EXPRES I. HD~3651 an Ideal RV Benchmark

Abstract

The next generation of exoplanet-hunting spectrographs should deliver up to an order of magnitude improvement in radial velocity precision over the standard 1 m/s state of the art. This advance is critical for enabling the detection of Earth-mass planets around Sun-like stars. New calibration techniques such as laser frequency combs and stabilized etalons ensure that the instrumental stability is well characterized. However, additional sources of error include stellar noise, undetected short-period planets, and telluric contamination. To understand and ultimately mitigate error sources, the contributing terms in the error budget must be isolated to the greatest extent possible. Here, we introduce a new high cadence radial velocity program, the EXPRES 100 Earths program, which aims to identify rocky planets around bright, nearby G and K dwarfs. We also present a benchmark case: the 62-d orbit of a Saturn-mass planet orbiting the chromospherically quiet star, HD 3651. The combination of high eccentricity (0.6) and a moderately long orbital period, ensures significant dynamical clearing of any inner planets. Our Keplerian model for this planetary orbit has a residual RMS of 58 cm/s over a $\sim 6$ month time baseline. By eliminating significant contributors to the radial velocity error budget, HD 3651 serves as a standard for evaluating the long term precision of extreme precision radial velocity (EPRV) programs.

arXiv comment11 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal

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Cited by in corpus (23)

• Separating planetary reflex Doppler shifts from stellar variability in the wavelength domain
• The EXPRES Stellar Signals Project II. State of the Field in Disentangling Photospheric Velocities
• Statistical methods for exoplanet detection with radial velocities
• YARARA V2: Reaching sub m/s precision over a decade using PCA on line-by-line RVs
• Stellar activity correction using PCA decomposition of shells
• Detection Limits of Low-mass, Long-period Exoplanets Using Gaussian Processes Applied to HARPS-N Solar RVs
• Doppler Constraints on Planetary Companions to Nearby Sun-like Stars: An Archival Radial Velocity Survey of Southern Targets for Proposed NASA Direct Imaging Missions
• MAROON-X: The first two years of EPRVs from Gemini North
• SOAP-GPU: Efficient Spectral Modelling of Stellar Activity Using Graphical Processing Units
• EXPRES. III. Revealing the Stellar Activity Radial Velocity Signature of $\epsilon$ Eridani with Photometry and Interferometry
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy across stellar surfaces. V. Observational prospects: Toward Earth-like exoplanet detection
• Fishing for Planets: A Comparative Analysis of EPRV Survey Performance in the Presence of Correlated Noise
• Excalibur: A Non-Parametric, Hierarchical Wavelength-Calibration Method for a Precision Spectrograph
• Search for planets around stars with wide brown dwarfs
• EXPRES IV: Two Additional Planets Orbiting $\rho$ Coronae Borealis Reveal Uncommon System Architecture
• EXPRES. II. Searching for Planets Around Active Stars: A Case Study of HD 101501
• Revised Properties and Dynamical History for the HD 17156 System
• The Lowell Observatory Solar Telescope: A fiber feed into the EXtreme PREcision Spectrometer
• Using Doppler Imaging to model stellar activity and search for planets around Sun-like stars
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• ARDENT: A Python package for fast dynamical detection limits with radial velocities
• SPORES-HWO. II. Companion Mass Limits and Updated Planet Properties for 120 Future Exoplanet Imaging Targets from 35 yr of Precise Doppler Monitoring
• TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in its Atmosphere