A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085

Abstract

The intergalactic medium was not completely reionized until approximately a billion years after the Big Bang, as revealed by observations of quasars with redshifts of less than 6.5. It has been difficult to probe to higher redshifts, however, because quasars have historically been identified in optical surveys, which are insensitive to sources at redshifts exceeding 6.5. Here we report observations of a quasar (ULAS J112001.48+064124.3) at a redshift of 7.085, which is 0.77 billion years after the Big Bang. ULAS J1120+0461 had a luminosity of 6.3x10^13 L_Sun and hosted a black hole with a mass of 2x10^9 M_Sun (where L_Sun and M_Sun are the luminosity and mass of the Sun). The measured radius of the ionized near zone around ULAS J1120+0641 is 1.9 megaparsecs, a factor of three smaller than typical for quasars at redshifts between 6.0 and 6.4. The near zone transmission profile is consistent with a Ly alpha damping wing, suggesting that the neutral fraction of the intergalactic medium in front of ULAS J1120+0641 exceeded 0.1.

5 pages, 4 figures; source data available at http://astro.ic.ac.uk/~mortlock/ulas_j1120+0641/

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• Constraints on Cosmological Models from Quasars Calibrated with Type Ia Supernova by a Gaussian Process
• Cosmological Tests with the FSRQ Gamma-ray Luminosity Function
• The bright end of the galaxy luminosity function at $z\simeq 7$ from the VISTA VIDEO survey
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• 21cm Global Signal Extraction: Extracting the 21cm Global Signal using Artificial Neural Networks
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: X-ray beacons at late cosmic dawn
• UNCOVERing the High-redshift AGN Population among Extreme UV Line Emitters
• Intermittent fragmentation and statistical variations during gas collapse in magnetised atomic cooling haloes
• Conditions for direct black hole seed collapse near a radio-loud quasar 1 Gyr after the Big Bang
• The impact and response of minihalos and the inter-halo medium on cosmic reionization
• Constraints on the state of the IGM at $z\sim 8-10$ using redshifted 21-cm observations with LOFAR
• X-Ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei in Local Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from eROSITA
• XMM-Newton observation of the ultraluminous quasar SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 at redshift 6.326
• The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. III. Survey of Luminous Quasars at 4.7 $\le$ z $\le$ 5.4
• Radio Power from Direct-Collapse Black Holes
• Redshift-evolutionary X-ray and UV luminosity relation of quasars from Gaussian copula
• Discovery of a very Lyman-$\alpha$-luminous quasar at z=6.62
• Fifty Years of Quasars: Physical Insights and Potential for Cosmology
• No redshift evolution in the rest-frame UV emission line properties of quasars from z=1.5 to z=4.0
• Gaussian Process Reconstruction of Reionization History
• The missing FeII bump in faint JWST AGN: possible evidence for metal-poor broad-line regions at early cosmic times
• Pulsations of primordial supermassive stars induced by a general relativistic instability; visible to JWST at z$>$12
• Role of magnetic fields in the formation of direct collapse black holes
• Evolution of the UV slope of galaxies at cosmic morning (z > 4): the properties of extremely blue galaxies
• Latent Stochastic Differential Equations for Modeling Quasar Variability and Inferring Black Hole Properties
• First emergence of cold accretion and supermassive star formation in the early universe
• Massive black hole formation in Population III star clusters
• Paving the Way for Euclid and JWST via Optimal Selection of High-z Quasars
• Do Stellar Winds Prevent the Formation of Supermassive Stars by Accretion?
• Revisiting the Completeness and the Luminosity Function in High-Redshift Low-Luminosity Quasar Surveys
• Ionized Gas Kinematics around an Ultra-luminous X-ray Source in NGC 5252 : Additional Evidence for an Off-nuclear AGN
• Radio Emission from the First Quasars at $z\sim$ 6-15
• Quasars as standard candles VI: spectroscopic validation of the cosmological sample
• JADES reveals a large population of low mass black holes at high redshift
• Supermassive black hole seeds from sub-keV dark matter
• VLT/SINFONI study of black hole growth in high redshift radio-loud quasars from the CARLA survey
• Constraints on the X-ray Luminosity Function of AGN at z=5.7-6.4 with the Extragalactic Serendipitous Swift Survey
• A Machine Learning Approach For Classifying Low-mass X-ray Binaries Based On Their Compact Object Nature
• Radio-loud fraction of z>6 quasars
• Relativistic X-ray reverberation from super-Eddington accretion flow
• Eddington accreting Black Holes in the Epoch of Reionization
• The impact of faint AGN discovered by JWST on reionization
• Reality or Mirage? Observational Test and Implications for the Claimed Extremely Magnified Quasar at $z=6.3$
• XXL-HSC: An updated catalogue of high-redshift ($z⩾3.5$) X-ray AGN in the XMM-XXL northern field. Constraints on the bright end of the soft logN-logS
• Resolving the Vicinity of Supermassive Black Holes with Gravitational Microlensing
• Rapid Growth of Galactic Supermassive Black Holes through Accreting Giant Molecular Clouds during Major Mergers of their Host Galaxies
• Stellar Properties of the Host Galaxy of an Ultraluminous X-ray Source in NGC 5252
• ALMA 300 pc resolution imaging of a z=6.79 quasar: no evidence for supermassive black hole influence on the [C II] kinematics
• Probing quasar lifetimes with proximate $21$-centimetre absorption in the diffuse intergalactic medium at redshifts $z\ge 6$
• Refining the mass estimate for the intermediate-mass black hole candidate in NGC 3319
• eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): eFEDS X-ray view of WERGS Radio Galaxies selected by the Subaru/HSC and VLA/FIRST survey
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• Discovery and characterization of 25 new quasars at 4.6 < z < 6.9 from wide-field multi-band surveys
• Finding of a population of active galactic nuclei showing a significant luminosity decline in the past $\sim 10^{3-4}$ yrs
• Surveying the onset and evolution of supermassive black holes at high-z with AXIS
• An empirical approach to selecting the first growing black hole seeds with JWST/NIRCam
• Cosmological magnetic braking and the formation of high-redshift, super-massive black holes
• Observing the redshifted 21 cm signal around a bright QSO at $z\sim 10$
• Black hole virial masses from single-epoch photometry: the miniJPAS test case
• SMBH growth parameters in the early Universe of Millennium and Millennium-II simulations
• Evaluating and Improving the Redshifts of z>2.2 Quasars
• High Star Formation Rates of Low Eddington Ratio Quasars at $z\gtrsim 6$
• Are quasars reliable standard candles?
• Dark Twilight Joined with the Light of Dawn to Unveil the Reionization History
• Dark halo microphysics and massive black hole scaling relations in galaxies
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of line-driven AGN disc winds: metallicity dependence and black hole growth
• Quasars as Standard Candles V. Evaluation of a $\le$ 0.06 dex intrinsic dispersion in the LX-LUV relation
• Neutrino emission from the collapse of $\sim 10^4$ $M_{\odot }$ population III supermassive stars
• Rotating Supermassive Pop III Stars On The Main Sequence
• Effects of the Hubble Parameter on the Cosmic Growth of the First Quasars
• Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of quasars at $z>6.5$: public data release and composite spectrum
• Warm absorbers: supermassive black hole feeding, and Compton-thick AGN
• Formation of supermassive stars in the first stellar clusters: Dependence on the gas temperature
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• The Decoupled Kinematics of high-z QSO Host Galaxies and their Lya halos
• Linear adiabatic analysis for general relativistic instability in primordial accreting supermassive stars
• Probing individual sources during reionization and cosmic dawn using SKA HI 21-cm observations
• When Spectral Modeling Meets Convolutional Networks: A Method for Discovering Reionization-era Lensed Quasars in Multi-band Imaging Data
• Submillimeter signatures from growing supermassive black holes before reionization
• Observations of Ly$\alpha$ Emitters at High Redshift
• Polarimetry of the potential binary supermassive black hole system in J1430+2303
• The near-infrared SED of blue quasars: what drives the evolution of the dusty torus?
• HYPERION. Shedding light on the first luminous quasars: A correlation between UV disc winds and X-ray continuum
• Massive black holes in high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies
• Imprints of the super-Eddington accretion on the quasar clustering
• Photometric IGM Tomography: Efficiently Mapping Quasar Light Echoes with Deep Narrow Band Imaging
• Hungry or Not: How Stellar-Mass Black Holes Grow (or Don't) in Dark Matter Mini-Haloes at High-Resolution
• An Optically Faint Quasar Survey at z~5 in the CFHTLS Wide Field: Estimates of the Black Hole Masses and Eddington Ratios
• Exploring Gravitationally-Lensed $z\gtrsim 6$ X-ray AGN Behind the RELICS clusters
• Revealing new high redshift quasar populations through Gaussian mixture model selection
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Tidal disruption events and quasi periodic eruptions
• Accelerated growth of seed black holes by dust in the early universe
• Unravelling the formation of the first supermassive black holes with the SKA pulsar timing array
• Euclid: The potential of slitless infrared spectroscopy: A z=5.4 quasar and new ultracool dwarfs
• Redshift evolution of the X-ray and UV luminosity relation of quasars: calibrated results from SNe Ia
• Probing baryonic processes and gastrophysics in the formation of the Milky Way dwarf satellites: I. metallicity distribution properties
• The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite
• Intertwined Formation of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$, Dust, and Stars in Cosmological Simulations
• The Noctua Suite of Simulations -- The Difficulty of Growing Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Dwarf Galaxies
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Detecting and Characterizing Young Quasars. III. The Impact of Gravitational Lensing Magnification
• Warm Gas in the Vicinity of a Supermassive Black hole 13 Billion Years Ago
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: Effects of Gas Pressure
• Viewing angle effects in quasar application to cosmology
• Astro2020 Science White Paper: First Stars and Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn with Redshifted 21-cm Observations
• Detecting the Birth of Supermassive Black Holes Formed from Heavy Seeds
• Halo Mergers Enhance the Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds
• The Dawn of Black Holes
• Global signal in the redshifted hydrogen 21-cm line from the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn: Dependence on the nature of dark matter and modeling of first light
• Joint Modeling of Quasar Variability and Accretion Disk Reprocessing using Latent Stochastic Differential Equations
• Formation and Growth of the First Supermassive Black Holes in MOG
• A Multiply-Imaged z $\sim$ 6.3 Lyman Alpha Emitter candidate behind Abell 2261
• A Search for Missing Radio Sources at $z\gtrsim 4$ Using Lyman Dropouts
• Revisiting Soltan's argument based on a semi-analytical model for galaxy and black hole evolution
• Ly$\alpha$ Emission from [OIII] Emitters Near Reionization: The role of environment in galaxy Ly$\alpha$ detection
• Cospatial 21 cm and metal-line absorbers in the epoch of reionization -- I : Incidence and observability
• High-redshift AGN population in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations
• Probing the rapid formation of black holes and their galaxy hosts in QSOs
• Carbon-loud SDSS BOSS QSO2s at z > 2: High density gas or secondary production of Carbon?
• Shedding the envelope: JWST reveals a kiloparsec-scale [OIII]-weak Balmer shell around a z=7.64 quasar
• 3D hydrodynamics simulations of core convection in supermassive main-sequence stars
• Model-independent Reconstruction of UV Luminosity Function and Reionization Epoch
• AGN radiative feedback in the early growth of massive black holes
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• ALMA High-J CO Spectroscopy of High-Redshift Galaxies. II. 0.03" Resolution CO Kinematics Reveal Super-Eddington Accretion in a Dust-Obscured Galaxy at z=3.111
• Unveiling the Phase Transition of the Universe During the Reionization Epoch with Lyman-alpha
• Reionization in Protocluster Environments at $z>7$ with JWST/NIRSpec
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• Calibration of luminosity correlations of gamma-ray bursts using quasars
• A new hydrodynamic spherical accretion exact solution and its quasi-spherical perturbations
• Improved source classification and performance analysis using Gaia DR3
• Amoeba: An AGN Model of Optical Emissions Beyond steady-state Accretion discs
• GRBs as Probes of the IGM
• What can we learn about Reionization astrophysical parameters using Gaussian Process Regression?
• A first look at quasar-galaxy clustering at $z\simeq 7.3$
• Modeling reflection spectra of super-Eddington X-ray sources
• A machine learning approach to assessing the presence of substructure in quasar host galaxies using the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• First Light And Reionisation Epoch Simulations (FLARES) III: The properties of massive dusty galaxies at cosmic dawn
• Stars older than the universe and possible mechanism of their creation
• Euclid: Discovery of 31 new quasars at $6.6<z<7.8$
• The haloes that reionized the Universe
• The scientific potential of space-based gravitational wave detectors
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- IV. Revealing hidden AGN in dwarf galaxies with radio observations
• Dark Matter and General Relativistic Instability in Supermassive Stars
• Finding the Most Distant Quasars Using Bayesian Selection Methods
• QUEST (Quasar Unsupervised Encoder and Synthesis Tool): A machine learning framework to generate quasar spectra
• Lensing in the Darkness: A Bayesian Analysis of 22 Chandra Sources at $z\gtrsim 6$ Shows No Evidence of Lensing
• Interstellar Medium in Extremely High Star-Formation Regions: A Prospect of Observations on the Millimetron Space Observatory
• Impact of the cosmological expansion on spectral energy density of radiation in the intergalactic medium and once more about Olbers' paradox
• Black Hole Cold Brew: Fermi Degeneracy Pressure
• The Effect of Impact Parameters on the Formation of Massive Black Hole Binaries in Galactic Mergers
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis
• A Super-Eddington, Lensing-Magnified Quasar at $z=5.07$ observed with JWST
• A Comprehensive JWST/NIRSpec Census of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei: Faint, Low-mass Accretors and a Population of Little Red Dots
• Finding lensed direct-collapse black holes and supermassive primordial stars
• First constraints on the local ionization topology in front of two quasars at z ~ 7.5
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Born in the Dark: The Catastrophic Collapse of Fuzzy Dark Matter Solitons as the Origin of Little Red Dots
• Inferring Black Hole Properties from Astronomical Multivariate Time Series with Bayesian Attentive Neural Processes
• Simulation based inference of the ionization history from the 2D 21 cm power spectrum
• Massive black holes and their galaxies
• A Simple Condition for Sustained Super-Eddington Black Hole Growth
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• The impact of black hole feedback on the UV luminosity and stellar mass assembly of high-redshift galaxies
• Mass transport in galaxy discs limits black hole growth to sub-Eddington rates
• Measuring monster MBHs: maybe mighty, maybe merely massive
• Growth of black holes at the centre of early-type galaxies in MOND
• Search of Intermediate Mass Black Holes at Low Redshift with Intra-night Variability
• A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations
• Identification of high-redshift X-ray active galactic nuclei in the 4XMM-DR11 serendipitous catalogue using DES data: Comparative analysis with optically-selected QSOs
• First Light: Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time
• Automatic detection of tidal disruption events and other long duration transients in XMM-Newton data
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• An Estimate of the Impact of Reionization on Supermassive Black Hole Growth
• Growing supermassive black holes: sub-grid modelling and intermediate-scale processes