Empirical, Accurate Masses and Radii of Single Stars with TESS and Gaia

Abstract

We present a methodology for the determination of empirical masses of single stars through the combination of three direct observables with Gaia and TESS: (i) the surface gravity via granulation-driven variations in the TESS light curve, (ii) the bolometric flux at Earth via the broadband spectral energy distribution, and (iii) the distance via the Gaia parallax. We demonstrate the method using 525 Kepler stars for which these measures are available in the literature, and show that the stellar masses can be measured with this method to a precision of $\sim$25\%, limited by the surface-gravity precision of the granulation "flicker" method ($\sim$0.1~dex) and by the parallax uncertainties ($\sim$10\% for the Kepler sample). We explore the impact of expected improvements in the surface gravity determinations---through the application of granulation background fitting and the use of recently published granulation-metallicity relations---and improvements in the parallaxes with the arrival of the Gaia second data release. We show that the application of this methodology to stars that will be observed by TESS should yield radii good to a few percent and masses good to $\approx$10\%. Importantly, the method does not require the presence of an orbiting, eclipsing, or transiting body, nor does it require spatial resolution of the stellar surface. Thus we can anticipate the determination of fundamental, accurate stellar radii and masses for hundreds of thousands of bright single stars---across the entire sky and spanning the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram---including those that will ultimately be found to host planets.

arXiv comment19 pages, 9 figures. Figures 6 and 7 are the main results. Accepted by Astronomical Journal

References in corpus (38)

• PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• Accurate masses and radii of normal stars: modern results and applications
• The PLATO 2.0 Mission
• Most 1.6 Earth-Radius Planets are not Rocky
• How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: measuring effective temperature, bolometric luminosity, mass, and radius
• Stellar Diameters and Temperatures II. Main Sequence K & M Stars
• Estimating distances from parallaxes
• Accurate, Empirical Radii and Masses of Planets and their Host Stars with Gaia Parallaxes
• On the Correlation between the Magnetic Activity Levels, the Metallicities and the Radii of Low-Mass Stars
• The connection between stellar granulation and oscillation as seen by the Kepler mission
• Asteroseismology and Gaia: Testing Scaling Relations Using 2200 Kepler Stars with TGAS Parallaxes
• The PASTEL catalogue: 2016 version
• Eclipsing Binary Stars as Benchmarks for Trigonometric Parallaxes in the Gaia Era
• Stellar Diameters and Temperatures I. Main Sequence A, F, & G Stars
• Granulation in Red Giants: observations by the Kepler mission and 3D convection simulations
• The effect of activity on stellar temperatures and radii
• An observational correlation between stellar brightness variations and surface gravity
• The asteroseismic potential of TESS: exoplanet-host stars
• DIAMONDS: a new Bayesian Nested Sampling tool. Application to Peak Bagging of solar-like oscillations
• Bayesian peak-bagging of solar-like oscillators using MCMC: A comprehensive guide
• Older and Colder: The impact of starspots on pre-main sequence stellar evolution
• Reevaluating the Mass-Radius Relation for Low-Mass, Main Sequence Stars
• Stellar Diameters and Temperatures VI. High angular resolution measurements of the transiting exoplanet host stars HD 189733 and HD 209458 and implications for models of cool dwarfs
• An Empirical Correction for Activity Effects on the Temperatures, Radii, and Estimated Masses of Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Empirical Tests of Pre-Main-Sequence Stellar Evolution Models with Eclipsing Binaries
• Bayesian peak bagging analysis of 19 low-mass low-luminosity red giants observed with Kepler
• Evidence for a systematic offset of $-$0.25 mas in the Gaia DR1 parallaxes
• A Measurement of Radius Inflation in the Pleiades and its Relation to Rotation and Lithium Depletion
• Discovery and characterisation of detached M-dwarf eclipsing binaries in the WFCAM Transit Survey
• Metallicity effect on stellar granulation detected from oscillating red giants in open clusters
• Star-planet interactions: I. Stellar rotation and planetary orbits
• A Granulation "Flicker"-based Measure of Stellar Surface Gravity
• Empirical Bolometric Fluxes and Angular Diameters of 1.6 Million Tycho-2 Stars and Radii of 350,000 Stars with \emph{Gaia} DR1 Parallaxes
• KELT-6b: A P~7.9 d Hot Saturn Transiting a Metal-Poor Star with a Long-Period Companion
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: Stellar radii in the young open clusters NGC 2264, NGC 2547 and NGC 2516
• Using red clump stars to correct the Gaia DR1 parallaxes

Cited by in corpus (137)

• A Framework for Prioritizing the TESS Planetary Candidates Most Amenable to Atmospheric Characterization
• Growth Model Interpretation of Planet Size Distribution
• Evidence for a systematic offset of -80 micro-arcseconds in the Gaia DR2 parallaxes
• The Second APOKASC Catalog: The Empirical Approach
• A Revised Exoplanet Yield from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
• Parallax Systematics and Photocenter Motions of Benchmark Eclipsing Binaries in Gaia EDR3
• A Giant Planet Candidate Transiting a White Dwarf
• TESS Spots a Compact System of Super-Earths around the Naked-Eye Star HR 858
• ARIADNE: Measuring accurate and precise stellar parameters through SED fitting
• The scatter of the M dwarf mass-radius relationship
• A remnant planetary core in the hot-Neptune desert
• TESS spots a hot Jupiter with an inner transiting Neptune
• Two temperate super-Earths transiting a nearby late-type M dwarf
• Enhanced constraints on the interior composition and structure of terrestrial exoplanets
• A super-Earth and sub-Neptune transiting the late-type M dwarf LP 791-18
• Planet Hunters TESS I: TOI 813, a subgiant hosting a transiting Saturn-sized planet on an 84-day orbit
• High atmospheric metal enrichment for a Saturn-mass planet
• A hot terrestrial planet orbiting the bright M dwarf L 168-9 unveiled by TESS
• Two intermediate-mass transiting brown dwarfs from the TESS mission
• TOI-1452 b: SPIRou and TESS reveal a super-Earth in a temperate orbit transiting an M4 dwarf
• HD2685 b: A Hot-Jupiter orbiting an early F-type star detected by TESS
• The Origin of Weakened Magnetic Braking in Old Solar Analogs
• HATS-60b - HATS-69b: Ten Transiting Planets From HATSouth
• Planet Hunters TESS II: Findings from the first two years of TESS
• Evidence for disequilibrium chemistry from vertical mixing in hot Jupiter atmospheres. A comprehensive survey of transiting close-in gas giant exoplanets with warm-Spitzer/IRAC
• The Transiting Multi-planet System HD15337: Two Nearly Equal-mass Planets Straddling the Radius Gap
• Populating the brown dwarf and stellar boundary: Five stars with transiting companions near the hydrogen-burning mass limit
• TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-day eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam and NGTS
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- LP 714-47b (TOI 442.01): Populating the Neptune desert
• TESS Asteroseismology of the known red-giant host stars HD 212771 and HD 203949
• TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet
• TOI-1235 b: a keystone super-Earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early M dwarfs
• TOI-481 b & TOI-892 b: Two long period hot Jupiters from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• TOI-503: The first known brown dwarf-Am star binary from the TESS mission
• Overview of the LAMOST-$Kepler$ project
• A Possible Alignment Between the Orbits of Planetary Systems and their Visual Binary Companions
• TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
• TOI-674b: an oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf
• TOI-1759 b: a transiting sub-Neptune around a low mass star characterized with SPIRou and TESS
• The Impact of Stellar Distances on Habitable Zone Planets
• The Discovery of a Planetary Companion Interior to Hot Jupiter WASP-132 b
• LHS 1815b: The First Thick-Disk Planet Detected By TESS
• A Discrete Set of Possible Transit Ephemerides for Two Long Period Gas Giants Orbiting HIP 41378
• The Evolution of Rotation and Magnetic Activity in 94 Aqr Aa from Asteroseismology with TESS
• A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune near the 2:1 MMR straddling the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf TOI-2096
• A 1.55 R${}_{\oplus }$ habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole
• Tess asteroseismology of the known planet host star ${\lambda }^2$ Fornacis
• TOI-132 b: A short-period planet in the Neptune desert transiting a $V=11.3$ G-type star
• TOI-1231 b: A Temperate, Neptune-Sized Planet Transiting the Nearby M3 Dwarf NLTT 24399
• Two long-period transiting exoplanets on eccentric orbits: NGTS-20 b (TOI-5152 b) and TOI-5153 b
• TESS spots a mini-neptune interior to a hot saturn in the TOI-2000 system
• HD 191939: Three Sub-Neptunes Transiting a Sun-like Star Only 54 pc Away
• TOI-519 b: a short-period substellar object around an M dwarf validated using multicolour photometry and phase curve analysis
• TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley
• Three new brown dwarfs and a massive hot Jupiter revealed by TESS around early-type stars
• The HD 137496 system: A dense, hot super-Mercury and a cold Jupiter
• TOI-2257 b: A highly eccentric long-period sub-Neptune transiting a nearby M dwarf
• Magnetic and Rotational Evolution of $\rho$ CrB from Asteroseismology with TESS
• Surface gravities for 15,000 Kepler stars measured from stellar granulation and validated with Gaia DR2 parallaxes
• A close-in giant planet escapes engulfment by its star
• HD 28109 hosts a trio of transiting Neptunian planets including a near-resonant pair, confirmed by ASTEP from Antarctica
• Constraints on Magnetic Braking from the G8 Dwarf Stars 61 UMa and $\tau$ Cet
• The TESS Phase Curve of KELT-1b Suggests a High Dayside Albedo
• TOI-969: a late-K dwarf with a hot mini-Neptune in the desert and an eccentric cold Jupiter
• Weakened Magnetic Braking in the Exoplanet Host Star 51 Peg
• TESS Asteroseismic Analysis of the Known Exoplanet Host Star HD 222076
• TOI 694 b and TIC 220568520 b: Two Low-Mass Companions Near the Hydrogen Burning Mass Limit Orbiting Sun-like Stars
• Testing the Limits of Precise Subgiant Characterization with APOGEE and Gaia: Opening a Window to Unprecedented Astrophysical Studies
• TOI-1259Ab -- a gas giant planet with 2.7% deep transits and a bound white dwarf companion
• Predicting Granulation "Flicker" and Radial Velocity "Jitter" from Spectroscopic Observables
• Characterization of a set of small planets with TESS and CHEOPS and an analysis of photometric performance
• Asteroseismology and Spectropolarimetry of the Exoplanet Host Star $\lambda$ Serpentis
• TOI-4010: A System of Three Large Short-Period Planets With a Massive Long-Period Companion
• The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
• Measuring Model-independent Masses and Radii of Single-Lined Eclipsing Binaries: Analytic Precision Estimates
• TOI-1842b: A Transiting Warm Saturn Undergoing Re-Inflation around an Evolving Subgiant
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth and three sub-Neptunes hosted by the bright, Sun-like star HD 108236
• TOI 564 b and TOI 905 b: Grazing and Fully Transiting Hot Jupiters Discovered by TESS
• TKS V. Twin sub-Neptunes Transiting the Nearby G Star HD 63935
• TOI-1075 b: A Dense, Massive, Ultra-Short Period Hot Super-Earth Straddling the Radius Gap
• A Mass-Magnitude Relation for Low-mass Stars Based on Dynamical Measurements of Thousands of Binary Star Systems
• A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
• HD207897 b: A dense sub-Neptune transiting a nearby and bright K-type star
• Robust asteroseismic properties of the bright planet host HD 38529
• The LHS 1678 System: Two Earth-Sized Transiting Planets and an Astrometric Companion Orbiting an M Dwarf Near the Convective Boundary at 20 pc
• Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3
• Hot planets around cool stars -- two short-period mini-Neptunes transiting the late K-dwarf TOI-1260
• Three low-mass companions around aged stars discovered by TESS
• Rubin Observatory LSST Stars Milky Way and Local Volume Star Clusters Roadmap
• TOI-954 b and K2-329 b: Short-Period Saturn-Mass Planets that Test whether Irradiation Leads to Inflation
• The $\text{Gaia}$ Ultra-Cool Dwarf Sample $-$ III: Seven new multiple systems containing at least one $\text{Gaia}$ DR2 ultra-cool dwarf
• A High-Eccentricity Warm Jupiter Orbiting TOI-4127
• On the characterization of GJ 504: a magnetically active planet-host star observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
• The Swan: Data-Driven Inference of Stellar Surface Gravities for Cool Stars from Photometric Light Curves
• TOI-1296b and TOI-1298b observed with TESS and SOPHIE: Two hot Saturn-mass exoplanets with different densities around metal-rich stars
• Planet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843
• Confirmation and characterisation of three giant planets detected by TESS from the FIES/NOT and Tull/McDonald spectrographs
• TOI-1736 and TOI-2141: two systems including sub-Neptunes around solar analogs revealed by TESS and SOPHIE
• Three Saturn-mass planets transiting F-type stars revealed with TESS and HARPS
• A sub-Neptune planet around TOI-1695 discovered and characterized with SPIRou and TESS
• Characterization of seven transiting systems including four warm Jupiters from SOPHIE and TESS
• An old warm Jupiter orbiting the metal-poor G-dwarf TOI-5542
• HD 56414 b: A Warm Neptune Transiting an A-type Star
• Searching for solar-like oscillations in pre-main sequence stars using APOLLO
• TESS and HARPS reveal two sub-Neptunes around TOI 1062
• Two warm Earth-sized exoplanets and an Earth-sized candidate in the M5V-M6V binary system TOI-2267
• HD 183579b: A Warm Sub-Neptune Transiting a Solar Twin Detected by TESS
• Weakened Magnetic Braking Signals the Collapse of the Global Stellar Dynamo
• TESS asteroseismology of $\beta$ Hydri: a subgiant with a born-again dynamo
• TOI-4336 A b: A temperate sub-Neptune ripe for atmospheric characterization in a nearby triple M-dwarf system
• The inflated, eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-4914 b orbiting a metal-poor star, and the hot Jupiters TOI-2714 b and TOI-2981 b
• Planet Hunters TESS V: a planetary system around a binary star, including a mini-Neptune in the habitable zone
• TESS Asteroseismic Analysis of HD 76920: The Giant Star Hosting An Extremely Eccentric Exoplanet
• Testing the Rossby Paradigm: Weakened Magnetic Braking in early K-type Stars
• Discovery and characterisation of two Neptune-mass planets orbiting HD 212729 with TESS
• TOI-2498 b: A hot bloated super-Neptune within the Neptune desert
• Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. VI: Confirmation of a Long-Period Giant Planet Discovered with a Single TESS Transit
• Type II and anomalous Cepheids in the Kepler K2 mission
• Confirmation of four hot Jupiters detected by TESS using follow-up spectroscopy from MaHPS at Wendelstein together with NEID and TRES
• Validation of TOI-1221 b: A warm sub-Neptune exhibiting TTVs around a Sun-like star
• Solar-like oscillations and ellipsoidal variations in TESS observations of the binary 12 Boötis
• A sub-Neptune transiting the young field star HD 18599 at 40 pc
• Separated twins or just siblings? A multi-planet system around an M dwarf including a cool sub-Neptune
• Orbital Refinement and Stellar Properties for the HD 9446, HD 43691, and HD 179079 Planetary Systems
• Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions
• TOI-7166 b: A Habitable Zone mini-Neptune planet around a nearby low-mass star
• Three Hot Jupiters transiting K-dwarfs with a significant heavy element mass
• ASTEP confirmation of a pair of long-period Jupiter-sized planets with extremely low densities transiting TOI-791
• GJ 238 b: A 0.57 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting an M2.5 Dwarf Star at 15.2 pc
• A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406
• TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in its Atmosphere
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XI. Mass Measurements for Four Transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting K dwarf TOI-1246
• A Search for helium in the atmospheres of three sub-Neptunes and a super-Earth around M-dwarfs
• Anti-Solar Differential Rotation May Have Revived Magnetic Braking in the Subgiant 31 Aquilae
• Asteroseismology of iota Draconis and Discovery of an Additional Long-Period Companion
• TOI-333b: A Neptune Desert planet around a F7V star