Does disk fragmentation prevent the formation of supermassive stars in protogalaxies?

Abstract

Supermassive stars (SMSs; >10^5 Msun) formed in the first protogalaxies with virial temperature T_vir>10^4 K are expected to collapse into seeds of supermassive black hole (SMBHs) in the high-redshift universe (z>7). Fragmentation of the primordial gas is, however, a possible obstacle to SMS formation. We discuss the expected properties of a compact, metal-free, marginally unstable nuclear protogalactic disk, and the fate of the clumps formed in the disk by gravitational instability. Interior to a characteristic radius R_f=few*10^{-2} pc, the disk fragments into massive clumps with M_c~30 Msun. The clumps grow via accretion and migrate inward rapidly on a timescale of ~10^4 yr, which is comparable or shorter than the Kelvin-Helmholz time >10^4 yr. Some clumps may evolve to zero-age main sequence stars and halt gas accretion by radiative feedback, but most of the clumps can migrate inward and merge with the central protostar before forming massive stars. Moreover, we found that dust-induced-fragmentation in metal-enriched gas does not modify these conclusions unless Z> 3*10^{-4} Zsun, because clump migration below this metallicity remains as rapid as in the primordial case. Our results suggest that fragmentation of a compact, metal--poor disk can not prevent the formation of a SMS.

10 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (21)

• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs
• Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Collapse and Fragmentation in Massive Protostellar Cores
• The Burst Mode of Protostellar Accretion
• Starbursts near supermassive black holes: young stars in the Galactic Center, and gravitational waves in LISA band
• Formation of z ~ 6 quasars from hierarchical galaxy mergers
• Fragmentation of star-forming clouds enriched with the first dust
• Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes
• Four quasars above redshift 6 discovered by the Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Can Supermassive Black Holes Form in Metal-Enriched High-Redshift Protogalaxies ?
• The Formation of the First Stars II. Radiative Feedback Processes and Implications for the Initial Mass Function
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse
• Star formation at very low metallicity. I: Chemistry and cooling at low densities
• The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes
• The Migration of Gap-Opening Planets is not Locked to Viscous Disk Evolution
• Feedback-regulated Super Massive Black Hole Seed Formation
• Accretion onto Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Dense Protogalactic Clouds
• Formation of an embryonic supermassive star in the first galaxy
• Towards a Comprehensive Fueling-Controlled Theory on the Growth of Massive Black Holes and Host Spheroids

Cited by in corpus (39)

• The Evolution of Supermassive Population III Stars
• Supersonic Gas Streams Enhance the Formation of Massive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• How realistic UV spectra and X-rays suppress the abundance of direct collapse black holes
• Turbulent Cold Flows Gave Birth to the First Quasars
• Formation of primordial supermassive stars by burst accretion
• The Direct Collapse of a Massive Black Hole Seed Under the Influence of an Anisotropic Lyman-Werner Source
• Ultra-diffuse galaxies without dark matter
• Gravitational waves from supermassive stars collapsing to a supermassive black hole
• Forming massive seed black holes in high-redshift quasar host progenitors
• The Redshift Evolution of the $M_{\bullet }-M_{\star }$ Relation for JWST's Supermassive Black Holes at $z>4$
• Beyond Jcrit: a critical curve for suppression of H2-cooling in protogalaxies
• How an improved implementation of H2 self-shielding influences the formation of massive stars and black holes
• Formation of supermassive stars in the first star clusters
• Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds: the critical conditions for suppression of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling
• Disk fragmentation and the formation of population III stars
• Constraining galaxy overdensities around three z~6.5 quasars with ALMA and MUSE
• On the Evolution of Supermassive Primordial Stars in Cosmological Flows
• Fragmentation inside atomic cooling haloes exposed to Lyman-Werner radiation
• Super-Eddington mass growth of intermediate-mass black holes embedded in dusty circumnuclear disks
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• Gravitational stability and fragmentation condition for discs around accreting supermassive stars
• Effects of turbulence and rotation on protostar formation as a precursor to seed black holes
• Growth of Massive Disk and Early Disk Fragmentation in the Primordial Star Formation
• Pulsation-driven mass loss from massive stars behind stellar mergers in metal-poor dense clusters
• Role of magnetic fields in the formation of direct collapse black holes
• The physical origin of super-competitive accretion during the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• Radiative feedback for supermassive star formation in a massive cloud with H2 molecules in an atomic-cooling halo
• Disk fragmentation and intermittent accretion onto supermassive stars
• Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
• Modeling gravitational instabilities in self-gravitating protoplanetary disks with adaptive mesh refinement techniques
• Observational Signatures of Massive Black Hole Progenitor Pathways: Could Leo I a Smoking Gun?
• Formation of metal-free binaries: Impact of H${}_2$ line cooling and CIE cooling
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• Primordial Black-Hole-Based Pathways to Little Red Dots
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• Structure of radiation dominated gravitoturbulent quasar discs
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• Massive star clusters detected by JWST as natural birth places to form intermediate-mass black holes