Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?

Abstract

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are energetic astrophysical sources powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes in galaxies, and present unique observational signatures that cover the full electromagnetic spectrum over more than twenty orders of magnitude in frequency. The rich phenomenology of AGN has resulted in a large number of different "flavours" in the literature that now comprise a complex and confusing AGN "zoo". It is increasingly clear that these classifications are only partially related to intrinsic differences between AGN, and primarily reflect variations in a relatively small number of astrophysical parameters as well the method by which each class of AGN is selected. Taken together, observations in different electromagnetic bands as well as variations over time provide complementary windows on the physics of different sub-structures in the AGN. In this review, we present an overview of AGN multi-wavelength properties with the aim of painting their "big picture" through observations in each electromagnetic band from radio to gamma-rays as well as AGN variability. We address what we can learn from each observational method, the impact of selection effects, the physics behind the emission at each wavelength, and the potential for future studies. To conclude we use these observations to piece together the basic architecture of AGN, discuss our current understanding of unification models, and highlight some open questions that present opportunities for future observational and theoretical progress.

Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Review, 56 pages, 25 figures

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• Dust-Deficient Palomar-Green Quasars and the Diversity of AGN Intrinsic IR Emission
• Twelve years of X-ray and optical variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051
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• Properties of dusty tori in AGN: I. The Case of SWIRE/SDSS Quasars
• Extended silicate dust emission in PG QSOs
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• NuSTAR Observations of the Compton-thick Active Galactic Nucleus and Ultraluminous X-ray Source Candidate in NGC 5643
• The Spectral Energy Distributions and Infrared Luminosities of z \approx 2 Dust Obscured Galaxies from Herschel and Spitzer
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Cited by in corpus (387)

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• Exploring the Diversity of Type 1 Active Galactic Nuclei Identified in SDSS-IV/SPIDERS
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• The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN
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• Post-Starburst Properties of Post-Merger Galaxies
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• Probing the AGN Unification Model at redshift z $\sim$ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Ly$\alpha$ nebulae
• High Eddington quasars as discovery tools: current state and challenges
• Host Dark Matter Halos of WISE-selected Obscured & Unobscured Quasars: Evidence for Evolution
• The neutrino background from non-jetted active galactic nuclei
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• Measuring eccentricity and gas-induced perturbation from gravitational waves of LISA massive black hole binaries
• AGN Feedback Through Multiple Jet Cycles in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 2639
• Imaging the AGN Torus in Cygnus
• VLA and ALMA observations of the lensed radio-quiet quasar SDSS J0924+0219: a molecular structure in a 3 microJy radio source
• The Large Array Survey Telescope -- Science Goals
• Classifying the full SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey using optical diagnostic diagrams: presentation of AGN catalogs in flexible apertures
• Extreme & High Synchrotron Peaked Blazars at the limit of Fermi-LAT detectability: the $\gamma$-ray spectrum of 1BIGB sources
• Extreme & High Synchrotron Peak Blazars beyond 4FGL: The 2BIGB $\gamma$-ray catalogue
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• Multiband optical flux density and polarization microvariability study of optically bright blazars
• Multi-wavelength observations of the obscuring wind in the radio-quiet quasar MR 2251-178
• Broadband Study of High-Synchrotron-Peaked BL Lac Object 1ES 1218+304
• Simulating nearby disc galaxies on the main star formation sequence I. Bar formation and the building of the central gas reservoir
• The NuSTAR Extragalactic Survey of the James Webb Space Telescope North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field
• Investigating the Covering Fraction Distribution of Swift/BAT AGN with X-ray and IR Observations
• X-ray Intraday Variability of HBL Blazars with XMM-Newton
• A Combined Compton and Coded-aperture Telescope for Medium-energy Gamma-ray Astrophysics
• Proper motion in lensed radio jets at redshift 3: a possible dual super-massive black hole system in the early Universe
• Discovering the Mass-Scaled Damping Timescale from Microquasars to Blazars
• Fantastic Fits with fantasy of Active Galactic Nuclei Spectra -- Exploring the Fe II emission near the H$\alpha$ line
• Variability-selected low-luminosity active galactic nuclei candidates in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South
• The X-ray spectral and variability properties of typical radio-loud quasars
• Optical Variability of the TeV Blazar 1ES 0806+524 on Diverse Timescales
• The central engine of the highest redshift blazar
• Interpreting automatic AGN classifiers with saliency maps
• The complex multi-component outflow of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 7130
• The spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- III. Optical spectroscopy and source characterization of the full sample
• Big and young supermassive black holes in the early Universe
• Offsets between X-ray and Radio Components in X-ray Jets: The AtlasX
• Inter-Plasmoid Compton Scattering and the Compton Dominance of BL Lacs
• Investigating the interplay between the coronal properties and the hard X-ray variability of active galactic nuclei with NuSTAR
• Feature Guided Training and Rotational Standardisation for the Morphological Classification of Radio Galaxies
• Radio AGN Selection and Characterization in Three Deep-Drilling Fields of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time
• Revisiting the Extreme Clustering of $z\approx 4$ Quasars with Large Volume Cosmological Simulations
• The Properties of Radio and Mid-infrared Detected Galaxies and the Effect of Environment on the Co-evolution of AGN and Star Formation at $z\sim 1$
• Long term multi-wavelength view of the blazar 1ES 1218+304
• The fate of the interstellar medium in early-type galaxies. III. The mechanism of ISM removal and quenching of star formation
• Extremely High energy peaked BL Lac nature of the TeV blazar Mrk 501
• Machine Learning applied to Multifrequency Data in Astrophysics: Blazar Classification
• The spectra of IceCube neutrino candidate sources -- I. Optical spectroscopy of blazars
• Possible Evidence of a Universal Radio/X-ray Correlation in a near-Complete Sample of Hard X-ray Selected Seyfert Galaxies
• Characterizing the WISE-selected Heavily Obscured Quasar Population with Optical Spectroscopy from the Southern African Large Telescope
• Forward modeling the multiwavelength properties of Active Galactic Nuclei: application to X-ray and WISE mid-infrared samples
• Water megamaser emission in hard X-ray selected AGN
• Transient obscuration event captured in NGC 3227 III. Photoionization modeling of the X-ray obscuration event in 2019
• A Near Infrared View of Nearby Galaxies: The Case of NGC 6300
• Quasars at intermediate redshift are not special; but they are often satellites
• Host Dark Matter Halos of SDSS Red and Blue Quasars: No Significant Difference in Large-scale Environment
• The Northern Cross Fast Radio Burst project IV. Multi-wavelength study of the actively repeating FRB 20220912A
• Radio Sources Segmentation and Classification with Deep Learning
• Quasar main sequence in the UV plane
• Unsupervised Machine Learning for the Classification of Astrophysical X-ray Sources
• Dusty plasma in active galactic nuclei
• Deep Drilling in the Time Domain with DECam: Survey Characterization
• Probing photon-ALP oscillations from the flat spectrum radio quasar 4C+21.35
• The Gaia-WISE Extragalactic Astrometric Catalog
• Alma Reveals A Gas-rich, Maximum-starburst In The Hyperluminous, Dust-obscured Quasar W0533-3401 AT $z\sim 2.9$
• Detection capabilities of the Athena X-IFU for the warm-hot intergalactic medium using gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglows
• Do stellar-mass and super-massive black holes have similar dining habits?
• A Systematic Survey for z < 0.04 Changing-Look AGNs
• A two-zone photohadronic interpretation of the EHBL-like behavior of the 2016 multi-TeV flares of 1ES 1959+650
• The lively accretion disk in NGC 2992. II. The 2019/2021 X-ray monitoring campaigns
• UV bright red-sequence galaxies: how do UV upturn systems evolve in redshift and stellar mass?
• Towards a More Complete Optical Census of Active Galactic Nuclei, Via Spatially-Resolved Spectroscopy
• The RATAN-600 multi-frequency catalogue of blazars -- BLcat
• Impact of stellar population synthesis choices on forward modelling-based redshift distribution estimates
• Evidence for Neutrino Emission from X-Ray-bright Active Galactic Nuclei with IceCube
• A super-linear "radio-AGN main sequence'' links mean radio-AGN power and galaxy stellar mass since z$\sim$3
• MALS SALT-NOT survey of MIR-selected powerful radio-bright AGN at 0<z<3.5
• The Intrinsic Gamma-Ray Spectrum of TXS 0506+056: Intergalactic Propagation Effects
• Constraints on the X-ray Luminosity Function of AGN at z=5.7-6.4 with the Extragalactic Serendipitous Swift Survey
• Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era -- A review
• The Host Galaxies of Radio AGN: New Views from Combining LoTSS and MaNGA Observations
• Dust Dynamics in AGN Winds: A New Mechanism For Multiwavelength AGN Variability
• Surveys of the Cosmic X-ray Background
• A powerful (and likely young) radio-loud quasar at z=5.3
• The Impact of the CMB on the Evolution of high-z Blazars
• Constraints on the composition, magnetization, and radiative efficiency in jet of blazar
• Lensed CMB power spectrum biases from masking extragalactic sources
• Constraining VLBI-optical offsets in high redshift galaxies using strong gravitational lensing
• Faint $\gamma$-ray sources at low-redshift: the radio galaxy IC 1531
• AGN outflows as neutrino sources: an observational test
• XXL Survey XXI. The environment and clustering of X-ray AGN in the XXL-South field
• PICZL: Image-based Photometric Redshifts for AGN
• Simulating time-varying strong lenses
• Multiwavelength monitoring of the nucleus in PBC J2333.9-2343: the giant radio galaxy with a blazar-like core
• Resolving the Vicinity of Supermassive Black Holes with Gravitational Microlensing
• Long-term NIR Variability in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey: a new probe of AGN activity at high redshift
• X-ray reverberation lags from the 1.5 Seyfert galaxy NGC 5273
• X-Ray-to-Radio Offset Inference from Low-Count X-Ray Jets
• Dense Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Infrared Bright Galaxies: APEX survey of HCN and HCO+ J=2-1
• The eROSITA Final Equatorial Depth Survey (eFEDS): SDSS spectroscopic observations of X-ray sources
• Cosmic Ray Ionization of Low-Excitation Lines in Active Galactic Nuclei and Starburst Galaxies
• Mapping AGN winds: a connection between radio-mode AGN and the AGN feedback cycle
• The XXL Survey: XLIII. The quasar radio loudness dichotomy exposed via radio luminosity functions obtained by combining results from COSMOS and XXL-S X-ray selected quasars
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• Cosmic evolution of the incidence of Active Galactic Nuclei in massive clusters: Simulations versus observations
• Unveiling the 100 pc scale nuclear radio structure of NGC 6217 with e-MERLIN and the VLA
• Relevance of VHE Blazar Spectra Models with Axion-Like Particles
• Understanding the giant gamma-ray outburst on June 16, 2015 from the blazar 3C 279
• The AGN fraction in high-redshift protocluster candidates selected by Planck and Herschel
• Selection of powerful radio galaxies with machine learning
• The observability of plasmoid-powered $\gamma$-ray flares with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• The Host Galaxies of Hybrid Morphology Radio Sources
• Short time-scale X-ray spectral variability in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3783
• BASS. XLIX. Characterization of highly luminous and obscured AGNs: local X-ray and [NeV]$\lambda$3426 emission in comparison with the high-redshift Universe
• The peculiar WAT NGC 2329 with Seyfert/FR I-like radio lobes
• First detection of VHE gamma-ray emission from TXS~1515--273, study of its X-ray variability and spectral energy distribution
• Environmental Effects on AGN activity via Extinction-free Mid-Infrared Census
• The evolution of the UV/optical lag spectrum of NGC 7469 seen by the Liverpool Telescope
• Origin of multiwavelength emission from flaring high redshift blazar PKS 0537-286
• XMM-Newton and NuSTAR Observations of an Optically Quiescent Quasar
• MAMBO -- An empirical galaxy and AGN mock catalogue for the exploitation of future surveys
• Unveiling the quasar main sequence: illuminating the complexity of active galactic nuclei and their evolution
• Modelling variability power spectra of active galaxies from irregular time series
• Observations of X-ray reverberation around black holes
• Medium-band observation of the neutrino emitting blazar, TXS 0506+056
• Radio-loudness statistics of quasars from Quaia-VLASS
• Matching LOFAR sources across radio bands
• Hunting for neutrino emission from multi-frequency variable sources
• WISE2MBH: A scaling-based algorithm for probing supermassive black hole masses through WISE catalogues
• Optical Spectropolarimetric Variability Properties in Blazars PKS 0637-75 and PKS 1510-089
• Active galactic nuclei catalog from the AKARI NEP Wide field
• The mid-infrared variability of the SDSS optical quasars
• Spectral variability studies in Active Galactic Nuclei: Exploring continuum and emission line regions in the age of LSST and JWST
• The Open Universe survey of Swift-XRT GRB fields: a complete sample of HBL blazars
• Exploring the Connection between UV/Optical Variations and Radio Emission in Radio-Quiet Quasars: Clues on Radio Emission Origin
• Extended X-ray emission associated with the radio lobes and the environments of 60 radio galaxies
• A Peculiar Type~II QSO Identified via Broad-band Detection of Extreme Nebular Line Emission
• The XXL Survey. XLI. Radio AGN luminosity functions based on the GMRT $610\mathrm{MHz}$ continuum observations
• Cosmological evolution of quasar radio emission in the view of multifractality
• Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) Science: Resolving the Hot and Ionized Universe through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect
• The detection of possible $\gamma$-ray quasi-periodic modulation with $\sim$600 days from the blazar S2 0109+22
• Milliarcsecond X-ray astrometry to resolve inner regions of AGN at $z>1$ using gravitational lensing
• X-ray Selected Narrow-Line Active Galactic Nuclei in the COSMOS Field: Nature of Optically Dull Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources -- IV. Spectral energy distributions and multi-wavelength variability
• Physical Models for the Clustering of Obscured and Unobscured Quasars
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Identification and Multiwavelength Properties of Type-1 AGN in the DR15 sample
• Swift Monitoring Observations of Mrk 231: Detection of Ultraviolet Variability
• Identifying type II quasars at intermediate redshift with few-shot learning photometric classification
• A search for kilonova radio flares in a sample of Swift/BAT short GRBs
• Black hole-galaxy co-evolution and the role of feedback
• Machine learning applications for the study of AGN physical properties using photometric observations
• UNIONS Optical Identifications for VLASS Radio Sources in the Euclid Sky (UNVEIL) I. A Catalog of ~146,000 Radio Galaxies up to z~5
• A Systematic Search for Spectral Hardening in Blazar Flares with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope
• Searching for Nuclear Obscuration in the Infrared Spectra of Nearby FR I Radio Galaxies
• XMM-NuSTAR Observation and Multiwavelength SED Modeling of Blazar 4FGL J1520.8-0348
• pop-cosmos: Insights from generative modeling of a deep, infrared-selected galaxy population
• Characterisation of the X-ray point source variability in the eROSITA south ecliptic pole field
• Cluster analysis of the Roma-BZCAT blazars
• Image Flux Ratios of Gravitationally Lensed HS 0810+2554 with High Resolution Infrared Imaging
• Modelling the selection of galaxy groups with end to end simulations
• Millimeter-wave observations of Euclid Deep Field South using the South Pole Telescope: A data release of temperature maps and catalogs
• Boosted dark matter versus dark matter-induced neutrinos from single and stacked blazars
• Monitoring the Extragalactic High Energy Sky
• Searching for Radio Transients with Inverted Spectra in Epoch 1 of VLASS and VCSS, and Identification of a Sample of Candidate Relativistic Nuclear Transients
• A relativistic orbit model for temporal properties of AGN
• X-ray properties of high-redshift Radio Loud and Radio Quiet Quasars observed by Chandra
• A catalogue of complex radio sources in the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey created using a Self-Organising Map
• ASI Space Science Data Center participation to high-school outreach program
• Did IceCube discover Dark Matter around Blazars?
• Winds of change: the nuclear and galaxy-scale outflows and the X-ray variability of 2MASS 0918+2117
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Active Galactic Nuclei and their demography through cosmic time
• Search for the multiwavelength counterparts to extragalactic unassociated Fermi γ-ray sources
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] survey: The infrared-radio correlation and AGN fraction of star-forming galaxies at z $\sim$ 4.4-5.9
• TeV afterglow from GRB 221009A: photohadronic origin?
• X-ray analysis of the accreting supermassive black hole in the radio galaxy PKS 2251+11
• Central Engine and Spectral Energy Distribution Properties of High Redshift Gamma Ray Blazars
• The Jet Paths of Radio AGN and their Cluster Weather
• Powerful yet lonely: Is 3C 297 a high-redshift fossil group?
• Exploring the physical properties of Type II Quasar candidates at intermediate redshifts with CIGALE
• The viewing angle in AGN SED models, a data-driven analysis
• Redshift constrain of BL Lac PKS 1424+240
• Insights into the Long-term behavior of the optical polarization from the blazar 1ES 1959+650
• Characteristics of Powerful Radio Galaxies
• A Machine Learning made Catalog of FR-II Radio Galaxies from the FIRST Survey
• Multi-Epoch Optical Spectroscopy Variability of the Changing-Look AGN Mrk 883
• Revisiting a Core-Jet Laboratory at High Redshift: Analysis of the Radio Jet in the Quasar PKS 2215+020 at z=3.572
• A Spatially Resolved Evolutionary Sequence of Multi-wavelength AGN Host Galaxies
• Constraining the redshift of BL Lac VER J0521+211
• Harnessing the XMM-Newton data: X-ray spectral modelling of 4XMM-DR11 detections and 4XMM-DR11s sources
• Exploring the quasar disc-wind-jet connection with LoTSS and SDSS
• Diffuse astrophysical neutrinos from dark matter around blazars
• Cosmic-ray impact on optical and mid-infrared emission line diagnostics in NGC 5728
• PEARLS: Discovery of Point-Source Features Within Galaxies in the North Ecliptic Pole Time Domain Field
• Increasing AGN sample completeness using long-term near-infrared variability
• AT2020ohl: its nature and probable implications
• Exploring the X-ray-radio connection for AGN via measurements of the multi-dimensional luminosity function
• Amoeba: An AGN Model of Optical Emissions Beyond steady-state Accretion discs
• Do BL Lac Objects and FR I radiogalaxies inhabit the same galaxy environment?
• NuSTAR View of TeV Blazar Mrk 501
• Multiwavelength Variability Analysis of the Blazar PKS 0727-11: A $\sim$168 Days Quasi-periodic Oscillation in Gamma-ray
• Quasar Main Sequence unfolded by 2.5D FRADO (Natural expression of Eddington ratio, black hole mass, and inclination)
• Identifying Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS. II. Searching among mid-infrared selected AGNs
• Dark matter halos of luminous AGNs from galaxy-galaxy lensing with the HSC Subaru Strategic Program
• What is Inside the Double-Double Structure of the Radio Galaxy J0028+0035?
• Searching for similarities in the accretion flow of Seyfert 1 galaxies and cataclysmic variables based on flare profiles of IRAS 13224-3809, 1H 0707-495, Mrk 766 and MV Lyr
• MIGHTEE: The dark matter haloes, duty cycle and mechanical feedback from radio-AGN up to $z\sim 2.5$
• Obscured and unobscured X-ray AGNs I: Host galaxy properties
• How black hole activity may influence exoplanetary evolution in our Galaxy
• Superluminal Motion and Jet Parameters in the High-Redshift Blazar J1429+5406
• Exploring the disc-jet scenario in 3C 273 using simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations
• XMM-Newton spectrum of the radio-loud quasar 3C 215: slim accretion disk or SMBH binary?
• Detection of colour variations from gravitational microlensing observations in the quadruple quasar HE0435-1223: Implications for the accretion disk
• A Decade of Near-Infrared Variability in NGC4388: Insights into the AGN Structure
• The imprint of gas on gravitational waves from LISA intermediate-mass black hole binaries
• Fast Identification of Transients: Applying Expectation Maximization to Neutrino Data
• A photohadronic interpretation of the H.E.S.S. afterglow observations from GRB 221009A
• Simulating quasar microlensing light curves: High magnification events
• Properties and Possible Physical Origins of $\gamma$-ray Emission in Extreme Synchrotron Blazars
• Non-Keplerian Charged Accretion Disk Orbiting a Black Hole~Pulsar
• Hosts and environments: a (large-scale) radio history of AGN and star-forming galaxies
• AGN variability in the age of VRO
• The luminosity history of fading local quasars over 10${}^{4-5}$ years as observed by VLT/MUSE
• Constraining the AGN tori at cosmic noon using high-resolution JWST imaging and simultaneous SED fitting
• Probing Quasar Viewing Angle with the Variability Structure Function
• Assessing the capability of random forest to predict the evolution of enhanced gamma-ray states of active galactic nuclei
• SRG/eROSITA-SDSS view on the relation between X-ray and UV emission for quasars
• Identifying AGN host galaxies by Machine Learning with HSC+WISE
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• Projected sensitivity of CTAO to axion-like particles from blazars with a machine learning approach
• A catalogue of Type 2 active galactic nuclei in the 6dF Galaxy Survey
• Broad line regions behind haze: Intrinsic shape of Br$\gamma$ line and its origin in a type-1 Seyfert galaxy
• Bound or blown: the fate of hot gas in galaxy groups
• SMA Observations of the Archetypal Compact Steep-spectrum Radio Source 3C 303.1
• Adaptive optics imaging of the nuclei of Seyfert 2 galaxies: An unexpectedly high incidence of nuclear stellar rings
• Peculiar Behavior of Optical Polarization in Blazar 1ES 1959+650: Role of Jet Magnetic Field and Geometry
• The Total and Polarized Radio Emission from the Innermost Jets of a High-Redshift Quasar and a Candidate at Parsec-Scale Resolution
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Extragalactic Point Sources in the Southern Surveys at 150, 220 and 280 GHz observed between 2008-2010
• Classification of Fermi-LAT blazars with Bayesian neural networks
• The Gamma-ray Luminosity Function of Flat-Spectrum Radio Quasars
• pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
• Testing Weak Equivalence Principle with IceCube Event and Blazar
• 1FLAT: a Firmamento-based catalog of AGN in Fermi-LAT high Galactic latitude γ-ray sources
• Broadband Spectral Analysis of 1ES2344+514: A Multi-epoch study