Statistical methods for exoplanet detection with radial velocities

Abstract

Exoplanets can be detected with various observational techniques. Among them, radial velocity (RV) has the key advantages of revealing the architecture of planetary systems and measuring planetary mass and orbital eccentricities. RV observations are poised to play a key role in the detection and characterization of Earth twins. However, the detection of such small planets is not yet possible due to very complex, temporally correlated instrumental and astrophysical stochastic signals. Furthermore, exploring the large parameter space of RV models exhaustively and efficiently presents difficulties. In this review, we frame RV data analysis as a problem of detection and parameter estimation in unevenly sampled, multivariate time series. The objective of this review is two-fold: to introduce the motivation, methodological challenges, and numerical challenges of RV data analysis to nonspecialists, and to unify the existing advanced approaches in order to identify areas for improvement.

arXiv commentPublished in Annual Reviews of Statistics and Its Application, contains the main text and supplemental appendix

References in corpus (101)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Fast and scalable Gaussian process modeling with applications to astronomical time series
• No planet for HD 166435
• Molecfit: A general tool for telluric absorption correction. I. Method and application to ESO instruments
• A Framework for Prioritizing the TESS Planetary Candidates Most Amenable to Atmospheric Characterization
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets VII. Two short-period Saturnian companions to HD108147 and HD168746
• Dynamical Origin of Extrasolar Planet Eccentricity Distribution
• Planets and Stellar Activity: Hide and Seek in the CoRoT-7 system
• PolyChord: next-generation nested sampling
• Improving the Efficiency of Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Analyzing the Orbits of Extrasolar Planets
• Quantifying the Uncertainty in the Orbits of Extrasolar Planets
• Spectrum radial velocity analyser (SERVAL). High-precision radial velocities and two alternative spectral indicators
• A Gaussian process framework for modelling stellar activity signals in radial velocity data
• Assessing statistical significance of periodogram peaks
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG XIV. Investigating giant planet migration history via improved eccentricity and mass determination for 231 transiting planets
• Radial velocity planets de-aliased. A new, short period for Super-Earth 55 Cnc e
• A simple method to estimate radial velocity variations due to stellar activity using photometry
• Planetary detection limits taking into account stellar noise. I. Observational strategies to reduce stellar oscillation and granulation effects
• SOAP 2.0: A tool to estimate the photometric and radial velocity variations induced by stellar spots and plages
• Efficient fitting of multiplanet Keplerian models to radial velocity and astrometry data
• Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178
• Measuring precise radial velocities on individual spectral lines. I. Validation of the method and application to mitigate stellar activity
• The Sun as a planet-host star: Proxies from SDO images for HARPS radial-velocity variations
• The low-level radial velocity variability in Barnard's star (=GJ 699). Secular acceleration, indications for convective redshift, and planet mass limits
• The fundamental definition of 'radial velocity'
• TAPAS, a web-based service of atmospheric transmission computation for astronomy
• SOAP. A tool for the fast computation of photometry and radial velocity induced by stellar spots
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XIX. Characterization and dynamics of the GJ876 planetary system
• Three years of Sun-as-a-star radial-velocity observations on the approach to solar minimum
• Using the Sun to estimate Earth-like planets detection capabilities.I. Impact of cold spots
• The Joker: A custom Monte Carlo sampler for binary-star and exoplanet radial velocity data
• A candidate short-period sub-Earth orbiting Proxima Centauri
• Accounting for velocity jitter in planet search surveys
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXXVIII. Bayesian re-analysis of three systems. New super-Earths, unconfirmed signals, and magnetic cycles
• Planetary detection limits taking into account stellar noise. II. Effect of stellar spot groups on radial-velocities
• Three Years of HARPS-N High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Precise Radial Velocity Data for the Sun
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XXX. Planetary systems around stars with solar-like magnetic cycles and short-term activity variation
• The Precision of Mass Measurements Required for Robust Atmospheric Characterization of Transiting Exoplanets
• Radial-Velocity Fitting Challenge. II. First results of the analysis of the data set
• Predicting the long-term stability of compact multiplanet systems
• Stacked Bayesian general Lomb-Scargle periodogram: Identifying stellar activity signals
• pyaneti II: A multidimensional Gaussian process approach to analysing spectroscopic time-series
• Separating planetary reflex Doppler shifts from stellar variability in the wavelength domain
• The 55 Cancri Planetary System: Fully Self-Consistent N-body Constraints and a Dynamical Analysis
• A Bayesian Kepler Periodogram detects a second planet in HD 208487
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXV. Planetary systems and stellar activity of the M dwarfs GJ 3293, GJ 3341, and GJ 3543
• Line-profile variations in radial-velocity measurements: Two alternative indicators for planetary searches
• An Empirically Derived Three-Dimensional Laplace Resonance in the Gliese 876 Planetary System
• Radial Velocity Data Analysis with Compressed Sensing Techniques
• Characterisation of the radial velocity signal induced by rotation in late-type dwarfs
• Using the Sun to estimate Earth-like planets detection capabilities. V. Parameterizing the impact of solar activity components on radial velocities
• YARARA: Significant improvement of RV precision through post-processing of spectral time-series
• Rapid contraction of giant planets orbiting the 20 million-years old star V1298 Tau
• Diving Beneath the Sea of Stellar Activity: Chromatic Radial Velocities of the Young AU Mic Planetary System
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets XI. The return of the giant planet orbiting HD192263
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLIII. A compact system of four super-Earth planets orbiting HD 215152
• Quantifying the Bayesian Evidence for a Planet in Radial Velocity Data
• kima: Exoplanet detection in radial velocities
• Precision radial velocity measurements by the forward-modeling technique in the near-infrared
• A planetary system with gas giants and super-Earths around the nearby M dwarf GJ 676A. Optimizing data analysis techniques for the detection of multi-planetary systems
• The EXPRES Stellar Signals Project II. State of the Field in Disentangling Photospheric Velocities
• Insights on the Spectral Signatures of Stellar Activity and Planets from PCA
• Detecting multiple periodicities in observational data with the multi-frequency periodogram. I. Analytic assessment of the statistical significance
• New Methods for Finding Activity-Sensitive Spectral Lines: Combined Visual Identification and an Automated Pipeline Find a Set of 40 Activity Indicators
• Fast Bayesian Inference for Exoplanet Discovery in Radial Velocity Data
• Agatha: disentangling periodic signals from correlated noise in a periodogram framework
• Wobble: A Data-driven Analysis Technique for Time-series Stellar Spectra
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise II. A flexible noise model with fast and scalable methods
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise. III. Scalable methods for jointly modeling several observables' time series with Gaussian processes
• Impact of micro-telluric lines on precise radial velocities and its correction
• Stellar Surface Magneto-Convection as a Source of Astrophysical Noise III. Sun-as-a-star Simulations and Optimal Noise Diagnostics
• Toward Extremely Precise Radial Velocities: II. A Tool For Using Multivariate Gaussian Processes to Model Stellar Activity
• Proxima Centauri as a Benchmark for Stellar Activity Indicators in the Near Infrared
• The multiplicity distribution of Kepler's exoplanets
• Observing the Sun as a star: Design and early results from the NEID solar feed
• Stellar activity correction using PCA decomposition of shells
• Efficient modeling of correlated noise I. Statistical significance of periodogram peaks
• Improving exoplanet detection capabilities with the false inclusion probability. Comparison with other detection criteria in the context of radial velocities
• EXPRES I. HD~3651 an Ideal RV Benchmark
• The Impact of Stellar Surface Magnetoconvection and Oscillations on the Detection of Temperate, Earth-Mass Planets Around Sun-Like Stars
• Detecting non-sinusoidal periodicities in observational data: the von Mises periodogram for variable stars and exoplanetary transits
• A robust, template-free approach to precise radial velocity extraction
• Bayesian analysis of the radial velocities of HD 11506 reveals another planetary companion
• Auto-correlation functions of astrophysical processes, and their relation to Gaussian processes; Application to radial velocities of different starspot configurations
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XVII. Line profile indicators and kernel regression as diagnostics of radial-velocity variations due to stellar activity in solar-like stars
• Testing whether a signal is strictly periodic. Application to disentangling planets and stellar activity in radial velocities
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLV. Two Neptune mass planets orbiting HD 13808: a study of stellar activity modelling's impact on planet detection
• A comparative study of four significance measures for periodicity detection in astronomical surveys
• A Fast, 2D Gaussian Process Method Based on Celerite: Applications to Transiting Exoplanet Discovery and Characterization
• Keplerian periodogram for Doppler exoplanets detection: optimized computation and analytic significance thresholds
• An Apodized Kepler Periodogram for Separating Planetary and Stellar Activity Signals
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy across stellar surfaces. V. Observational prospects: Toward Earth-like exoplanet detection
• Detection of Periodicity Based on Independence Tests - III. Phase Distance Correlation Periodogram
• A general stability-driven approach for the refinement of multi-planet systems
• Modelling stellar activity with Gaussian process regression networks
• FIESTA II. Disentangling stellar and instrumental variability from exoplanetary Doppler shifts in Fourier domain
• Multi-Mask Least-Squares Deconvolution: Extracting RVs using tailored masks
• New Periodograms Separating Orbital Radial Velocities and Spectral Shape Variation
• Accounting for stellar activity signals in radial-velocity data by using Change Point Detection techniques
• Detection of Periodicity Based on Serial Dependence of Phase-Folded Data
• A Stellar Activity F-statistic for Exoplanet Surveys (SAFE)

Cited by in corpus (15)

• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• Constraining exoplanet interiors using observations of their atmospheres
• Solar Photospheric Spectrum Microvariability I. Theoretical searches for proxies of radial-velocity jittering
• Can metal-rich worlds form by giant impacts?
• A statistical model of stellar variability. I. FENRIR: a physics-based model of stellar activity, and its fast Gaussian process approximation
• Robust 1-norm periodograms for analysis of noisy non-Gaussian time series with irregular cadences: Application to VLBI astrometry of quasars
• MAISTEP -- a new grid-based machine learning tool for inferring stellar parameters I. Ages of giant-planet host stars
• A continuous multiple hypothesis testing framework for optimal exoplanet detection
• 3D Radiative MHD Simulations of Starspots II: Large-scale Structure
• Searching for Low-Mass Exoplanets Amid Stellar Variability with a Fixed Effects Linear Model of Line-by-Line Shape Changes
• A Statistical Primer on Classical Period-Finding Techniques in Astronomy
• Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903
• A Cool Earth-sized Planet Candidate Transiting a Tenth Magnitude K-dwarf From K2
• Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: a dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions
• Improving exoplanet mass characterisation with Bayesian model selection using the Learned Harmonic Mean Estimator