The detection of possible $\gamma$-ray quasi-periodic modulation with $\sim$600 days from the blazar S2 0109+22

Abstract

In this work, we analyzed the long term gamma-ray data by a Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) of blazar S2 0109+22, ranging from 2008 to 2023. The quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of blazars aided in investigating the physical properties of internal supermassive black holes, the nature of variability, and the underlying radiation mechanism. We employed four different methods--Weighted Wavelet Z-transform, Lomb-Scargle periodogram, REDFIT and phase folded light curve analysis, for searching QPO signals. Our analysis identified a possible QPO behavior with a periodicity of $\sim$600 days in November 2013 to January 2023 at a significance level of 3.5 $\sigma$. This QPO signal sustained $\sim$9 years, corresponding to 5.6 cycles, which was in good agreement with the previously observed of periodicity $\sim$657 days in radio. We explained this phenomenon based on the accretion model and the lighthouse effect, in a binary black hole system.

arXiv comment12 pages, 8 figures,3 tables,accepted for publication in PASP

References in corpus (60)

• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Mission
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog
• Fast and scalable Gaussian process modeling with applications to astronomical time series
• Leptonic and Hadronic Modeling of Fermi-Detected Blazars
• Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
• Constraints on the Physical Parameters of TeV Blazars
• Investigating a Fluctuating-accretion Model for the Spectral-timing Properties of Accreting Black Hole Systems
• A massive binary black-hole system in OJ287 and a test of general relativity
• Assessing statistical significance of periodogram peaks
• Formation of Precessing Jets by Tilted Black-hole Discs in 3D General Relativistic MHD Simulations
• A New Simple Model for High Frequency Quasi Periodic Oscillations in Black Hole Candidates
• Generating artificial light curves: Revisited and updated
• Swift observations of the very intense flaring activity of Mrk 421 during 2006: I. Phenomenological picture of electron acceleration and predictions for the MeV/GeV emission
• Flexible and Scalable Methods for Quantifying Stochastic Variability in the Era of Massive Time-Domain Astronomical Data Sets
• Multiwavelength Evidence for Quasi-periodic Modulation in the Gamma-ray Blazar PG 1553+113
• Stochastic Acceleration and the Evolution of Spectral Distributions in SSC Sources: A Self Consistent Modeling of Blazars' Flares
• Log-parabolic spectra and particle acceleration in blazars. III: SSC emission in the TeV band from Mkn 501
• Non-linear resonance in nearly geodesic motion in low-mass X-ray binaries
• Relativistic Diskoseismology. I. Analytical Results for 'Gravity Modes'
• On the two main classes of Active Galactic Nuclei
• A model for periodic blazars
• Radiation fields of disk, BLR and torus in quasars and blazars: implications for gamma-ray absorption
• Detection of Possible Quasi-periodic Oscillations in the Long-term Optical Light Curve of the BL Lac Object OJ 287
• Systematic search for gamma-ray periodicity in active galactic nuclei detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• A quasi-periodic oscillation in the blazar J1359+4011
• A 34.5 day quasi-periodic oscillation in gamma-ray emission from the blazar PKS 2247-131
• The Unanticipated Phenomenology of the Blazar PKS~2131$-$021: A Unique Super-Massive Black Hole Binary Candidate
• Radio variability properties for radio sources
• Phase-resolved spectroscopy of low frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in GRS 1915+105
• Revisiting Quasi-Periodic modulation in $\gamma$-ray Blazar PKS 2155-304 with Fermi Pass 8 data
• Gamma-ray quasi-periodicities of blazars. A cautious approach
• Quasi-periodicities of PKS 2155-304
• Gamma-ray and Optical Oscillations of 0716+714, MRK 421, and BL Lac
• Radio and $\gamma$-ray variability in the BL Lac PKS 0219 -164: Detection of quasi-periodic oscillations in the radio light curve
• Harmonic QPOs and Thick Accretion Disk Oscillations in BL Lac Object AO 0235+164
• A $\gamma$-ray Quasi-Periodic modulation in the Blazar PKS 0301$-$243?
• Quasi-periodic oscillations in the $\gamma$-ray light curves of bright active galactic nuclei
• Confrontation of Observation and Theory: High Frequency QPOs in X-ray Binaries, Tidal Disruption Events, and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The flux-dependent rms variability of X-ray binaries in the optical
• Universal scaling of the 3:2 twin-peak quasi-periodic oscillation frequencies with black hole mass and spin revisited
• An X-ray periodicity of $\sim$1.8 hours in a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 766
• Optical quasi-periodic oscillation and color behavior of blazar PKS 2155-304
• Possible Quasi-Periodic modulation in the z = 1.1 $\gamma$-ray blazar PKS 0426-380
• Gaussian Process Modeling $Fermi$-LAT $\gamma$-ray Blazar Variability: A Sample of Blazars with $\gamma$-ray Quasi-periodicities
• Two transient X-ray Quasi-Periodic Oscillations separated by an intermediate state in 1H 0707-495
• A Possible $\gamma$-ray Quasi-periodic Oscillation of $\sim$ 314 days in the Blazar OJ 287
• A Possible Periodicity in the Radio Lightcurves of 3C454.3
• Evidence for an Optical Low-frequency Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in the Kepler Light Curve of an Active Galaxy
• Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in the long term radio light curves of the blazar AO 0235+164
• Detection of a possible high-confidence radio quasi-periodic oscillation in the BL Lac PKS J2134-0153
• Weak nonlinear coupling between epicyclic modes in slender tori
• Exploring the disk-jet connection in NGC 315
• The broad-band properties of the intermediate synchrotron peaked BL Lac S2 0109+22 from radio to VHE gamma rays
• A Possible 3-Year Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in γ-Ray Emission from the FSRQ S5 1044+71
• An extensive study of blazar broad emission line: Changing-look blazars and Baldwin effect
• Radio-optical flux behavior and spectral energy distribution of the intermediate blazar GC 0109+224
• A 6.4yr optical quasi-periodic oscillations in SDSS J075217.84+193542.2: a new candidate for central binary black hole system
• Search for X-ray Quasi-periodicity of six AGNs using Gaussian Process method