Assessing statistical significance of periodogram peaks

Abstract

The least-squares (or Lomb-Scargle) periodogram is a powerful tool which is used routinely in many branches of astronomy to search for periodicities in observational data. The problem of assessing statistical significance of candidate periodicities for different periodograms is considered. Based on results in extreme value theory, improved analytic estimations of false alarm probabilities are given. They include an upper limit to the false alarm probability (or a lower limit to the significance). These estimations are tested numerically in order to establish regions of their practical applicability.

arXiv comment7 pages, 6 figures, 1 table; To be published in MNRAS

References in corpus (4)

• The Lick Planet Search: Detectability and Mass Thresholds
• Detectability of Extrasolar Planets in Radial Velocity Surveys
• The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets III. Three planetary candidates detected with ELODIE
• Level crossings and other level functionals of stationary Gaussian processes

Cited by in corpus (208)

• The generalised Lomb-Scargle periodogram. A new formalism for the floating-mean and Keplerian periodograms
• Understanding the Lomb-Scargle Periodogram
• A detached stellar-mass black hole candidate in the globular cluster NGC 3201
• Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178
• A candidate super-Earth planet orbiting near the snow line of Barnard's star
• Accounting for velocity jitter in planet search surveys
• The impact of red noise in radial velocity planet searches: Only three planets orbiting GJ581?
• Two planets around Kapteyn's star : a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red-dwarf
• Machine Learning-based Brokers for Real-time Classification of the LSST Alert Stream
• Color difference makes a difference: four planet candidates around tau Ceti
• Quantifying Variability of YSOs in the Mid-IR Over Six Years with NEOWISE
• Radial Velocity Data Analysis with Compressed Sensing Techniques
• Benchmarking the power of amateur observatories for TTV exoplanets detection
• A nearby transiting rocky exoplanet that is suitable for atmospheric investigation
• One year of AU Mic with HARPS: II -- stellar activity and star-planet interaction
• Orbital structure of the GJ876 extrasolar planetary system, based on the latest Keck and HARPS radial velocity data
• Quantifying the Bayesian Evidence for a Planet in Radial Velocity Data
• Detecting multiple periodicities in observational data with the multi-frequency periodogram. I. Analytic assessment of the statistical significance
• New Methods for Finding Activity-Sensitive Spectral Lines: Combined Visual Identification and an Automated Pipeline Find a Set of 40 Activity Indicators
• Gaia Data Release 3: Pulsations in main sequence OBAF-type stars
• Comment on "Stellar activity masquerading as planets in the habitable zone of the M dwarf Gliese 581"
• PlanetPack: a radial-velocity time-series analysis tool facilitating exoplanets detection, characterization, and dynamical simulations
• Short time-scale periodicity in OJ 287
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise II. A flexible noise model with fast and scalable methods
• Enhanced models for stellar Doppler noise reveal hints of a 13-year activity cycle of 55 Cancri
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XVI. HD 158259: A compact planetary system in a near-3:2 mean motion resonance chain
• A 4 Gyr M-dwarf Gyrochrone from CFHT/MegaPrime Monitoring of the Open Cluster M67
• Stellar Rotation of T Tauri stars in the Orion Star-Forming Complex
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise. III. Scalable methods for jointly modeling several observables' time series with Gaussian processes
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVIII. Three new massive planets and two low mass brown dwarfs at separation larger than 5 AU
• Homogeneously derived transit timings for 17 exoplanets and reassessed TTV trends for WASP-12 and WASP-4
• Looking at Blazar Light Curve Periodicities with Gaussian Processes
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Mapping stellar activity indicators across the M dwarf domain
• Five New Exoplanets Orbiting Three Metal-Rich, Massive Stars: Two-Planet Systems Including Long-Period Planets, and an Eccentric Planet
• The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: HD32963 -- A New Jupiter Analog Orbiting a Sun-like Star
• Discovery of a hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet and a second temperate, non-transiting planet around the M4 dwarf GJ 3473 (TOI-488)
• Statistical methods for exoplanet detection with radial velocities
• Resonances of low orders in the planetary system of HD37124
• Signatures of Ultralight Dark Matter in Neutrino Oscillation Experiments
• Gaia Data Release 2: Rotational modulation in late-type dwarfs
• Distinguishing between a true period and its alias, and other tasks of model discrimination
• YARARA V2: Reaching sub m/s precision over a decade using PCA on line-by-line RVs
• Mode density and frequency extraction in the delta Scuti star HD 50844
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise I. Statistical significance of periodogram peaks
• Improving exoplanet detection capabilities with the false inclusion probability. Comparison with other detection criteria in the context of radial velocities
• Possible solution to the riddle of HD 82943 multiplanet system: the three-planet resonance 1:2:5?
• Young Faithful: The Eruptions of EC 53 as It Cycles through Filling and Draining the Inner Disk
• Discovery of the Galactic High-Mass Gamma-ray Binary 4FGL J1405.1-6119
• Detecting non-sinusoidal periodicities in observational data: the von Mises periodogram for variable stars and exoplanetary transits
• Gaia Data Release 3. Rotational modulation and patterns of colour variations in solar-like variables
• A pair of warm giant planets near the 2:1 mean motion resonance around the K-dwarf star TOI-2202
• Detections and Constraints on White Dwarf Variability from Time-Series GALEX Observations
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XIII. Two planets around M-dwarfs Gl617A and Gl96
• Ground-based detection of G star superflares with NGTS
• New wavelength calibration of the HARPS spectrograph
• Optimal strategies of radial velocity observations in planet search surveys
• The ZTF Source Classification Project: II. Periodicity and variability processing metrics
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A long-period planet around GJ 1151 measured with CARMENES and HARPS-N data
• Testing whether a signal is strictly periodic. Application to disentangling planets and stellar activity in radial velocities
• Magnetospheric accretion in the intermediate-mass T Tauri star HQ Tau
• INTEGRAL observations of SS433: system's parameters and nutation of supercritical accretion disk
• Stellar Cycles in Fully Convective Stars and a New Interpretation of Dynamo Evolution
• Time Variations in the Flux Density of Sgr A* at 230 GHz Detected with ALMA
• A study of periodograms standardized using training data sets and application to exoplanet detection
• Short Term Variability of Evolved Massive Stars with TESS II: A New Class of Cool, Pulsating Supergiants
• Astrophysical properties of 15062 Gaia DR3 gravity-mode pulsators: pulsation amplitudes, rotation, and spectral line broadening
• A comparative study of four significance measures for periodicity detection in astronomical surveys
• Very Low-Mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-Like Stars from MARVELS I: A Low Mass Ratio Stellar Companion to TYC 4110-01037-1 in a 79-day Orbit
• Short Term Variability of Evolved Massive Stars with TESS
• Variability studies and modeling of the blazar PKS 2155-304 in the light of a decade of multi-wavelength observations
• Variable star classification across the Galactic bulge and disc with the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea survey
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets XV. A Warm Neptune around the M-dwarf Gl378
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XIX. Brown dwarfs and stellar companions unveiled by radial velocity and astrometry
• Keplerian periodogram for Doppler exoplanets detection: optimized computation and analytic significance thresholds
• Gliese 12 b: A temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 pc ideal for atmospheric transmission spectroscopy
• Periodicity Search on X-ray Bursts of SGR J1935+2154 Using 8.5 yr of Fermi/GBM Data
• Detecting non-sinusoidal periodicities in observational data using multi-harmonic periodograms
• Orbital variability of the optical linear polarization of the $\gamma$-ray binary LS I +61 303 and new constraints on the orbital parameters
• Magnetic Activity-Rotation-Age-Mass Relations in Late Pre-main Sequence Stars
• Radial Velocity Survey for Planets around Young stars (RVSPY) A transiting warm super-Jovian planet around HD 114082, a young star with a debris disk
• 21st Century Statistical and Computational Challenges in Astrophysics
• Minute-cadence Observations of the LAMOST Fields with the TMTS: I. Methodology of Detecting Short-period Variables and Results from the first-year Survey
• $\text{Wapiti}$: a data-driven approach to correct for systematics in RV data -- Application to SPIRou data of the planet-hosting M dwarf GJ 251
• Rotational modulation of spectroscopic Zeeman signatures in low-mass stars
• Magnitude-squared coherence: A powerful tool for disentangling Doppler planet discoveries from stellar activity
• Investigating light curve modulation via kernel smoothing. II. New additional modes in single-mode OGLE classical Cepheids
• Very Low Mass Stellar and Substellar Companions to Solar-Like Stars From MARVELS V: A Low Eccentricity Brown Dwarf from the Driest Part of the Desert, MARVELS-6b
• A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1: VIII. Binary Systems and Orbital Parameters
• Robust model comparison tests of DAMA/LIBRA annual modulation
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets-XIX. A system including a cold sub-Neptune potentially transiting a V = 6.5 star HD88986
• Detecting multiple periodicities in observational data with the multifrequency periodogram - II. Frequency Decomposer, a parallelized time-series analysis algorithm
• It takes two planets in resonance to tango around K2-146
• HD207897 b: A dense sub-Neptune transiting a nearby and bright K-type star
• A Super-Earth Orbiting Near the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone around the M4.5-dwarf Ross 508
• CORALIE radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES). I. Sample definition and first results: Three new planets orbiting giant stars
• On the radial velocity detection of additional planets in transiting, slowly rotating M-dwarf systems: the case of GJ 1132
• Diverse Long-Term Variability of Five Candidate High-Mass X-ray Binaries from Swift Burst Alert Telescope Observations
• A 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance Super-Jovian pair revealed by TESS, FEROS, and HARPS
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLVI: 12 super-Earths around the solar type stars HD39194, HD93385, HD96700, HD154088, and HD189567
• Identification of SRGt 062340.2-265715 as a bright, strongly variable, novalike cataclysmic variable
• The rotation period distributions of 4--10 Myr T Tauri stars in Orion OB1: New constraints on pre-main-sequence angular momentum evolution
• Identifying Light-curve Signals with a Deep Learning Based Object Detection Algorithm. II. A General Light Curve Classification Framework
• Regular Radial Velocity Variations in Nine G- and K-type Giant Stars: Eight Planets and One Planet Candidate
• A Thorough Search for Short Timescale Periodicity in Four Active Repeating Fast Radio Bursts
• Discovery of transition from marginally stable burning to unstable burning after a superburst in Aql X-1
• A compact multi-planet system around a bright nearby star from the Dispersed Matter Planet Project
• Evidence of New Magnetic Transitions in Late-Type Dwarfs from Gaia DR2
• Radial velocity homogeneous analysis of M dwarfs observed with HARPS I. Exoplanet detection and candidates
• A likely magnetic activity cycle for the exoplanet host M dwarf GJ 3512
• Multi-Epoch VLBI of L Dwarf Binary 2MASS J0746+2000AB: Precise Mass Measurements and Confirmation of Radio Emission from Both Components
• Quasi periodic whispers from a transient ULX in M\,101: signatures of a fast-spinning neutron star?
• Planetary companions orbiting the M dwarfs GJ 724 and GJ 3988. A CARMENES and IRD collaboration
• Searching for Quasi-periodic Oscillations in Active Galactic Nuclei of the Chandra Deep Field South
• A new pulsating neutron star in the Ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 4559 X7?
• X-ray and gamma-ray orbital variability from the gamma-ray binary HESS J1832-093
• The Lick-Carnegie Survey: A New Two-Planet System Around the Star HD 207832
• Deep Chandra Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud. II. Timing Analysis of X-ray Pulsars
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES
• BRITE photometry and STELLA spectroscopy of bright stars in Auriga: Rotation, pulsation, orbits, and eclipses
• Investigating the nature of the ultraluminous X-ray sources in the galaxy NGC 925
• Statistical detection of patterns in unidimensional distributions by continuous wavelet transforms
• Machine Learning Methods for Monitoring of Quasi-Periodic Traffic in Massive IoT Networks
• Coralie radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES) III. A new Jupiter host-star: in-depth analysis of HD 29399 using TESS data
• TESS and HARPS reveal two sub-Neptunes around TOI 1062
• Periodic X-ray sources in the Massive Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae: Evidence for Dynamically Formed Cataclysmic Variables
• Aliasing in the Radial Velocities of YZ Ceti: An Ultra-Short Period for YZ Ceti c?
• An X-ray high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation in NGC 1365
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLVII. Five Jupiter-mass planets in long-period orbits, one highly irradiated Neptune, one brown dwarf, and five stellar binaries
• Hyper-active repeating fast radio bursts from rotation modulated starquakes on magnetars
• Variability of Young Stellar Objects in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Removing Aliases in Time-Series Photometry
• Periodicity from X-ray sources within the inner Galactic disk
• Searching for cataclysmic variable stars in unidentified X-ray sources
• Self-Calibrating the Look-Elsewhere Effect: Fast Evaluation of the Statistical Significance Using Peak Heights
• Discovery of a cold giant planet and mass measurement of a hot super-Earth in the multi-planetary system WASP-132
• Quasi-regular variations of subpulse drifting for PSR J1857+0057
• Radio Transients and Variables in the Tenth Deeper, Wider, Faster Observing Run
• Comparing the frequentist and Bayesian periodic signal detection: rates of statistical mistakes and sensitivity to priors
• Evidence for a brief appearance of gamma-ray periodicity after a compact star merger
• K2-79b and K2-222b: Mass measurements of two small exoplanets with periods beyond 10 days that overlap with periodic magnetic activity signals
• A 2 day orbital period for a redback millisecond pulsar candidate in the globular cluster NGC 6397
• Statistical significance testing for mixed priors: a combined Bayesian and frequentist analysis
• LASR-Guided Stellar Photometric Variability Subtraction: The Linear Algorithm For Significance Reduction
• Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: a laboratory for planet formation and evolution
• ExoplANNET: A deep learning algorithm to detect and identify planetary signals in radial velocity data
• A multi-kiloGauss magnetic field driving the magnetospheric accretion process in EX Lupi
• In-depth characterization of the Kepler-10 three-planet system with HARPS-N radial velocities and Kepler transit timing variations
• Serendipitous discovery of the magnetic cataclysmic variable SRGE J075818-612027
• Owens Valley Radio Observatory monitoring of LS I +61°303 completes three cycles of the super-orbital modulation
• Gl 725A b: a potential super-Earth detected with SOPHIE and SPIRou in an M dwarf binary system at 3.5 pc
• Robust 1-norm periodograms for analysis of noisy non-Gaussian time series with irregular cadences: Application to VLBI astrometry of quasars
• The detection of possible $\gamma$-ray quasi-periodic modulation with $\sim$600 days from the blazar S2 0109+22
• Identification of an X-ray Pulsar in the BeXRB system IGR J18219$-$1347
• Do Cellular Automaton Avalanche Models Simulate the Quasi-Periodic Pulsations of Solar Flares?
• Randomization Inference of Periodicity in Unequally Spaced Time Series with Application to Exoplanet Detection
• Fine-resolution analysis of exoplanetary distributions by wavelets: hints of an overshooting iceline accumulation
• Using Doppler Imaging to model stellar activity and search for planets around Sun-like stars
• Searching for exotic object companions in the dense core of NGC 362: a multi-wavelength and multi-epoch photometric analysis
• A candidate magnetic helium core white dwarf in the globular cluster NGC 6397
• A low-mass sub-Neptune planet transiting the bright active star HD 73344
• Optimal frequency-domain analysis for spacecraft time series: Introducing the missing-data multitaper power spectrum estimator
• Semi-supervised standardized detection of extrasolar planets
• Not so Swift: 20 years of multiwavelength observations of Mrk 421 and Mrk 501
• A Close-in Planet Orbiting Giant Star HD 167768
• Generalized Lomb-Scargle analysis of ${}^{36}\mathrm{Cl}$ decay rate measurements at PTB and BNL
• The time-variable ultraviolet sky: Active Galactic Nuclei, Stars and White Dwarfs
• Eclipsing Binary Science Via the Merging of Transit and Doppler Exoplanet Survey Data - A Case Study With the MARVELS Pilot Project and SuperWASP
• A Trio of Giant Planets Orbiting Evolved Star HD 184010
• The Solar Neighborhood LII: M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- Presumed Identical Twins Appear Fraternal in Variability, Rotation, H$\alpha$, and X-rays
• Exploring membership and variability in NGC 7419: An open cluster rich in super giants and Be type stars
• HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XVI. A super-Earth in the habitable zone of the GJ 3998 multi-planet system
• A continuous multiple hypothesis testing framework for optimal exoplanet detection
• A circularly polarized low-frequency radio burst from the exoplanetary system HD 189733
• Cataclysmic Variable Candidates Identified in eROSITA-DE DR1,XMM-Newton, Swift, and ROSAT Catalogs
• A Statistical Primer on Classical Period-Finding Techniques in Astronomy
• Orbital Refinement and Stellar Properties for the HD 9446, HD 43691, and HD 179079 Planetary Systems
• SETI@home: Data Acquisition and Front-End Processing
• M-dwarf stars in the b294 field from the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV)
• The JCMT Transient Survey: Four Year Summary of Monitoring the Submillimeter Variability of Protostars
• The observed multiplicity properties of B-type stars in the Galactic young open cluster NGC 6231
• A sub-Earth-mass planet orbiting Barnard's star: No evidence of transits in TESS photometry
• Stacked Periodograms as a Probe of Exoplanetary Populations
• The impact of photospheric brightness field on exoplanetary transit timings and the TTV excess of HD 189733 b
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: Detection of a nearby world orbiting in the habitable zone of Gl725B achieved by correcting strong telluric contamination in near-infrared radial velocities with WAPITI
• Milliarcsecond astrometric oscillations in active galactic nuclei as a precursor of multi-messenger gravitational wave events
• Exploring the nature of an ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 628
• Cleaning WASP-33 b transits from the host star photometric variability: analysis of TESS data from two sectors
• Generalized Lomb-Scargle analysis of ${}^{123}\mathrm{I}$ and ${}^{99m}\mathrm{Tc}$ decay rate measurements
• Stellar-activity analysis of the nearby M dwarf GJ 526. Multi-dimensional Gaussian-process modelling of RV, FWHM and S-index
• The Solar Neighborhood. LV. M Dwarf Twin Binaries -- One in Five Twin Sibling Pairs Are Mismatched in Activity and/or Rotation
• A 4.5-s Quasiperiodic Spectral Oscillation in GRB 230307A: Evidence for Free Precession of a Post-Merger Magnetar?
• The Multivariate Extension of the Lomb-Scargle Method
• ZTF IC 10 variable catalog
• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) I. Survey Overview, Reduction Pipeline, and Early Results
• Prospects for detecting proto-neutron star rotation and spindown using supernova neutrinos
• Exploring Young Stellar Variability with Gaia DR3 light curves
• A magnetic field detection in the massive O-type bright giant 63 Oph
• Near-IR and optical radial velocities of the active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) with SPIRou at CFHT and SOPHIE at OHP: A 2.23 day rotation period and no evidence for a corotating planet
• X-ray and Optical Analysis of the Prototype Polar AN UMa
• Demonstration of deuterium's enhanced sensitivity to symmetry violations governed by the Standard-Model Extension
• NIRPS tightens the mass estimate of GJ 3090 b and detects a planet near the stellar rotation period
• Characterising the magnetospheric accretion process of DF Tauri's primary
• A Multi-instrument Generalized Lomb-Scargle Periodogram Implementation
• Photometric Modulations on Intermediate Timescales in the Symbiotic Binaries
• Confirmation of SRGt 062340.2-265751 as a nova-like cataclysmic variable with a possible magnetic nature
• Optimization Applied to Selected Exoplanets
• Full-frame data reduction method: a data mining tool to detect the potential variations in optical photometry