 Resonance around Early M-Dwarf TOI 4342
• A Double-lined M-dwarf Eclipsing Binary from CSSxSDSS
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Astrometric radial velocities for nearby stars
• Validation of a Temperate Fourth Planet in the K2-133 Multi-planet System
• M dwarf spectral indices at moderate resolution: accurate $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H] for 178 southern stars
• HST/FGS Trigonometric Parallaxes of M-dwarf Eclipsing Binaries
• Dissecting the Quadruple Binary Hyad vA 351 -- Masses for three M Dwarfs and a White Dwarf
• Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs
• Abundance analysis of benchmark M dwarfs
• M Subdwarf Research III. Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Breaking Parameter Degeneracy
• Abundant sub-micron grains revealed in newly discovered extreme debris discs
• Characterization of low-mass companions to $\text{Kepler}$ objects of interest observed with APOGEE-N
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• SDSSJ1156-0207: A 0.54 M_sun + 0.19 M_sun Double-lined M Dwarf Eclipsing Binary System
• Characterisation of the eclipsing post-common-envelope binary TIC 60040774
• Joint Analysis of Multicolor Photometry: A New Approach to Constrain the Nature of Multiple-Star Systems Hosting Exoplanet Candidates
• Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions
• How an overweight and rapidly rotating PG 1159 star in the Galactic halo challenges evolutionary models
• Discovery of a Highly Eccentric, Chromospherically Active Binary: ASASSN-V J192114.84+624950.8
• YETI follow-up observations of the T Tauri star CVSO30 with transit-like dips
• Radial Velocities of Low-mass Candidate TWA Members
• Stellar populations from H-band VLT spectroscopy in a sample of seven active galaxies
• Densities of small planets around the M dwarfs TOI-4336 A and TOI-4342 with ESPRESSO: Three sub-Neptunes, one super-Earth, and a Neptune-mass candidate
• GJ 238 b: A 0.57 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting an M2.5 Dwarf Star at 15.2 pc
• NGTS-EB-8: A double-lined eclipsing M+M binary discovered by citizen scientists
• TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: Detection of a nearby world orbiting in the habitable zone of Gl725B achieved by correcting strong telluric contamination in near-infrared radial velocities with WAPITI
• TOI-4552 b: A new ultra-short period rocky world revealed by NIRPS and TESS
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• A Panchromatic JWST Spectrum of a Giant Starspot on the Fully Convective M-dwarf TOI-3884
• Exploring stellar activity in a sample of active M dwarfs
• The Solar Neighborhood. LV. M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- One in Five Twin Sibling Pairs Are Mismatched in Activity and/or Rotation
• Near-IR and optical radial velocities of the active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) with SPIRou at CFHT and SOPHIE at OHP: A 2.23 day rotation period and no evidence for a corotating planet
• Stellar multiplicity: an interdisciplinary nexus
• A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406
• The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars
• Spectroscopic Characterization of LOFAR Radio-emitting M dwarfs
• NIRPS tightens the mass estimate of GJ 3090 b and detects a planet near the stellar rotation period
• StelNet: Hierarchical Neural Network for Automatic Inference in Stellar Characterization
• Searching for GEMS: TOI-5916 b & TOI-6158 b are two Saturn-density planets orbiting M2 dwarfs
• Constraints on the Spindown of Fully-Convective M Dwarfs Using Wide Field Binaries
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths Around Low-Mass Stars
• Role of non-thermal processes in the quiescent and active millimeter spectrum of a young M dwarf
• Refined M-type Star Catalog from LAMOST DR10: Measurements of Radial Velocities, $T_{\text{eff}}$, log $g$, [M/H] and [$\alpha$/M]
• Hidden Gems in TESS: sherlock finds two new rocky planets around nearby M dwarfs
• Metallicities in M dwarfs: Investigating different determination techniques