Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b

Abstract

Recent surveys have revealed that planets intermediate in size between Earth and Neptune ("super-Earths") are among the most common planets in the Galaxy. Atmospheric studies are the next step toward developing a comprehensive understanding of this new class of object. Much effort has been focused on using transmission spectroscopy to characterize the atmosphere of the super-Earth archetype GJ 1214b, but previous observations did not have sufficient precision to distinguish between two interpretations for the atmosphere. The planet's atmosphere could be dominated by relatively heavy molecules, such as water (e.g., a 100% water vapor composition), or it could contain high-altitude clouds that obscure its lower layers. Here we report a measurement of the transmission spectrum of GJ 1214b at near-infrared wavelengths that definitively resolves this ambiguity. These data, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, are sufficiently precise to detect absorption features from a high mean molecular mass atmosphere. The observed spectrum, however, is featureless. We rule out cloud-free atmospheric models with water-, methane-, carbon monoxide-, nitrogen-, or carbon dioxide-dominated compositions at greater than 5$\sigma$ confidence. The planet's atmosphere must contain clouds to be consistent with the data.

Accepted for publication in the January 2, 2014 edition of Nature. Includes supplementary information

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• The First Near-Infrared Transmission Spectrum of HIP 41378 f, a Low-Mass Temperate Jovian World in a Multi-Planet System
• TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
• Insights into planet formation from debris disks: II. Giant impacts in extrasolar planetary systems
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Methodology and Benchmarking
• A Catalog of Spectra, Albedos, and Colors of Solar System Bodies for Exoplanet Comparison
• Optimizing exoplanet atmosphere retrieval using unsupervised machine-learning classification
• Exploring and Validating Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Solar System Analog Observations
• A Comprehensive Analysis of WASP-17b's Transmission Spectrum from Space-Based Observations
• Exoplanet Spectroscopy with JWST NIRISS: Diagnostics and Case Studies
• Discriminating Between Cloudy, Hazy and Clearsky Exoplanets Using Refraction
• Escaping Helium and a Highly Muted Spectrum Suggest a Metal-Enriched Atmosphere on Sub-Neptune GJ3090b from JWST Transit Spectroscopy
• ATOCA: an algorithm to treat order contamination. Application to the NIRISS SOSS mode
• Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Exoplanet LHS 3844b from 13 Ground-Based Transit Observations
• Aura-3D: A Three-dimensional Atmospheric Retrieval Framework for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey XI. Possible detection of Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere of the Saturn-mass planet WASP-69b
• JWST Transit Spectra I: Exploring Potential Biases and Opportunities in Retrievals of Tidally-locked Hot Jupiters with Clouds and Hazes
• Spitzer Observations of Exoplanets Discovered with The Kepler K2 Mission
• Cloud Atlas: Rotational Modulations in the L/T Transition Brown Dwarf Companion HN Peg B
• Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc: the dependence on the planetary mass
• A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at Thirty Parsecs
• Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d
• The HST PanCET Program: An Optical to Infrared Transmission Spectrum of HAT-P-32Ab
• Diagnosing aerosols in extrasolar giant planets with cross-correlation function of water bands
• KELT-11 b: Abundances of water and constraints on carbon-bearing molecules from the Hubble transmission spectrum
• A sub-Neptune and a non-transiting Neptune-mass companion unveiled by ESPRESSO around the bright late-F dwarf HD 5278 (TOI-130)
• Large Binocular Telescope view of the atmosphere of GJ1214b
• The EChO science case
• Lightning climatology of exoplanets and brown dwarfs guided by Solar System data
• Sulfate Aerosol Hazes and SO2 Gas as Constraints on Rocky Exoplanets' Surface Liquid Water
• Optical Properties of Organic Haze Analogues in Water-rich Exoplanet Atmospheres Observable with JWST
• Optical to near-infrared transmission spectrum of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12b
• Near-infrared transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 h using Hubble WFC3 G141 observations
• Cleaning our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
• The Transit Transmission Spectrum of a Cold Gas Giant Planet
• Community targets for JWST's early release science program: evaluation of WASP-63b
• Mineral snowflakes on exoplanets and brown dwarfs: Effects of micro-porosity, size distributions, and particle shape
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• Glory revealed in disk-integrated photometry of Venus
• The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets
• HD 191939 revisited: New and refined planet mass determinations, and a new planet in the habitable zone
• The Exoplanet Perspective on Future Ice Giant Exploration
• LRG-BEASTS: sodium absorption and Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere of WASP-94A b using NTT/EFOSC2
• Detecting the proposed CH4-CO2 biosignature pair with the James Webb Space Telescope: TRAPPIST-1e and the effect of cloud/haze
• Broad-band spectrophotometry of HAT-P-32 b: Search for a scattering signature in the planetary spectrum
• Ground-Based Transmission Spectroscopy with FORS2: A featureless optical transmission spectrum and detection of H${}_2$O for the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103b
• Water absorption in the transmission spectrum of the water-world candidate GJ9827d
• Mineral dust increases the habitability of terrestrial planets but confounds biomarker detection
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). VI. The Homogeneous Refinement of System Parameters for 39 Transiting Hot Jupiters with 127 New Light Curves
• High-Resolution Transit Spectroscopy of Warm Saturns
• A Condensation-Coalescence Cloud Model for Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Formulation and Test Applications to Terrestrial and Jovian Clouds
• Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b
• Spitzer Detection of the Transiting Jupiter-analog Exoplanet Kepler-167e
• Observational Signatures of Self-Destructive Civilisations
• Helium absorption in exoplanet atmospheres is connected to stellar coronal abundances
• Two Small Temperate Planets Transiting Nearby M Dwarfs in K2 Campaigns 0 and 1
• A mirage of the cosmic shoreline: Venus-like clouds as a statistical false positive for exoplanet atmospheric erosion
• Revised Exoplanet Radii and Habitability Using Gaia Data Release 2
• Theoretical Reflectance Spectra of Earth-Like Planets through Their Evolutions: Impact of Clouds on the Detectability of Oxygen, Water, and Methane with Future Direct Imaging Missions
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IX: a flat transmission spectrum and a highly eccentric orbit for the young Neptune K2-25b as revealed by Spitzer
• An empirical infrared transit spectrum of Earth: opacity windows and biosignatures
• The Impact of Phase Equilibrium Cloud Models on GCM Simulations of GJ~1214b
• LBT transmission spectroscopy of HAT-P-12b: confirmation of a cloudy atmosphere with no significant alkali features
• Geoscience for understanding habitability in the solar system and beyond
• A transiting, temperate mini-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1759 unveiled by TESS
• Helium Enhanced Planets Along the Upper Edge of the Radius Valley
• A comparative study of WASP-67b and HAT-P-38b from WFC3 data
• Exoplanet Volatile Carbon Content as a Natural Pathway for Haze Formation
• Possible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets, some Central Aspects
• Impact of stellar flares on the chemical composition and transmission spectra of gaseous exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb-darkening coefficients for a three-parameter law
• Detectability of biosignatures on LHS 1140 b
• Exploring H${}_2$O Prominence in Reflection Spectra of Cool Giant Planets
• A Search for Additional Bodies in the GJ 1132 Planetary System from 21 Ground-based Transits and a 100 Hour Spitzer Campaign
• A transmission spectrum of the sub-Earth planet L98-59~b in 1.1-1.7 $\mu$m
• Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian Processes
• Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy using KMOS
• WASP-117 b: an eccentric hot-Saturn as a future complex chemistry laboratory
• Secondary atmospheres on HD 219134 b and c
• Characterizing the Atmospheres of the HR8799 Planets with HST/WFC3
• Tentative Evidence for Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Neptune-Size Exoplanet HD 106315 c
• Refraction in planetary atmospheres: improved analytical expressions and comparison with a new ray-tracing algorithm
• The TRAPPIST-1 JWST Community Initiative
• Confirmation of Water Absorption in the Thermal Emission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter WASP-77Ab with HST/WFC3
• A sub-solar metallicity on the ultra-short period planet HIP 65Ab
• A Temperature Trend for Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanets Atmospheres
• Exoplanetary Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer with Correlated-k I. Benchmarking Transit and Emission Observables
• Ground-based transit observations of the super-Earth GJ 1214b
• Spectral Resolution-linked Bias in Transit Spectroscopy of Extrasolar Planets
• The HST large programme on $\omega$ Centauri -- V. Exploring the Ultracool Dwarf Population with Stellar Atmosphere and Evolutionary Modelling
• Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Planets L~98-59~c \& d: No Evidence for a Clear Hydrogen Dominated Primary Atmosphere
• The Thermal Emission Spectrum of the Nearby Rocky Exoplanet LTT 1445A b from JWST MIRI/LRS
• MOPSS I: Flat Optical Spectra for the Hot Jupiters WASP-4 b and WASP-52b
• The Transit Spectra of Earth and Jupiter
• Where are the Water Worlds?: Self-Consistent Models of Water-Rich Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Signatures of Clouds in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres: Modeled High Resolution Emission Spectra from 3D General Circulation Models
• The metal-poor atmosphere of a Neptune/Sub-Neptune planet progenitor
• Ions in the Thermosphere of Exoplanets: Observable Constraints Revealed by Innovative Laboratory Experiments
• On spectroscopic phase-curve retrievals: H2 dissociation and thermal inversion in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103 b
• Inferring asymmetric limb cloudiness on exoplanets from transit light curves
• Limb Darkening and Planetary Transits: Testing Center-to-limb Intensity Variations and Limb-Darkening Directly from Model Stellar Atmospheres
• Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Rocky Planet L 98-59 b: No Evidence for a Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere
• A Multiple Scattering Polarized Radiative Transfer Model: Application to HD 189733b
• Demonstrating High-precision, Multiband Transit Photometry with MuSCAT: A Case for HAT-P-14b
• LRG-BEASTS: Ground-based Detection of Sodium and a Steep Optical Slope in the Atmosphere of the Highly Inflated Hot-Saturn WASP-21b
• Cross-sections for heavy atmospheres: H${}_2$O continuum
• The NewEra model grid
• Reassessing the Evidence for Time Variability in the Atmosphere of the Exoplanet HAT-P-7 b
• Characterising Atmospheres of Cloudy Temperate Mini-Neptunes with JWST
• TOI-2046b, TOI-1181b and TOI-1516b, three new hot Jupiters from \textit{TESS}: planets orbiting a young star, a subgiant and a normal star
• X-ray emission from the super-Earth host GJ 1214
• The Effect of Land Fraction and Host Star Spectral Energy Distribution on the Planetary Albedo of Terrestrial Worlds
• A Framework for Characterizing Transmission Spectra of Exoplanets with Circumplanetary Rings
• Sporadic Spin-Orbit Variations in Compact Multi-planet Systems and their Influence on Exoplanet Climate
• Transit Timing Variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270
• Photochemical hazes can trace the C/O ratio in exoplanet atmospheres
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey VIII. Flat transmission spectrum for the warm gas giant WASP-80
• Two warm, low-density sub-Jovian planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns 13 and 14
• Modeling synthetic spectra for transiting extrasolar giant planets: detectability of H${}_2$S and PH${}_3$ with JWST
• A Mid-Infrared Study of Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companions using Archival Spitzer/IRAC Images
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey X. Stellar spots versus Rayleigh scattering: the case of HAT-P-11b
• JexoSim: A time domain simulator of exoplanet transit spectroscopy with JWST
• Constraining Exoplanet Metallicities and Aerosols with ARIEL: An Independent Study by the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) Team
• The hot Neptune WASP-166 b with ESPRESSO III: A blue-shifted tentative water signal constrains the presence of clouds
• Dynamics and Clouds in Planetary Atmospheres from Telescopic Observations
• Planetary parameters, XUV environments and mass-loss rates for nearby gaseous planets with X-ray detected host-stars
• Detection of Aerosols at Microbar Pressures in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• A Mirage or an Oasis? Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Warm Neptune TOI-674 b
• Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b II. Monte Carlo radiative transfer for 3D cloudy exoplanet atmospheres: combining scattering and emission spectra
• Stellar Activity Effects on Moist Habitable Terrestrial Atmospheres Around M dwarfs
• Detecting Biosignatures in the Atmospheres of Gas Dwarf Planets with the James Webb Space Telescope
• Understanding the Effects of Systematics in Exoplanetary Atmospheric Retrievals
• GJ 3090 b: one of the most favourable mini-Neptune for atmospheric characterisation
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• Wayne - A Simulator for HST WFC3 IR Grism Spectroscopy
• Prebiosignature Molecules Can Be Detected in Temperate Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Triboelectrification of KCl and ZnS particles in approximated exoplanet environments
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XL: A puffy and warm Neptune-sized planet and an outer Neptune-mass candidate orbiting the solar-type star TOI-1422
• On the radial velocity detection of additional planets in transiting, slowly rotating M-dwarf systems: the case of GJ 1132
• Revisiting fundamental properties of TiO${}_2$ nanoclusters as condensation seeds in astrophysical environments
• Atmospheric dynamics of temperate sub-Neptunes. Part I: dry dynamics
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey. VII. An optical transmission spectrum of WASP-48b
• The Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets II. Influence of surface composition on the diversity of cloud condensates
• Peering above the clouds of the warm Neptune GJ 436b with CRIRES+
• Alfnoor: assessing the information content of Ariel's low resolution spectra with planetary population studies
• Exoplanet phase curves at large phase angles. Diagnostics for extended hazy atmospheres
• Aerosol Constraints on the Atmosphere of the Hot Saturn-mass planet WASP-49b
• First Comparative Exoplanetology Within a Transiting Multi-planet System: Comparing the atmospheres of V1298 Tau b and c
• A strong H- opacity signal in the near-infrared emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• Measuring the variability of directly imaged exoplanets using vector Apodizing Phase Plates combined with ground-based differential spectrophotometry
• Transmission spectroscopy of the hot Jupiter TrES-3 b: Disproof of an overly large Rayleigh-like feature
• ExoSim: the Exoplanet Observation Simulator
• Analysis of the planetary mass uncertainties on the accuracy of atmospherical retrieval
• YunMa: Enabling Spectral Retrievals of Exoplanetary Clouds
• The Spitzer search for the transits of HARPS low-mass planets - II. Null results for 19 planets
• Two planetary systems with transiting Earth-size and super-Earth planets orbiting late-type dwarf stars
• Terminus: A Versatile Simulator for Space-based Telescopes
• Kepler Transit Depths Contaminated by a Phantom Star
• Evidence for stellar contamination in the transmission spectra of HAT-P-12b
• Properties of Sub-Neptune Atmospheres: TOI-270 System
• Clouds and Hazes in GJ 1214b's Metal-Rich Atmosphere
• JWST Transit Spectra II: Constraining Aerosol Species, Particle-size Distributions, Temperature, and Metallicity for Cloudy Exoplanets
• Photometric precision of a Si:As impurity band conduction mid-infrared detector and application to transit spectroscopy
• Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b
• Correcting the effect of stellar spots on ARIEL transmission spectra
• The hidden depths of planetary atmospheres
• Why heterogeneous cloud particles matter: Iron-bearing species and cloud particle morphology affects exoplanet transmission spectra
• The widest broadband transmission spectrum (0.38-1.71 $\mu$m) of HD 189733b from ground-based chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• ExoLyn: a golden mean approach to multi-species cloud modelling in atmospheric retrieval
• TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906
• Radiative Rayleigh-Taylor Instability and the structure of clouds in planetary atmospheres
• First exoplanet transit observation with the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy: Confirmation of Rayleigh scattering in HD 189733 b with HIPO
• Cross-sections for heavy atmospheres: H${}_2$O self-broadening
• Observations of PAHs in the atmospheres of discs and exoplanets
• Using near infra-red spectroscopy for characterization of transiting exoplanets
• Temperature-chemistry coupling in the evolution of gas giant atmospheres driven by stellar flares
• Stellar activity consequence on the retrieved transmission spectra through chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• From Super-Earths to Mini-Neptunes: Implications of a Surface on Atmospheric Circulation
• A Framework for Optimizing Exoplanet Target Selection for the James Webb Space Telescope
• Recovering the colour-dependent albedo of exoplanets with high-resolution spectroscopy: from ESPRESSO to the ELT
• Spectral Variability of Two Rapidly Rotating Brown Dwarfs: 2MASS J08354256-0819237 and 2MASS J18212815+1414010
• A limit on gas accretion onto close-in super-Earth cores from disk accretion
• Tentative detection of titanium oxide in the atmosphere of WASP-69 b with a 4m ground-based telescope
• The Hubble/STIS Near-ultraviolet Transmission Spectrum of HD 189733b
• A Geologically Robust Procedure For Observing Rocky Exoplanets to Ensure that Detection of Atmospheric Oxygen is an Earth-Like Biosignature
• Detectability of Surface Biosignatures for Directly-Imaged Rocky Exoplanets
• A closer look at LTT 9779b: The ESPRESSO endeavour to pierce the atmospheric veil
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• LRG-BEASTS: Evidence for clouds in the transmission spectrum of HATS-46 b
• Enabling Robust Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Gaussian Processes
• Stratospheric Clouds Do Not Impede JWST Transit Spectroscopy for Exoplanets with Earth-Like Atmospheres
• Exoplanet Radio Transits as a Probe for Exoplanetary Magnetic Fields -- Time-dependent MHD Simulations
• Instrumentation prospects for rocky exoplanet atmospheres studies with high resolution spectroscopy
• Polarized Signatures of a Habitable World: Comparing Models of an Exoplanet Earth with Visible and Near-infrared Earthshine Spectra
• Data calibration for the MASCARA and bRing instruments
• Lightning in other planets
• Refractory and Volatile Species in the UV-to-IR Transmission Spectrum of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b with HST and JWST
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXIV: An inner eccentric sub-Neptune and an outer sub-Neptune-mass candidate around BD+00 444 (TOI-2443)
• Direct detection and characterization of M-dwarf planets using light echoes
• Benchmark tests of transmission spectroscopy using transiting white dwarfs
• Validation and Initial Characterization of the Long Period Planet Kepler-1654 b
• TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with HPF
• JexoSim 2.0: End-to-End JWST Simulator for Exoplanet Spectroscopy -- Implementation and Case Studies
• The effect of thermal non-equilibrium on kinetic nucleation
• Robustness of Gaian Feedbacks to Climate Perturbations
• Is the hot, dense sub-Neptune TOI-824b an exposed Neptune mantle? Spitzer detection of the hot day side and reanalysis of the interior composition
• Vanadium oxide clusters in substellar atmospheres: A quantum chemical study
• Comparing transit spectroscopy pipelines at the catalogue level: evidence for systematic differences
• An HST Transmission Spectrum of the Closest M-Dwarf Transiting Rocky Planet LTT 1445Ab
• ARES VI: Viability of one-dimensional retrieval models for transmission spectroscopy characterization of exo-atmospheres in the era of JWST and Ariel
• Detecting molecules in Ariel low resolution transmission spectra
• The Hubble PanCET program: The near-ultraviolet transmission spectrum of WASP-79b
• Orbital Evolution of Close-in Super-Earths Driven by Atmospheric Escape
• Retrieving Exoplanet Atmospheres using Planetary Infrared Excess: Prospects for the Nightside of WASP-43 b and other Hot Jupiters
• Search for radio emission from the exoplanets Qatar-1b and WASP-80b near 150 MHz using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
• The curse of clouds
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• Under the magnifying glass: A combined 3D model applied to cloudy warm Saturn type exoplanets around M-dwarfs
• Experimental study of heterogeneous organic chemistry induced by far ultraviolet light: Implications for growth of organic aerosols by CH3 addition in the atmospheres of Titan and early Earth
• Carbon-rich Sub-Neptune Interiors Are Compatible with JWST Observations
• Theoretical Transmission Spectra of Exoplanet Atmospheres with Hydrocarbon Haze. II. Dependence on UV Irradiation Intensity, Metallicity, C/O Ratio, Eddy Diffusion Coefficient, and Temperature
• PACMAN: A pipeline to reduce and analyze Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 IR Grism data
• Quantifying the Impact of Spectral Coverage on the Retrieval of Molecular Abundances from Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• Not All Sub-Neptune Exoplanets Have Magma Oceans
• HST Transmission Spectra of the Hot-Neptune HD 219666 b: Detection of Water and the Challenge of Constraining Both Water and Methane
• The effect of spectroscopic binning on atmospheric retrievals
• Can Rocky Exoplanets with Rings Pose as Sub-Neptunes?
• Contrast and Temperature Dependence of Multi-Epoch High-Resolution Cross-Correlation Exoplanet Spectroscopy
• A transiting super-Earth close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of an M0 dwarf star
• Probing reflection from aerosols with the near-infrared dayside spectrum of WASP-80b
• On The Synergy Between Ariel And Ground-Based High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The role of cloud particle properties on WASP-39b transmission spectrum based on JWST/NIRSpec observations
• A reanalysis of the LHS 1140 b atmosphere observed with the Hubble Space Telescope
• The SPACE Program. I. The featureless spectrum of HD 86226 c challenges sub-Neptune atmosphere trends
• Planetary albedo is limited by the above-cloud atmosphere: Implications for sub-Neptune climate
• Light Scattering Measurements of KCl Particles as an Exoplanet Cloud Analog
• Exploring the atmosphere of GJ 1132 b with CRIRES+
• Osiris revisited: Confirming a solar metallicity and low C/O in HD 209458b
• Tighter constraints on the atmosphere of GJ 436 b from combined high-resolution CARMENES and CRIRES${}^{+}$ observations
• Clouds in partial atmospheres of lava planets and where to find them
• The Featureless HST/WFC3 Transmission Spectrum of the Rocky Exoplanet GJ 1132b: No Evidence For A Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere and Constraints on Starspot Contamination
• The effects of stellar gravity darkening on high-resolution transmission spectra
• A Transmission Spectrum Of HD 189733b From Multiple Broadband Filter Observations
• Exoplanet Atmospheres and Giant Ground-Based Telescopes
• Reflected-light Phase Curves with PICASO: A Kepler-7b Case Study
• Outgassing Composition of the Murchison Meteorite: Implications for Volatile Depletion of Planetesimals and Interior-atmosphere Connections for Terrestrial Exoplanets
• Experimental Investigation of the Photochemical Production of Hydrocarbons in Warm Gas Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Characterization of an Instrument Model for Exoplanet Transit Spectrum Estimation through Wide Scale Analysis on HST Data
• Model-independent exoplanet transit spectroscopy
• Galactic planetary science
• Infrared spectra of TiO2 clusters for hot Jupiter atmospheres
• Exoplanet atmospheres with EChO: spectral retrievals using EChOSim
• Simultaneous multicolour optical and near-IR transit photometry of GJ 1214b with SOFIA
• A re-analysis of equilibrium chemistry in five hot Jupiters
• The near-UV transit of HD 189733b with the XMM-Newton Optical Monitor
• Regaining the FORS: making optical ground-based transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets with VLT+FORS2 possible again
• Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Earth-Like Exoplanets
• Exploring terrestrial lightning parameterisations for exoplanets and brown dwarfs
• Temperate super-Earths/mini-Neptunes around M/K dwarfs Consist of 2 Populations Distinguished by Their Atmospheres
• SVEEEETIES: Singular vector expansion to estimate Earth-like exoplanet temperatures from infrared emission spectra
• Effect of Centrifugal Force on Transmission Spectroscopy of Exoplanet Atmospheres
• The Oxyometer: A Novel Instrument Concept for Characterizing Exoplanet Atmospheres
• SIOUX project: a simultaneous multiband camera for exoplanet atmospheres studies
• Laboratory astrophysics: key to understanding the Universe
• Magnetohydrodynamic simulation assessment of a potential near-ultraviolet early ingress in WASP-189b
• The atmospheres of rocky exoplanets III. Using atmospheric spectra to constrain surface rock composition
• Rapid characterization of exoplanet atmospheres with the Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy Imager (ETSI)
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• A Global Perspective with Updated Constraints on the Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-19b: Atmospheric Properties and Stellar Activity
• The Science Case for an Extended Spitzer Mission
• Warm Jupiters around M-dwarfs are great opportunities for extensive chemical, cloud and haze characterisation with JWST
• Atmospheric heat redistribution effect on Emission spectra of Hot-Jupiters
• The Effects of Cuboid Particle Scattering on Reflected Light Phase Curves: Insights from Laboratory Data and Theory
• From Global Climate Models (GCMs) to Exoplanet Spectra with the Global Emission Spectra (GlobES)
• The Hubble PanCET Program: A Featureless Transmission Spectrum for WASP-29b and Evidence of Enhanced Atmospheric Metallicity on WASP-80b
• Theory and simulation of spectral line broadening by exoplanetary atmospheric haze
• New models of reflection spectra for terrestrial exoplanets: Present and prebiotic Earth orbiting around stars of different spectral types
• Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets VI. Assessing seed formation across the brown dwarf and exoplanet regimes
• Disentangling Atmospheric Compositions of K2-18 b with Next Generation Facilities
• Clouds can enhance direct imaging detection of O2 and O3 on terrestrial exoplanets
• Gas Phase Chemistry of Cool Exoplanet Atmospheres: Insight from Laboratory Simulations
• Exploring Synergies between Twinkle and Ariel: a Pilot Study
• Lightning activity on a tidally locked terrestrial exoplanet in storm-resolving simulations for a range of surface pressures
• Evolution and Observable Properties of Rocky Planet Atmospheres
• Sub-Neptunes as Soot Factories: Deep Atmosphere Hydrocarbon Formation and Quenching as the Origin of Sub-Neptune Aerosol Trends
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• Improving exoplanet mass characterisation with Bayesian model selection using the Learned Harmonic Mean Estimator
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• GCM-Motivated Multidimensional Temperature Parametrization Scheme for Phasecurve Retrieval
• Convection modeling of pure-steam atmospheres
• The impact of faculae on the radius determination of exoplanets: The case of the M-star GJ1214
• Influence of CO versus CH${}_4$ on organic haze formation in atmospheres of diverse terrestrial exoplanets
• Searching for Exosatellites Orbiting L and T Dwarfs: Connecting Planet Formation to Moon Formation and Finding New Temperate Worlds
• JWST unveils a high mean molecular weight atmosphere for mini-Neptune TOI-1130b: Evidence for formation beyond the water ice line
• The Color of Habitability
• TOI-1201 b: A mini-Neptune transiting a bright and moderately young M dwarf
• L 98-59: a Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization
• Piercing through the Haze: Characterizing Titan-like terrestrial exoplanets with JWST
• Effect of clouds on emission spectra for Super Venus