Planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 357 including a transiting, hot, Earth-sized planet optimal for atmospheric characterization

Abstract

We report the detection of a transiting Earth-size planet around GJ 357, a nearby M2.5V star, using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). GJ 357 b (TOI-562.01) is a transiting, hot, Earth-sized planet (Teq=525+-11 K) with a radius of Rb=1.217+-0.084 Re and an orbital period of Pb=3.93 d. Precise stellar radial velocities from CARMENES and PFS, as well as archival data from HIRES, UVES, and HARPS also display a 3.93-day periodicity, confirming the planetary nature and leading to a planetary mass of Mb=1.84+-0.31 Me. In addition to the radial velocity signal for GJ 357 b, more periodicities are present in the data indicating the presence of two further planets in the system: GJ 357 c, with a minimum mass of Mc=3.40+-0.46 Me in a 9.12 d orbit, and GJ 357 d, with a minimum mass of Md=6.1+-1.0 Me in a 55.7 d orbit inside the habitable zone. The host is relatively inactive and exhibits a photometric rotation period of Prot=78+-2 d. GJ 357 b is to date the second closest transiting planet to the Sun, making it a prime target for further investigations such as transmission spectroscopy. Therefore, GJ 357 b represents one of the best terrestrial planets suitable for atmospheric characterization with the upcoming JWST and ground-based ELTs.

References in corpus (118)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• MultiNest: an efficient and robust Bayesian inference tool for cosmology and particle physics
• Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
• The generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram. A new formalism for the floating-mean and Keplerian periodograms
• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri
• Bayes in the sky: Bayesian inference and model selection in cosmology
• The WASP Project and the SuperWASP Cameras
• Rapid planetesimal formation in turbulent circumstellar discs
• Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
• The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0
• The Fourth US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC4)
• batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning II - A Bayesian Approach to Systematic Error Correction
• Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b
• The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning I - Architecture and Algorithms for Error Correction in Kepler Light Curves
• The TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• AstroImageJ: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves
• AstroImageJ: Image Processing and Photometric Extraction for Ultra-Precise Astronomical Light Curves (Expanded Edition)
• Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: Dependence on Planetary Mass
• Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXI. The M-dwarf sample
• The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets -- Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks
• A Framework for Prioritizing the TESS Planetary Candidates Most Amenable to Atmospheric Characterization
• petitRADTRANS: a Python radiative transfer package for exoplanet characterization and retrieval
• Wide-field millimagnitude photometry with HAT: A Tool for Extra-solar Planet Detection
• Homogeneous studies of transiting extrasolar planets. IV. Thirty systems with space-based light curves
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite: Simulations of planet detections and astrophysical false positives
• Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS): Public data release
• RadVel: The Radial Velocity Modeling Toolkit
• Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems
• An asteroseismic view of the radius valley: stripped cores, not born rocky
• Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets
• Spectrum radial velocity analyser (SERVAL). High-precision radial velocities and two alternative spectral indicators
• The Catalina Surveys Periodic Variable Star Catalog
• The LCES HIRES/Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey
• Late-type stars members of young stellar kinematic groups - I. Single stars
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• Mass-Radius Relation for Rocky Planets based on PREM
• The MUSCLES Treasury Survey I: Motivation and Overview
• Characterizing transiting exoplanet atmospheres with JWST
• A dynamically-packed planetary system around GJ667C with three super-Earths in its habitable zone
• The Evolution of the Water Distribution in a Viscous Protoplanetary Disk
• A temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation I: Models of combined planet formation and evolution
• Kepler Data Validation I -- Architecture, Diagnostic Tests, and Data Products for Vetting Transiting Planet Candidates
• A new list of thorium and argon spectral lines in the visible
• Limb darkening and exoplanets: testing stellar model atmospheres and identifying biases in transit parameters
• Growing the gas-giant planets by the gradual accumulation of pebbles
• A chemical model for the atmosphere of hot Jupiters
• Planetesimal formation near the snowline: in or out?
• CHEOPS: A Transit Photometry Mission for ESA's Small Mission Programme
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars
• Chromospheric activity catalogue of 4454 cool stars. Questioning the active branch of stellar activity cycles
• Kepler Data Validation II -- Transit Model Fitting and Multiple-Planet Search
• A rocky planet transiting a nearby low-mass star
• PyTransit: Fast and Easy Exoplanet Transit Modelling in Python
• Material enhancement in protoplanetary nebulae by particle drift through evaporation fronts
• HAT-P-26b: A Neptune-Mass Exoplanet with a Well Constrained Heavy Element Abundance
• Rotation periods of late-type dwarf stars from time-series high-resolution spectroscopy of chromospheric indicators
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Different roads to radii and masses of the target stars
• Six New Planets from the Keck Precision Velocity Survey
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs. I. Low-resolution spectroscopy with CAFOS
• The UV and X-ray activity of the M dwarfs within 10pc of the Sun
• Magnetic activity in the HARPS M-dwarf sample. The rotation-activity relationship for very low-mass stars through R'HK
• The low-level radial velocity variability in Barnard's star (=GJ 699). Secular acceleration, indications for convective redshift, and planet mass limits
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• The transmission spectrum of Earth through lunar eclipse observations
• Formation of TRAPPIST-1 and other compact systems
• TESS Discovery of an ultra-short-period planet around the nearby M dwarf LHS 3844
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems
• Systemic: A Testbed For Characterizing the Detection of Extrasolar Planets. I. The Systemic Console Package
• The HARPS-N Rocky Planet Search I. HD219134b: A transiting rocky planet in a multi-planet system at 6.5 pc from the Sun
• WASP-41b: A transiting hot Jupiter planet orbiting a magnetically-active G8V star
• A candidate super-Earth planet orbiting near the snow line of Barnard's star
• The L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-Sized Planets Orbiting a Nearby M-dwarf
• The M dwarf planet search programme at the ESO VLT + UVES. A search for terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs
• Formation of Giant Planets by Concurrent Accretion of Solids and Gas inside an Anti-Cyclonic Vortex
• Eleven Multi-planet Systems from K2 Campaigns 1 & 2 and the Masses of Two Hot Super-Earths
• Correcting HIRES radial velocities for small systematic errors
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Activity indicators at visible and near-infrared wavelengths
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs IV. New rotation periods from photometric time series
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs II. High-resolution imaging with FastCam
• Kepler-68: Three Planets, One With a Density Between That of Earth and Ice Giants
• A second terrestrial planet orbiting the nearby M dwarf LHS 1140
• Characterization of the K2-18 multi-planetary system with HARPS: A habitable zone super-Earth and discovery of a second, warm super-Earth on a non-coplanar orbit
• Detecting planetary geochemical cycles on exoplanets: Atmospheric signatures and the case of SO2
• Strategies for Constraining the Atmospheres of Temperate Terrestrial Planets with JWST
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: A low-mass planet in the temperate zone of the nearby K2-18
• Three's Company: An additional non-transiting super-Earth in the bright HD 3167 system, and masses for all three planets
• Kepler-432: a red giant interacting with one of its two long period giant planets
• A 1.9 Earth radius rocky planet and the discovery of a non-transiting planet in the Kepler-20 system
• Planetesimal Population Synthesis: Pebble Flux Regulated Planetesimal Formation
• A Characteristic Transmission Spectrum dominated by H${}_2$O applies to the majority of HST/WFC3 exoplanet observations
• The Transiting System GJ1214: High-Precision Defocused Transit Observations and a Search for Evidence of Transit Timing Variation
• Radial velocity follow-up of GJ1132 with HARPS. A precise mass for planet 'b' and the discovery of a second planet
• The transiting multi-planet system HD3167: a 5.7 MEarth Super-Earth and a 8.3 MEarth mini-Neptune
• Larger mutual inclinations for the shortest-period planets
• SPIRou Input Catalog: Activity, Rotation and Magnetic Field of Cool Dwarfs
• Simulated JWST/NIRISS Transit Spectroscopy of Anticipated TESS Planets Compared to Select Discoveries from Space-Based and Ground-Based Surveys
• An Independent Planet Search In The Kepler Dataset. II. An extremely low-density super-Earth mass planet around Kepler-87
• Optimizing the search for transiting planets in long time series
• The Orbit and Mass of the Third Planet in the Kepler-56 System
• From cold to hot irradiated gaseous exoplanets: Toward an observation-based classification scheme
• Up to four planets around the M dwarf GJ 163. Sensitivity of Bayesian planet detection criteria to prior choice
• A HARPS view on K2-3
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: The warm super-Earths in twin orbits around the mid-type M dwarfs Ross 1020 (GJ 3779) and LP 819-052 (GJ 1265)
• A spectral approach to transit timing variations
• Theoretical Reflectance Spectra of Earth-Like Planets through Their Evolutions: Impact of Clouds on the Detectability of Oxygen, Water, and Methane with Future Direct Imaging Missions
• Ground-based photometry of the 21-day Neptune HD106315c
• High spatial resolution and high contrast optical speckle imaging with FASTCAM at the ORM

Cited by in corpus (96)

• Juliet: a versatile modelling tool for transiting and non-transiting exoplanetary systems
• Density, not radius, separates rocky and water-rich small planets orbiting M dwarf stars
• Revisited Mass-Radius relations for exoplanets below 120 Earth masses
• A public HARPS radial velocity database corrected for systematic errors
• Evolution of the radius valley around low mass stars from $Kepler$ and $K2$
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs V. Luminosities, colours, and spectral energy distributions
• The 10 parsec sample in the Gaia era
• Super-Earth masses sculpted by pebble isolation around stars of different masses
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Stellar atmospheric parameters of target stars with SteParSyn
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Guaranteed time observations Data Release 1 (2016-2020)
• Chemical Fingerprints of Formation in Rocky Super-Earths' Data
• Planetary system LHS 1140 revisited with ESPRESSO and TESS
• Identifying Atmospheres on Rocky Exoplanets Through Inferred High Albedo
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two planets on the opposite sides of the radius gap transiting the nearby M dwarf LTT 3780
• A nearby transiting rocky exoplanet that is suitable for atmospheric investigation
• Characterization of the L 98-59 multi-planetary system with HARPS: two confirmed terrestrial planets and a mass upper limit on the third
• ExoClock Project III: 450 new exoplanet ephemerides from ground and space observations
• Identifying Candidate Atmospheres on Rocky M dwarf Planets via Eclipse Photometry
• A More Precise Mass for GJ 1214 b and the Frequency of Multi-Planet Systems Around Mid-M Dwarfs
• Red Dots: A temperate 1.5 Earth-mass planet in a compact multi-terrestrial planet system around GJ1061
• ARES V: No Evidence For Molecular Absorption in the HST WFC3 Spectrum of GJ 1132 b
• A hot terrestrial planet orbiting the bright M dwarf L 168-9 unveiled by TESS
• Utilizing Small Telescopes Operated by Citizen Scientists for Transiting Exoplanet Follow-up
• A planetary system with two transiting mini-Neptunes near the radius valley transition around the bright M dwarf TOI-776
• A Second Planet Transiting LTT 1445A and a Determination of the Masses of Both Worlds
• A detailed analysis of the Gl 486 planetary system
• Precise mass and radius of a transiting super-Earth planet orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1235: a planet in the radius gap?
• Mass determinations of the three mini-Neptunes transiting TOI-125
• TOI-1235 b: a keystone super-Earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early M dwarfs
• TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet
• Exomoons in the habitable zones of M dwarfs
• Discovery of a hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet and a second temperate, non-transiting planet around the M4 dwarf GJ 3473 (TOI-488)
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Characterization of the nearby ultra-compact multiplanetary system YZ Ceti
• The Magellan-TESS Survey I: Survey Description and Mid-Survey Results
• A multiple planet system of super-Earths orbiting the brightest red dwarf star GJ887
• TOI-674b: an oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf
• TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
• Mass and density of the transiting hot and rocky super-Earth LHS 1478 b (TOI-1640 b)
• The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc
• TESS Reveals a Short-period Sub-Neptune Sibling (HD 86226c) to a Known Long-period Giant Planet
• A pair of warm giant planets near the 2:1 mean motion resonance around the K-dwarf star TOI-2202
• The TIME Table: Rotation and Ages of Cool Exoplanet Host Stars
• TOI-2525 b and c: A pair of massive warm giant planets with a strong transit timing variations revealed by TESS
• The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets
• The Demographics of Terrestrial Planets in the Venus Zone
• Phase curve pollution of exoplanet transmission spectra
• TOI-1231 b: A Temperate, Neptune-Sized Planet Transiting the Nearby M3 Dwarf NLTT 24399
• GJ357: A low-mass planetary system uncovered by precision radial-velocities and dynamical simulations
• Beyond the exoplanet mass-radius relation
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two terrestrial planets orbiting G 264-012 and one terrestrial planet orbiting Gl 393
• TOI 540 b: A Planet Smaller than Earth Orbiting a Nearby Rapidly Rotating Low-mass Star
• Discovery and mass measurement of the hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet GJ 3929 b
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Dynamical characterization of the multiple planet system GJ 1148 and prospects of habitable exomoons around GJ 1148 b
• TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136
• Characterisation of 92 Southern TESS Candidate Planet Hosts and a New Photometric [Fe/H] Relation for Cool Dwarfs
• Characterization of a set of small planets with TESS and CHEOPS and an analysis of photometric performance
• ESPRESSO Mass determination of TOI-263b: An extreme inhabitant of the brown dwarf desert
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A super-Earth planet orbiting HD 79211 (GJ 338 B)
• GJ 806 (TOI-4481): A bright nearby multi-planetary system with a transiting hot, low-density super-Earth
• It takes two planets in resonance to tango around K2-146
• TOI-1842b: A Transiting Warm Saturn Undergoing Re-Inflation around an Evolving Subgiant
• TOI 122b and TOI 237b, two small warm planets orbiting inactive M dwarfs, found by \textit{TESS}
• The LHS 1678 System: Two Earth-Sized Transiting Planets and an Astrometric Companion Orbiting an M Dwarf Near the Convective Boundary at 20 pc
• The Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets II. Influence of surface composition on the diversity of cloud condensates
• TOI-1801 b: A temperate mini-Neptune around a young M0.5 dwarf
• Finding Signs of Life on Earth-like Planets: High-resolution Transmission Spectra of Earth through time around FGKM stars
• Exoplanet atmosphere evolution: emulation with neural networks
• A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238
• Photometric Calibrations of M-dwarf Metallicity with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Bayesian Inference
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS I. Exoplanet detection and candidates
• The Terrestrial Planet Formation around M Dwarfs: In-situ, Inward Migration or Reversed Migration
• Revisiting the HD 21749 Planetary System with Stellar Activity Modeling
• GJ 357 b: A Super-Earth Orbiting an Extremely Inactive Host Star
• Detection capability of ground-based meter-sized telescopes for shallow exoplanet transits
• Follow the Water: Finding Water, Snow and Clouds on Terrestrial Exoplanets with Photometry and Machine Learning
• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) II. Transit Candidates and Implications for Planet Occurrence around L and T Dwarfs
• Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470
• X-ray Emission from the Exoplanet Hosting LTT 1445 Triple Star System
• The Habitability of GJ 357 d : Possible Climates and Observability
• ExoplANNET: A deep learning algorithm to detect and identify planetary signals in radial velocity data
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. The impact of rotation and magnetic fields on the radial velocity jitter in cool stars
• The Diffusion Limit of Photoevaporation in Primordial Planetary Atmospheres
• Around which stars can TESS detect Earth-like planets? The Revised TESS Habitable Zone Catalog
• Homogeneous planet masses I: Reanalysis of archival HARPS radial velocities
• The Featureless HST/WFC3 Transmission Spectrum of the Rocky Exoplanet GJ 1132b: No Evidence For A Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere and Constraints on Starspot Contamination
• Separated twins or just siblings? A multi-planet system around an M dwarf including a cool sub-Neptune
• Null transit detections of 68 radial velocity exoplanets observed by TESS
• Super-Earth masses and stellar abundances from NIRPS reveal tentative evidence for water-rich formation around M dwarfs
• No Robust Statistical Evidence for a Population of Water Worlds in a 2025 Sample of Planets Orbiting M Stars
• A new third planet and the dynamical architecture of the HD33142 planetary system
• HyDRo: Atmospheric Retrieval of Rocky Exoplanets in Thermal Emission
• TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
• The Most Common Habitable Planets III -- Modeling Temperature Forcing and Surface Conditions on Rocky Exoplanets and Exomoons
• Induction Heating in Super-Earths: A Thermochemical Perspective
• Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: a dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions