The generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram. A new formalism for the floating-mean and Keplerian periodograms

Abstract

The Lomb-Scargle periodogram is a common tool in the frequency analysis of unequally spaced data equivalent to least-squares fitting of sine waves. We give an analytic solution for the generalisation to a full sine wave fit, including an offset and weights (${\chi }^2$ fitting). Compared to the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, the generalisation is superior as it provides more accurate frequencies, is less susceptible to aliasing, and gives a much better determination of the spectral intensity. Only a few modifications are required for the computation and the computational effort is similar. Our approach brings together several related methods that can be found in the literature, viz. the date-compensated discrete Fourier transform, the floating-mean periodogram, and the "spectral significance" estimator used in the SigSpec program, for which we point out some equivalences. Furthermore, we present an algorithm that implements this generalisation for the evaluation of the Keplerian periodogram that searches for the period of the best-fitting Keplerian orbit to radial velocity data. The systematic and non-random algorithm is capable of detecting eccentric orbits, which is demonstrated by two examples and can be a useful tool in searches for the orbital periods of exoplanets.

8 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, accepted by A&A

References in corpus (4)

• Assessing statistical significance of periodogram peaks
• High eccentricity planets from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• Selection Functions in Doppler Planet Searches
• A probable close brown dwarf companion to GJ 1046 (M2.5V)

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• Two Jovian planets around the giant star HD202696. A growing population of packed massive planetary pairs around massive stars?
• Searching for Quasi-Periodic Modulations in $\gamma$-ray Active Galactic Nuclei
• M4 Core Project with HST - III. Search for variable stars in the primary field
• Optical and near-infrared stellar activity characterization of the early M dwarf Gl~205 with SOPHIE and SPIRou
• Three planets transiting the evolved star EPIC 249893012: a hot 8.8-M${}_{\oplus }$ super-Earth and two warm 14.7 and 10.2-M${}_{\oplus }$ sub-Neptunes
• The T Tauri star V410 Tau in the eyes of SPIRou and TESS
• Probable Dormant Neutron Star in a Short-Period Binary System
• Radial Velocity Survey for Planets around Young stars (RVSPY) A transiting warm super-Jovian planet around HD 114082, a young star with a debris disk
• The homogeneous characterisation of Ariel host stars
• $\text{Wapiti}$: a data-driven approach to correct for systematics in RV data -- Application to SPIRou data of the planet-hosting M dwarf GJ 251
• The Detection of Transiting Exoplanets by Gaia
• Large amplitude periodic outbursts and long period variables in the VVV VIRAC2-$\beta$ database
• The space weather around the exoplanet GJ 436b
• TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136
• Mitigating stellar activity jitter with different line lists for least-squares deconvolution: analysis of a parametric and a randomised line selection
• Magnitude-squared coherence: A powerful tool for disentangling Doppler planet discoveries from stellar activity
• Stellar activity and rotation of the planet host Kepler-17 from long-term space-borne photometry
• On The Feasibility of Exomoon Detection Via Exoplanet Phase Curve Spectral Contrast
• Rotational modulation of spectroscopic Zeeman signatures in low-mass stars
• TOI-1268b: the youngest, hot, Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet
• ESPRESSO Mass determination of TOI-263b: An extreme inhabitant of the brown dwarf desert
• TOI-1670 b and c: An Inner Sub-Neptune with an Outer Warm Jupiter Unlikely to have Originated from High-Eccentricity Migration
• 3D magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of stellar convective noise for improved exoplanet detection. I. Case of regularly sampled radial velocity observations
• Investigating Taxonomic Diversity within Asteroid Families through ATLAS Dual-Band Photometry
• Magnetic field and chromospheric activity evolution of HD75332: a rapid magnetic cycle in an F star without a hot Jupiter
• Improved signal detection algorithms for unevenly sampled data. Six signals in the radial velocity data for GJ876
• Robust detection of quasi-periodic variability: A HAWKI mini survey of late T dwarfs
• The gamma-ray and Optical Variability Analysis of the BL Lac Object 3FGL J0449.4-4350
• New type II Cepheids from VVV data towards the Galactic center
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Variability on long timescales as seen in chromospheric indicators
• Discrete-time autoregressive model for unequally spaced time-series observations
• MOBSTER -- III. HD 62658: a magnetic Bp star in an eclipsing binary with a non-magnetic 'identical twin'
• The Spin-Orbit Misalignment of TOI-1842b: The First Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for a Warm Sub-Saturn around a Massive Star
• Dependence of NLRs sizes on [OIII] luminosity in low redshift AGN with double-peaked broad Balmer emission lines
• Differential rotation of the solar corona: A new data-adaptive multiwavelength approach
• TOI-4010: A System of Three Large Short-Period Planets With a Massive Long-Period Companion
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A super-Earth planet orbiting HD 79211 (GJ 338 B)
• The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
• Discovery of Bright Galactic R Coronae Borealis and DY Persei Variables: Rare Gems Mined from ACVS
• Photometric variability of the LAMOST sample of magnetic chemically peculiar stars as seen by TESS
• The bright blue side of the night sky: Spectroscopic survey of bright and hot (pre-) white dwarfs
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Rotational variation in activity indicators of Ross 318, YZ CMi, TYC 3529-1437-1, and EV Lac
• A Machine Learning approach for correcting radial velocities using physical observables
• A dense $0.1{\mathbf{M}}_{\odot }$ star in a 51-minute orbital period eclipsing binary
• The VVV Infrared Variability Catalog (VIVA-I)
• Compact Object Candidates with K/M-dwarf Companions from LAMOST Low-resolution Survey
• Spectroscopic confirmation of high-amplitude eruptive YSOs and dipping giants from the VVV survey
• Mysterious, Variable, and Extremely Hot: White Dwarfs Showing Ultra-High Excitation Lines I. Photometric Variability
• The Unusual Apparition of Comet 252P/2000 G1 (LINEAR) and Comparison with Comet P/2016 BA14 (PanSTARRS)
• HD 20329b: An ultra-short-period planet around a solar-type star found by TESS
• Constraining the PG 1553+113 binary hypothesis: interpreting hints of a new, 22-year period
• The OmegaWhite Survey for Short-Period Variable Stars VII: High amplitude, short period blue variables
• WASP-14 b: Transit Timing analysis of 19 light curves
• GJ 806 (TOI-4481): A bright nearby multi-planetary system with a transiting hot, low-density super-Earth
• Precise mass determination for the keystone sub-Neptune planet transiting the mid-type M dwarf G 9-40
• Four Jovian planets around low-luminosity giant stars observed by the EXPRESS and PPPS
• The HD 93963 A transiting system: A 1.04d super-Earth and a 3.65 d sub-Neptune discovered by TESS and CHEOPS
• HATS-47b, HATS-48Ab, HATS-49b and HATS-72b: Four Warm Giant Planets Transiting K Dwarfs
• TOI-1842b: A Transiting Warm Saturn Undergoing Re-Inflation around an Evolving Subgiant
• A spectroscopic test of the rotational modulation origin of periodic \emph{Kepler} photometric variability of A-type stars
• A 6.4yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations in SDSS J075217.84+193542.2: a new candidate for central binary black hole system
• GJ 3090 b: one of the most favourable mini-Neptune for atmospheric characterisation
• A multi-epoch, multi-wavelength study of the classical FUor V1515 Cyg approaching quiescence
• Stable accretion and episodic outflows in the young transition disk system GM Aurigae
• A 31.3 day Transient Quasiperiodic Oscillation in Gamma-ray Emission from Blazar S5 0716+714
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Detection of a mini-Neptune around LSPM J2116+0234 and refinement of orbital parameters of a super-Earth around GJ 686 (BD+18 3421)
• Time evolution of magnetic activity cycles in young suns: The curious case of kappa Ceti
• So close, so different: characterization of the K2-36 planetary system with HARPS-N
• Complete X-ray census of Mdwarfs in the solar Neighborhood I. GJ 745 AB: Coronal-hole Stars in the 10 pc Sample
• RVSPY -- Radial Velocity Survey for Planets around Young Stars. Target characterization and high-cadence survey
• Bow-shocks, nova shells, disc winds and tilted discs: The Nova-Like V341 Ara Has It All
• Testing the Spectroscopic Extraction of Suppression of Convective Blueshift
• A Super-Earth Orbiting Near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around the M4.5-dwarf Ross 508
• Gamma-ray Eclipses and Orbital Modulation Transitions in the Candidate Redback 4FGL J1702.7-5655
• Let there be more variability in two gamma Cas stars
• Three super-Earths and a possible water world from TESS and ESPRESSO
• Polarimetric Properties of the Near--Sun Asteroid (155140) 2005 UD in Comparison with Other Asteroids and Meteoritic Samples
• One-third of Sun-like stars are born with misaligned planet-forming disks
• A massive hot Jupiter orbiting a metal-rich early-M star discovered in the TESS full frame images
• TOI-220 $b$: a warm sub-Neptune discovered by TESS
• V899 Mon: a peculiar eruptive young star close to the end of its outburst
• A warm super-Neptune around the G-dwarf star TOI-1710 revealed with TESS, SOPHIE and HARPS-N
• Transit Origami: A Method to Coherently Fold Exomoon Transits in Time Series Photometry
• Modelling stellar activity with Gaussian process regression networks
• Espresso observations of HE 0107$-$5240 and other CEMP-no stars with $[Fe/H]\le -4.5$
• Short-term variability and mass loss in Be stars VI. Frequency groups in $\gamma$ Cas detected by TESS
• The VVV survey: Long-period variable stars I. Photometric catalog of ten VVV/OGLE tiles
• Evidence for a milliparsec-separation Supermassive Binary Black Hole with quasar microlensing
• Optical Quasi-periodic Oscillations in the TESS light curves of three blazars
• Characterisation of the Warm-Jupiter TOI-1130 system with CHEOPS and photo-dynamical approach
• Sonneberg plate photometry for Boyajian's Star in two passbands
• Hot planets around cool stars -- two short-period mini-Neptunes transiting the late K-dwarf TOI-1260
• Characterization of starspots on a young M-dwarf K2-25: multi-band observations of stellar photometric variability and planetary transits
• Rotation periods from the inflection point in the power spectrum of stellar brightness variations: II. The Sun
• The active weak-line T Tauri star LkCa 4 observed with SPIRou and TESS
• Correlated X-ray and optical variability in the O-type supergiant zeta Puppis
• HATS-37Ab and HATS-38b: Two Transiting Hot Neptunes in the Desert
• On the Rotation of the Solar Chromosphere
• TOI-1801 b: A temperate mini-Neptune around a young M0.5 dwarf
• On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. VI. Mixed mode RR Lyrae variables in Fornax and in nearby dwarf galaxies
• Citizen ASAS-SN Data Release I: Variable Star Classification Using Citizen Science
• Rotation of solar analogs cross-matching Kepler and Gaia DR2
• TOI-4562 b: A highly eccentric temperate Jupiter analog orbiting a young field star
• The GAPS programme at TNG XLIV. Projected rotational velocities of 273 exoplanet-host stars observed with HARPS-N
• Keeping up with the cool stars: One TESS year in the life of AB Doradus
• GJ 3929: High Precision Photometric and Doppler Characterization of an Exo-Venus and its Hot, Mini-Neptune-mass Companion
• Glimpses of stellar surfaces. I. Spot evolution and differential rotation of the planet host star Kepler-210
• Photometric rotation periods for 107 M dwarfs from the APACHE survey
• Photometric identification of the periods of the first candidate extragalactic magnetic massive stars
• Wolf 503 b: Characterization of a Sub-Neptune Orbiting a Metal-Poor K Dwarf
• A decade of radial-velocity monitoring of Vega and new limits on the presence of planets
• Search for planets around stars with wide brown dwarfs
• Asteroid Photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite: A Pilot Study
• Variation in solar differential rotation and activity in the period 1964-2016 determined by the Kanzelhöhe data set
• Constraining the Shape Distribution of Near Earth Objects from Partial Lightcurves
• A CHEOPS-enhanced view of the HD3167 system
• Looking into the cradle of the grave: J22564-5910, a young post-merger hot subdwarf?
• Long-Term Photometry of IC 348 with the YETI Network
• A High-Eccentricity Warm Jupiter Orbiting TOI-4127
• HATS-50b through HATS-53b: four transiting hot Jupiters orbiting G-type stars discovered by the HATSouth survey
• Hyades Member K2-136c: The Smallest Planet in an Open Cluster with a Precisely Measured Mass
• Using Optical Spectroscopy to Map the Geometry and Structure of the Irradiated Accretion Discs in Low-mass X-ray Binaries: The Pilot-Study of MAXI J0637$-$430
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey: III. Recovery and Confirmation of a Temperate, Mildly Eccentric, Single-Transit Jupiter Orbiting TOI-2010
• USuRPER: Unit-Sphere Representation PERiodogram for full spectra
• A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238
• Confirmation of the Long-Period Planet Orbiting Gliese 411 and the Detection of a New Planet Candidate
• The Surface Magnetic Activity of the Weak-Line T Tauri Stars TWA 7 and TWA 25
• A 3.8yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations in blue quasar SDSS J132144+033055 through combined light curves from CSS and ZTF
• A dense mini-Neptune orbiting the bright young star HD 18599
• Projected Rotational Velocities and Fundamental Properties of Low-Mass Pre-Main Sequence Stars in the Taurus-Auriga Star Forming Region
• TOI-4438 b: a transiting mini-Neptune amenable to atmospheric characterization
• Detecting the periodicity of highly irregularly sampled light-curves with Gaussian processes: the case of SDSSJ025214.67-002813.7
• Regular Radial Velocity Variations in Nine G- and K-type Giant Stars: Eight Planets and One Planet Candidate
• SRGA J124404.1-632232/SRGU J124403.8-632231: a new X-ray pulsar discovered in the all-sky survey by SRG
• A BCool survey of stellar magnetic cycles
• Photometric observations of flares on AD Leo from GWAC-F30 and TESS
• TOI-5344 b: A Saturn-like planet orbiting a super-Solar metallicity M0 dwarf
• TOI-837b is a Young Saturn-sized Exoplanet with a Massive 70 $M_{\oplus }$ Core
• Color Variability of HBC 722 in the Post-Outburst Phases
• Stellar masks and bisector's shape for M-type stars observed in the GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG
• A detailed understanding of the rotation-activity relationship using the 300 Myr old open cluster NGC 3532
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XVIII: Six new cold Jupiters, including one of the most eccentric exoplanet orbits
• Revisiting the Transit Timing Variations in the TrES-3 and Qatar-1 systems with TESS data
• HAT-P-58b -- HAT-P-64b: Seven Planets Transiting Bright Stars
• EXPRES. II. Searching for Planets Around Active Stars: A Case Study of HD 101501
• TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906
• New insights on the massive interacting binary UU Cassiopeiae
• A likely magnetic activity cycle for the exoplanet host M dwarf GJ 3512
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS I. Exoplanet detection and candidates
• Revisiting the multi-planetary system of the nearby star HD 20794: Confirmation of a low-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby G-dwarf
• Carbon-enhanced stars with short orbital and spin periods
• Magnetic chemically peculiar stars investigated by the Solar Mass Ejection Imager
• Sectoral r modes and periodic RV variations of Sun-like stars
• Validation and atmospheric exploration of the sub-Neptune TOI-2136b around a nearby M3 dwarf
• Near-Infrared Search for Fundamental-mode RR Lyrae Stars Toward the Inner Bulge by Deep Learning
• A super-Earth on a close-in orbit around the M1V star GJ 740. A HADES and CARMENES collaboration
• The high-energy radiation environment of the habitable-zone super-Earth LHS 1140b
• SDSS J154751.94+025550 with double-peaked broad Hβbut single-peaked broad Hα: a candidate for central binary black hole system?
• Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared
• Exoplanets in the Antarctic Sky. I. The First Data Release of AST3-II (CHESPA) and New Found Variables within the Southern CVZ of TESS
• Discovery of Nine Super Li-rich Unevolved Stars from the LAMOST Survey
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XIII. A sub-Neptune around the M dwarf GJ 720 A
• The discovery of a planetary candidate around the evolved low-mass Kepler giant star HD 175370
• New X-ray detections of known Wolf-Rayet stars
• TOI-1736 and TOI-2141: two systems including sub-Neptunes around solar analogs revealed by TESS and SOPHIE
• Correlation between activity indicators: H$\alpha$ and Ca II lines in M-dwarf stars
• Dynamical masses of two young transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting HD 63433
• Propagation effects in the FRB 20121102A spectra
• Radio emission in a nearby ultracool dwarf binary: a multi-frequency study
• Discovery of a massive giant planet with extreme density around a sub-giant star TOI-4603
• Searching for Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Active Galactic Nuclei of the Chandra Deep Field South
• A celestial matryoshka: Dynamical and spectroscopic analysis of the Albireo system
• A hot Mars-sized exoplanet transiting an M dwarf
• VaTEST I: Validation of Sub-Saturn Exoplanet TOI-181b in Narrow Orbit from its Host Star
• Planetary companions orbiting the M dwarfs GJ 724 and GJ 3988. A CARMENES and IRD collaboration
• Far beyond the Sun: II. Probing the stellar magnetism of the young Sun ι Horologii from the photosphere to its corona
• An extremely hot white dwarf with a rapidly rotating K-type subgiant companion: UCAC2 46706450
• The GAPS Programme at TNG -- XXIV. An eccentric Neptune-mass planet near the inner edge of the BD-11 4672 habitable zone
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES
• Effects of flares on the habitable zones of M dwarfs accessible to TESS planet detections
• Multiwavelength variability of the blazar AO 0235+164
• A close outer companion to the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109 b?
• TOI-4504: Exceptionally large Transit Timing Variations induced by two resonant warm gas giants in a three planet system
• The Puzzling Story of Flare Inactive Ultra Fast Rotating M dwarfs. I. Exploring their Magnetic Fields
• The GAPS programme at TNG XXXIV. Activity-rotation, flux-flux relationships, and active region evolution through stellar age
• Are There Transit Timing Variations for the Exoplanet Qatar-1b ?
• The mu Arae planetary system: Radial velocities and astrometry
• Non-Sinusoidal Transit Timing Variations for the Exoplanet HAT-P-12b
• BRITE photometry and STELLA spectroscopy of bright stars in Auriga: Rotation, pulsation, orbits, and eclipses
• A review of planetary systems around HD 99492, HD 147379 and HD 190007 with HARPS-N
• The need for a public forecast of stellar activity to optimise exoplanet radial velocity detections & transmission spectroscopy
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Behaviour of the Paschen lines during flares and quiescence
• Accounting for stellar activity signals in radial-velocity data by using Change Point Detection techniques
• Revisiting the HD 21749 Planetary System with Stellar Activity Modeling
• Planets around evolved intermediate-mass stars III. Planet candidates and long-term activity signals in six open clusters
• Discovery of periodic dips in the brightest hard X-ray source of M31 with EXTraS
• Reading between the lines: Disk emission, wind, and accretion during the ZCMa NW outburst
• Amplitude Modulation of Short-Timescale Hot Spot Variability
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Line-by-line sensitivity to activity in M dwarfs
• Detailed stellar activity analysis and modelling of GJ 832: Reassessment of the putative habitable zone planet GJ 832c
• GCIRS 7, a pulsating M1 supergiant at the Galactic centre. Physical properties and age
• A rotational age for the open cluster NGC 2281
• Revisiting the cycle-rotation connection for late-type stars
• Wavelength Dependence of Activity-Induced Photometric Variations for Young Cool Stars in Hyades
• Multi-wavelength temporal variability of the blazar PKS 1510-089
• The Transit Timing and Atmosphere of Hot Jupiter HAT-P-37b
• New Periodograms Separating Orbital Radial Velocities and Spectral Shape Variation
• Magnetic field topology, chemical spot distributions and photometric variability of the Ap star phi Draconis
• Long period modulation of the classical T Tauri star CI Tau: evidence for an eccentric close-in massive planet at 0.17 au
• Ultralow-amplitude RR Lyrae Stars in M4
• Planetary companions around the metal-poor star HIP 11952
• A survey for variable young stars with small telescopes: IV -- Rotation Periods of YSOs in IC5070
• Multi-band characterization of the hot Jupiters: WASP-5b, WASP-44b and WASP-46b
• Characterisation of TOI-406 as showcase of the THIRSTEE program: A 2-planet system straddling the M-dwarf density gap
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. XXX: Characterization of the low-density gas giant HAT-P-67 b with GIARPS
• The variability patterns of the TeV blazar PG 1553+113 from a decade of MAGIC and multi-band observations
• Periodic X-ray sources in the Massive Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae: Evidence for Dynamically Formed Cataclysmic Variables
• An Earth-sized Planet around an M5 Dwarf Star at 22 pc
• Spot Model for Identifications of Periods in Asynchronous Polars
• Variability in NGC 3201 giant stars and its impact on their spectroscopic [Fe/H] determination
• Meta-analysis of photometric and asteroseismic measurements of stellar rotation periods: the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, autocorrelation function, wavelet and rotational splitting analysis for 92 Kepler asteroseismic targets
• TOI-837 b: characterisation, formation and evolutionary history of an infant warm Saturn-mass planet
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Study of Ultra-luminous X-ray Source M81 X--6
• The multi-planet system TOI-421 -- A warm Neptune and a super puffy mini-Neptune transiting a G9 V star in a visual binary
• A Catalog of Periodic Variables in Open Clusters M35 and NGC 2158
• A Study of the Magnetic Activity and Variability of GJ 436
• A candidate of binary black hole system in AGN with broad Balmer emission lines having quite different line widths
• A double-period oscillation signal in millimeter emission of the radio galaxy NGC 1275
• The discovery of three hot Jupiters, NGTS-23b, 24b and 25b, and updated parameters for HATS-54b from the Next Generation Transit Survey
• The magnetic field of the chemically peculiar star V352Peg
• S-ACF: A selective estimator for the autocorrelation function of irregularly sampled time series
• V4142 Sgr: a Double Periodic Variable with an accretor surrounded by the accretion-disk's atmosphere
• The study on transiting systems HAT-P-13, HAT-P-16 and WASP-32 through combining ground-based and TESS photometry
• Exploring the short-term variability of H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$ emissions in a sample of M dwarfs
• HST astrometry of the closest Brown Dwarfs -- II. Improved parameters and constraints on a third body
• TOI-5108 b and TOI 5786 b: Two transiting sub-Saturns detected and characterized with TESS, MaHPS and SOPHIE
• Revisiting radio variability of the blazar 3C 454.3
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXIV: An inner eccentric sub-Neptune and an outer sub-Neptune-mass candidate around BD+00 444 (TOI-2443)
• Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470
• The GAPS programme at TNG. XLVI. Deep search for low-mass planets in late-dwarf systems hosting cold Jupiters
• Hard X-ray Emission Associated with White Dwarfs. IV. Signs of Accretion from Sub-stellar Companions
• K2-280b -- a low density warm sub-Saturn around a mildly evolved star
• TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with HPF
• Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning. IV. Removing Stellar Activity Signals from Radial Velocity Measurements Using Neural Networks
• Long-Period High-Amplitude Red Variables in the KELT Survey
• Long photometric cycle and disk evolution in the $\beta$ Lyrae type binary OGLE-BLG-ECL-157529
• Multi-band, Multi-epoch Photometry of the Spot-crossing System TOI-3884: Refined System Geometry and Spot Properties
• The inflated, eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-4914 b orbiting a metal-poor star, and the hot Jupiters TOI-2714 b and TOI-2981 b
• Automated classification of eclipsing binary systems in the VVV Survey
• A catalogue of candidate milli-parsec separation massive black hole binaries from long term optical photometric monitoring
• Analysis of the public HARPS/ESO spectroscopic archive -- Jupiter-like planets around HD 103891 and HD 105779
• A study of the rapid rotator $\zeta$ Aql: differential surface rotation?
• Comparing the frequentist and Bayesian periodic signal detection: rates of statistical mistakes and sensitivity to priors
• Discovery of an inflated hot Jupiter around a slightly evolved star TOI-1789
• K2-79b and K2-222b: Mass measurements of two small exoplanets with periods beyond 10 days that overlap with periodic magnetic activity signals
• New Galactic $\beta$ Lyrae-type Binaries Showing Superorbital Photometric Cycles
• The enigma of Li-rich giants and its relation with temporal variations observed in radial velocity and stellar activity signals
• Discovery of a cold giant planet and mass measurement of a hot super-Earth in the multi-planetary system WASP-132
• The young binary HD 102077: Orbit, spectral type, kinematics, and moving group membership
• A multi-wavelength view of the multiple activity cycles of $\epsilon$~Eridani
• TOI-733 b: a planet in the small-planet radius valley orbiting a Sun-like star
• Star-disk interactions in the strongly accreting T Tauri Star S CrA N
• Automatic detection technique for solar filament oscillations in GONG data
• Precise radial velocities of giant stars XV. Mysterious nearly periodic radial velocity variations in the eccentric binary $\epsilon$ Cygni
• Photometric-Metallicity and Distance Estimates for $\sim$70,000 RR Lyrae Stars from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• On the multiscale behaviour of stellar activity and rotation of the planet host Kepler-30
• Characterisation of magnetic activity of M dwarfs. Possible impact on the surface brightness
• An extended low-density atmosphere around the Jupiter-sized planet WASP-193 b
• The Rotation Period Distribution in the Young Open Cluster NGC 6709
• viper: High-precision radial velocities from the optical to the infrared (Reaching 3 m/s in the K band of CRIRES+ with telluric modelling)
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib
• Is the primary CoRoT target HD43587 under a Maunder minimum phase?
• KOBE-1: The first planetary system from the KOBE survey. Two planets likely residing in the sub-Neptune mass regime around a late K-dwarf
• Transitions in magnetic behavior at the substellar boundary
• Photometric activity cycles in fast-rotating stars: Revisiting the reality of stellar activity cycle branches
• The Puzzling Story of Flare Inactive Ultra Fast Rotating M dwarfs. II. Searching for radial velocity variations
• H${}_{\alpha }$-activity and ages for stars in the SARG survey
• DMPP-3: confirmation of short-period S-type planet(s) in a compact eccentric binary star system, and warnings about long-period RV planet detections
• Two neighbours of the ultra-short-period Earth-sized planet K2-157 b in the warm Neptunian savanna
• In-depth characterization of the Kepler-10 three-planet system with HARPS-N radial velocities and Kepler transit timing variations
• Mid-infrared time-domain study of recent dust production events in the extreme debris disc of TYC 4209-1322-1
• ExoplANNET: A deep learning algorithm to detect and identify planetary signals in radial velocity data
• The Hot-Neptune Initiative (HONEI) I. Two hot sub-Neptunes on a close-in, eccentric orbit (TOI-5800 b) and a farther-out, circular orbit (TOI-5817 b)
• Do Miras show the long secondary periods?
• Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: a laboratory for planet formation and evolution
• An application of a solar-type dynamo model for Epsilon Eridani
• Radii, masses, and transit-timing variations of the three-planet system orbiting the naked-eye star TOI-396
• Long-term Periodicities of Cataclysmic Variables with Synoptic Surveys
• Recovering variable stars in large surveys: EA${}_{\mathrm{up}}$ Algol-type class in the Catalina Survey
• Non-radial oscillations mimicking a brown dwarf orbiting the cluster giant NGC 4349 No. 127
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXV. Precise density measurement of TOI-1430 b, a young planet with an evaporating atmosphere
• Chromaticity of stellar activity in radial velocities : Anti-correlated families of lines on the M dwarf EV Lac with SPIRou and SOPHIE
• Double eclipsing binary system KIC 3832716
• Spot and Facula Activity Variations of the Eccentric Detached Eclipsing Binary KIC 8098300 Based on the Time-series Orbital Solutions
• Detection of Periodicity Based on Independence Tests - IV. Phase Distance Correlation Periodogram for Two-Dimensional Astrometry
• A young spectroscopic binary in a quintuple system part of the Local Association
• Periodic variability of the z=2.0 quasar QSO B1312+7837
• The GAPS programme at TNG XLIII. A massive brown dwarf orbiting the active M dwarf TOI-5375
• Discovery and characterization of a dense sub-Saturn TOI-6651b
• A photospheric and chromospheric activity analysis of the quiescent retrograde-planet host $\nu$ Octantis A
• Magnetic activity variability from H$\alpha$ line intensive monitoring for two F-type stars having a hot-Jupiter, $\tau$ Bootis A and $\upsilon$ Andromedae A
• Detecting Extragalactic Axion-like Dark Matter with Polarization Measurements of Fast Radio Bursts
• The star HIP 41378 potentially misaligned with its cohort of long-period planets
• Intermittent QPO properties of MAXI J1820+070 revealed by Insight-HXMT
• Owens Valley Radio Observatory monitoring of LS I +61°303 completes three cycles of the super-orbital modulation
• Searching for stellar cycles on low mass stars using TESS data
• The G 305 Star-forming Region: II. Irregular variable stars
• A Bootstrap Method for Sinusoid Detection in Colored Noise and Uneven Sampling. Application to Exoplanet Detection
• HADES RV programme with HARPS-N at TNG XIV. A candidate super-Earth orbiting the M-dwarf GJ 9689 with a period close to half the stellar rotation period
• Transient QPOs of Fermi-LAT blazars under the Curved Jet Model
• Photometric study of hot Algol-type binaries with long cycles
• TOI-3288 b and TOI-4666 b: two gas giants transiting low-mass stars characterised by NIRPS
• Characterising the short-orbital period X-ray transient Swift J1910.2-0546
• TOI-1199 b and TOI-1273 b: Two new transiting hot Saturns detected and characterized with SOPHIE and TESS
• Using Doppler Imaging to model stellar activity and search for planets around Sun-like stars
• Evidence for orbital motion of CW Leonis from ground-based astrometry
• A low-mass sub-Neptune planet transiting the bright active star HD 73344
• The brown dwarf population in the star forming region NGC2264
• Modeling Stellar Surface Features on Subgiant Star with an M-dwarf Companion
• Strong Variability in AzV 493, an Extreme Oe-Type Star in the SMC
• Chemical abundances of three new Ba stars from the Keck/HIRES spectra
• A Transiting Super-Earth in the Radius Valley and An Outer Planet Candidate Around HD 307842
• Optimal frequency-domain analysis for spacecraft time series: Introducing the missing-data multitaper power spectrum estimator
• Period Variations for the Cepheid VZ Cyg
• TOI-3568 b: a super-Neptune in the sub-Jovian desert
• Unveiling VVV/WISE Mira variables on the far side of the Galactic disk: Distances, kinematics and a new extinction law
• New Dynamical State and Habitability of the HD 45364 Planetary System
• Long-term stellar activity of M dwarfs: A combined K2 and TESS study of two early M-type stars
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIX. A characterisation study of the $\sim$300 Myr old multi-planetary system orbiting the star BD+40 2790 (TOI-2076)
• TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
• Pyodine: An open, flexible reduction software for iodine-calibrated precise radial velocities
• The Solar Neighborhood LII: M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- Presumed Identical Twins Appear Fraternal in Variability, Rotation, H$\alpha$, and X-rays
• A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N and CHEOPS
• Gaia20bdk -- a new FUor in Sh 2-301 Star Forming Region
• Exploring membership and variability in NGC 7419: An open cluster rich in super giants and Be type stars
• HATS-34b and HATS-46b: Re-characterisation Using TESS and Gaia
• A New Period Determination Method for Periodic Variable Stars
• TESS and HARPS-N unveil two planets transiting TOI-1453. A super-Earth and one of the lowest mass sub-Neptunes
• The GAPS Programme at TNG -- XXIII. HD 164922 d: a close-in super-Earth discovered with HARPS-N in a system with a long-period Saturn mass companion
• A Close-in Planet Orbiting Giant Star HD 167768
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XVI. A super-Earth in the habitable zone of the GJ 3998 multi-planet system
• Characterizing planetary systems with SPIRou: Detection of a sub-Neptune in a 6-day period orbit around the M dwarf Gl 410
• L 363-38 b: a planet newly discovered with ESPRESSO orbiting a nearby M dwarf star
• A sub-Neptune transiting the young field star HD 18599 at 40 pc
• MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
• The active RS CVn-type system SZ Pictoris
• Not so Swift: 20 years of multiwavelength observations of Mrk 421 and Mrk 501
• Generalized Lomb-Scargle analysis of ${}^{36}\mathrm{Cl}$ decay rate measurements at PTB and BNL
• A continuous multiple hypothesis testing framework for optimal exoplanet detection
• TOI-2322: two transiting rocky planets close to the stellar rotation period and its first harmonic
• Precise radial velocities of giant stars -- XVII. Distinguishing planets from intrinsically induced radial velocity signals in evolved stars
• Variable stars in the VVV globular clusters. II. NGC6441, NGC6569, NGC6626 (M28), NGC6656 (M22), 2MASS-GC02, and Terzan10
• Fast Bayesian spectral analysis using Convolutional Neural Networks: Applications over GONG H$\alpha$ solar data
• Analysis of KIC 7023917 -- spotted low-mass ratio eclipsing binary with $\delta$ Scuti pulsations
• K2-399 b is not a planet. The Saturn that wandered through the Neptune desert is actually a hierarchical eclipsing binary
• Abundant sub-micron grains revealed in newly discovered extreme debris discs
• Semi-supervised standardized detection of extrasolar planets
• A TESS search for donor-star pulsations in High-Mass X-ray Binaries
• Radial velocity precision of ESPRESSO through the analysis of the solar twin HIP 11915
• A Trio of Giant Planets Orbiting Evolved Star HD 184010
• Expectations for the confirmation of Proxima c from a long-term radial velocity follow-up
• Analysis of the time series in the space maser signals
• Disentangling the neighbouring pulsars SXP 15.3 and SXP 305
• BD-14 3065b (TOI-4987b): from giant planet to brown dwarf: evidence for deuterium burning in old age?
• An improved correction of radial-velocity systematic for the SOPHIE spectrograph
• Analysis of Gaia radial-velocity standards: stability and new substellar companion candidates
• A hundred new eclipsing binary system candidates studied in a near-infrared window in the VVV survey
• Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions
• Radio and Optical Properties of the blazar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21
• A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star: No evidence of transits in TESS photometry
• EWOCS-IV: 1Ms ACIS Chandra observation of the supergiant B[e] star Wd1-9
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS. II. Detection limits and planetary occurrence statistics
• TILARA: Template-Independent Line-by-line Algorithm for Radial velocity Analysis. I. Description of the code and application on a Sun-like star
• RedDots: Planetary masses in the GJ1061 system from planet-planet interaction
• The puzzling properties of the magnetic O star Tr16-22
• Glimpses of stellar surfaces. II. Origins of the photometric modulations and timing variations of KOI-1452
• Asteroseismology of sz lyn using multi-band high time resolution photometry from ground and space
• A tidally detached super Neptune on a strongly misaligned retrograde orbit
• Discovery of carbon monoxide emission from five debris disks around young A-type stars
• Discovery of a Nearby Habitable Zone Super-Earth Candidate Amenable to Direct Imaging
• A 1.48-2.48 $\mu$m R=28000 spectroscopic atlas of the L7.5 and T0.5 components of the nearest pair of brown dwarfs: Luhman 16AB
• A transiting rocky super-Earth and a non-transiting sub-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-771
• Joint Analysis of Multicolor Photometry: A New Approach to Constrain the Nature of Multiple-Star Systems Hosting Exoplanet Candidates
• Orbital obliquity sampling in the Kepler-20 system using the 3D animation software Blender
• About 300 days optical quasi-periodic oscillations in the long-term light curves of the blazar PKS 2155-304
• Multiwavelength Variability Analysis of the Blazar PKS 0727-11: A $\sim$168 Days Quasi-periodic Oscillation in Gamma-ray
• Variable stars detection in the field of open cluster NGC 188
• True Masses using RV data with Hipparcos and Gaia Astrometry
• FINKER: Frequency Identification through Nonparametric KErnel Regression in astronomical time series
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: Detection of a nearby world orbiting in the habitable zone of Gl725B achieved by correcting strong telluric contamination in near-infrared radial velocities with WAPITI
• The multi-planet system TOI-5624: Four transiting sub-Neptunes with an outer companion revealed by transit-timing variations
• Discovery of a transiting hot water-world candidate orbiting Ross 176 with TESS and CARMENES
• TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
• The Solar Neighborhood. LV. M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- One in Five Twin Sibling Pairs Are Mismatched in Activity and/or Rotation
• Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates. Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147 and 225 GHz in PKS 2131$-$021 and PKS J0805$-$0111
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXXI. A sub-Neptune suitable for atmospheric characterization in a multiplanet and mutually inclined system orbiting the bright K dwarf TOI-5789 (HIP 99452)
• Simultaneous photometric and CARMENES spectroscopic monitoring of fast-rotating M dwarf GJ 3270. Discovery of a post-flare corotating feature
• Generalized Lomb-Scargle analysis of ${}^{123}\mathrm{I}$ and ${}^{99m}\mathrm{Tc}$ decay rate measurements
• An investigation of the magnetic activity of HD 134319 based on TESS photometry and ground-based spectroscopy
• VVV-WIT-13: an eruptive young star with cool molecular features
• SPORES-HWO. II. Companion Mass Limits and Updated Planet Properties for 120 Future Exoplanet Imaging Targets from 35 yr of Precise Doppler Monitoring
• New Insights into Time Series Analysis IV: Panchromatic and Flux Independent Period Finding Methods
• Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index
• The changing face of AU Mic b: stellar spots, spin-orbit commensurability, and Transit Timing Variations as seen by CHEOPS and TESS
• Constraining an exoplanets magnetic field using star-planet interactions
• Measurements of the charge ratio and polarization of cosmic-ray muons with the Super-Kamiokande detector
• Comparison of the disk precession models with the photometric behavior of TT Ari in 2021-2023
• Adaptation of the Phase Distance Correlation Periodogram to Account for Measurement Uncertainties
• Photometric and spectroscopic variability of the blue supergiant rho Leo
• Destruction of "Peas in a Pod?" A Candidate Multi-planet System Around the Nearby, Bright Star, HD208487
• Simultaneous inference of periods and period-luminosity relations for Mira variable stars
• Variability Study and Searching for QPOs with day-like periods in the blazar S5 0716+714 with TESS
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• A new third planet and the dynamical architecture of the HD33142 planetary system
• Uncovering the Rapidly Evolving Orbits of the Dynamic TOI-201 System
• The RoPES project with HARPS and HARPS-N II. A third planet in the multi-planet system HD 176986
• TOI-6884b: A low-mass brown dwarf transiting a slightly evolved star
• Rotation of young solar-type stars as seen by Gaia and K2
• TOI-3757 b: A low density gas giant orbiting a solar-metallicity M dwarf
• Discovery of a multi-planetary system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018
• The GAPS Programme at TNG LXVIII. Characterization of the outer substellar companion around HD 72659 with a multi-technique approach
• CARMENES input catalog of M dwarfs VI. A time-resolved Ca II H&K catalog from archival data
• TOI-1201 b: A mini-Neptune transiting a bright and moderately young M dwarf
• TOI-1438: A rare system with two short-period sub-Neptunes and a tentative long-period Jupiter-like planet orbiting a K0V star
• Testing X-ray Periodicity and Long-Term Trend in PG 1553+113 via Targeted Swift-XRT Monitoring
• Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
• Magnetic activity and differential rotation of HIP12653
• The Multiband Imaging Survey for High-Alpha PlanetS (MISHAPS) I: Preliminary Constraints on the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in 47 Tucanae
• Cyclic light variations and accretion disk evolution in the LMC eclipsing binary OGLE-LMC-DPV-062
• The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density
• A transiting hot Jupiter with two outer siblings orbiting an intermediate-mass post main-sequence star
• Sibling Sub-Neptunes Around Sibling M Dwarfs: TOI-521 and TOI-912
• Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: a dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions
• Revisiting the secondary eclipses of KELT-1b using TESS observations
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIII. New insights on the peculiar XO-2 system
• Dynamical architecture of the HD 107148 system
• Recovering Signals in CoRoT Mission (RSCoRoT): I. Short Period Variable Stars
• Neutrino-Flux Variability, Nuclear-Decay Variability, and Their Apparent Relationship
• Multi-wavelength photometric study of five contact binaries in the field of globular cluster M4
• Revisiting BD-06 1339b: A Likely False Positive Caused by Stellar Activity
• Activity-rotation in the dM4 star Gl 729. A possible chromospheric cycle
• A magnetic field detection in the massive O-type bright giant 63 Oph
• Transit Timing Variations of the Sub-Saturn Exoplanet HAT-P-12b
• First detection of variable radio emission originating from the infant planetary system V1298 Tau
• Near-IR and optical radial velocities of the active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) with SPIRou at CFHT and SOPHIE at OHP: A 2.23 day rotation period and no evidence for a corotating planet
• Exploring Young Stellar Variability with Gaia DR3 light curves
• HAT-P-68b: A Transiting Hot Jupiter Around a K5 Dwarf Star
• The impact of two non-transiting planets and stellar activity on mass determinations for the super-Earth CoRoT-7b
• SXP 15.6 -- an accreting pulsar close to spin equilibrium?
• Activity and Rotation of Nearby Field M Dwarfs in the TESS Southern Continuous Viewing Zone
• HD 183986: a high-contrast SB2 system with a pulsating component
• Model Independent Periodogram for Scanning Astrometry
• Filling the gap in the IERS C01 polar motion series in 1858.9-1860.9
• A New Catalog of Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars in Our Galaxy
• TYC~2990-127-1: an Algol-type SB2 binary system of subgiant and red giant with a probable ongoing mass-transfer
• Syntriod: A Robust Initial Parameter Estimator for Radial Velocity Curve Solutions Beyond Conventional Sampling Limits
• A Multi-instrument Generalized Lomb-Scargle Periodogram Implementation
• Photometric Modulations on Intermediate Timescales in the Symbiotic Binaries
• K2-99 revisited: a non-inflated warm Jupiter, and a temperate giant planet on a 522-d orbit around a subgiant
• Spectral Ratio Analysis: probing of a new suite of stellar activity indicators as a tool for astrophysical noise mitigation
• A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
• Activity cycles in RS CVn type stars
• Determining the incidence rate of magnetic $\delta$ Scuti candidates with CoRoT